Open Veins of Latin America
Page 40
Bandeira, Manuel, 136
Bank for International Development, 273
Banking: international, 223-36
Bank of England, 198
Banzer, Hugo, 271
Baran, Paul, 29-30, 226
Barba, Alvaro Alonso, 32-33
Barbados, 59, 60, 62, 65, 82
Barbosa, Horta, 161
Barrientos, Rene, 136
Batista, Fulgencio, 70, 75, 77, 136
Bauxite, 134, 136, 137. See also Aluminum Beet sugar, 71
Belaunde Terry, Fernando, 136
309
Belgium, 6
Betancourt, Romulo, 169
Bethlehem Steel Company, 57, 135, 153-54, 156
Birth control. See Family planning
Black, Eugene, 235
Blacks, 28-31, 38; Brazil, 52-55; cotton plantations, 94; religion in Brazil, 86; sugar plantations, 59-60, 65-67. See also Slaves; Slave trade Blood: as commodity, 270 Bolfvar, Sim6n, 116, 252, 261, Bolivia, 6, 22-23, 32, 42, 88n, 188, 25 In, 269-70, 272; agrarian reform, 130; debt, 277; labor exploitation, 277; minerals, 136; mining industry, 147-53; nitrates, 140; petroleum, 163-65; textiles, 176
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 66, 173 Bonaparte, Pauline, 66
Bosch, Juan, 78n
Boti, Regino, 73
Bourgeoisie: national capital participation of, 242; role in Latin America of, 208-14, 222
Brazil, 3, 4, 6, 38, 43, 178, 192, 193-94, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212-13, 222-23,224,225,226,229,231-32, 272; African cults, 86; agrarian reform, 128; agricultural exports, 280; cacao, 92-94; coffee, 96-98, 240, 280; cotton, 94-96; debt, 276-77; first Portuguese communities, 16; food costs, 64; foreign capital, 215-19; fruit plantations, 61; gold, 49, 56, 137, 202; importation of technology, 278; Indians, 49; iron, 153-56; mining, 52-55; nineteenth century British relations, 178, 193-94, 199-200; petroleum, 161-62; rubber, 61, 87-91; slavery, 52-55, 86; soil ravagement, 61-65; sugar, 60-62; textiles, 178; U.S. control of minerals, 135 -39, 153-54; Volkswagen production in, 269-70; wages and prices, 279-80
Brecht, Bertolt, 274
Britain. See England
British Petroleum (Anglo-Iranian), 158
Brizola, Leone], 154
Bueno do Prado, Bartolomeu, 84
Butler, Smedley D,, 108
Cacao (chocolate), 31,61,79, 80,91-94, 166
Cairu, Viscount de, 202
Caldera, Rafael, 169
310
Calderon, Francisco Garcia, 90n
Calvinism, 24
Campora, Hector, 272
Campos, Roberto, 212, 220n, 225, 228
Canada,95
Canary Islands, 59
Canning, George, 173
Capital: import and export, 225-27. See also Banking; Direct foreign investments; Loans
Capoche, Luis, 39, 40
Caracas (Venezuela), 61, 91
Carca Indians, 47
Cardenas, Lazaro, 124, 125, 159-60, 210,211
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 213
Cardozo, Efraim, 192
Carpentier, Alejo, 66n
Carranza, Venustiano, 123,124
Carter, Jimmy, 273
Castillo Armas, Rodolfo, 113, 114
Castro, Fidel, 72, 73, 74, 76, 236
Castro, Josue de, 4
Catholicism. See Roman Catholicism
Cattle, 65, 91
Censorship, 284
Central America: effects of world market on, 105-7; fruit plantations, 61, 100.
See also specific countries
Central American Common Market, 258
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 136-37, 272
Cepeda Samudio, Alvaro, 109n
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 26-27
Ceylon, 89
Chaco War, 163
Charles II, 39, 80
Charles III, 47
Charles V, 24, 25, 26, 79, 83
Charruas Indians, 47-48
311
Chateaubriand, Rene, 197
Chile, 3, 6, 32, 42, 178, 21 In; agrarian reform, 130; American aid to Pinochet, 273; copper, 136, 141, 144-47, 174; debt, 278-79; nitrates, 140-43; Pinocher dictatorship, 270-71, 285; poverty, 282; relations with England, 178-79; repression in, 283; textiles, 176; wages and prices, 279
China, 23
Chocolate. See Cacao
Chrome, 134, 137
CIA, 136-37, 272
Cigars, 176, 177
Citibank, 277
Cities: population growth, 284; poverty in, 248-49
Class: role of national bourgeoisie, 208-15, 224; terrorism and state and, 274-7 5. See also Labor Coca (cocaine), 47, 151, 152
Cochineal, 105
Coffee, 61, 79, 80, 88, 209; Brazil, 96, 97-99, 174,240,282; prices, 99-102
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 24, 79
Colombia, 42, 48, 100, 211 n, 260; civil war, 102-5; coffee, 98-99, 102; labor market and unemployment, 105; petroleum, 242; poverty, 282 Columbus, Christopher, 11, 12, 13-14, 15,48,59
Columbus, Diego, 83
Commodities: transport and delivery system, 260-61
Commodity fetishism: as symbol of power, 271
Common Market, 240
Copper, 1, 134; Chile, 136,141,144-47, 178
Cortes, Hernan, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18-19, 42,43,122
Costa Rica, 97; bananas, 106
Cotton, 61, 79, 80, 94-96, 97
Creole Oil Company, 169
Crowder, Enoch, 70
Cruz, Artemio, 125-26
Cuba, 2, 15n, 54n, 270, 280; African cults, 86; changes in economy, 74-78; education, 73; minerals, 72; nickel, 136; petroleum, 159; revolution, 72, 76, 159, 224, 234; slave revolts, 84-85; sugar, 67-78
312
Currency:disposal by multinational corporations of, 242
Cuzco (Peru), 19, 20, 44, 47
Dantas, Maneca, 93
Davis, Arthur, 137n
Debt: Latin American external, 276-77
Diamonds, 94, 130, 137; Minas Gerais, 54-55, 56; smuggling, 138
Diaz, Porfirio, 120-21, 122
Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, 13
Directforeign investments, 215-19, 276; International Monetary Fund, 220-23
Disease, 18, 37, 46-47, 49, 50, 54, 58, 63,87,90,98,152
Dominican Republic, 59, 61, 65, 77-78, 83; U.S. Marines, 108
Dos Passos, John, 109
Dow Chemical, 215
Dulles, Allen, 74, 113
Dulles, John Foster, II 4
Dumont, Rene,15n, 48,64
Dutra, Eurico, 135
Duvalier, Francois, 275
Economic Mission for Latin America (ECLA), See United Nations Ecuador, 6, 42, 100; agrarian reform, 128; bananas, 61, 110; cacao, 94; poverty, 282
Education: Cuba, 73; higher, 245
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 6, 113, 159
Eisenhower, Milton, 211
Electric Bond and Share, 206, 234, 235 Eliecer Gaitan, Jorge, 103
Elizabeth 1, 26, 80
El Salvador, 6, 97, 98, 107, 1 11 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 203
Emmanuel, Arghiri, 238
Engels, Frederick, 38
England, 6; Brazilian gold, 55-57; cacao, 93-94; coffee, 105; commerce with Latin America, 173-75; cotton, 94; exports, 26, 177-78; Industrial Revolution, 173-74; industry, 60, 173-79; loans to Latin America, 197-200; Methuen Treaty, 55; nineenth century Argentine relations, 174-78, 185; 313
nineteenth century Brazilian relations, 178, 193-94, 199-200; protectionism, 200-4; slave trade, 79-82
Estrada Palma, Tomas, 72
Export-Import Bank (Eximbank), 228, 229
External debt, 276-77
Exxon. See Standard Oil of New Jersey Family planning, 5, 138
Ferdinand (King of Aragon), 12, 25 Ferre, Pedro, 184
Ferreira Micbado, Simao, 52
Firestone, 270
Flores, Edmurido, 125
Ford, Henry, II, 253
Ford Foundation, 6
Foreign aid: United States, 227-36 Foreign capital. See Direct foreign investments
Foreign investments. See Direct foreign investments Fortune, 254
Fraginals, Manuel Moreno, 67
France, 4, 28, 60, 1 36
Francia, Gaspar Rodriguez de, 1 88-89
Francisco Sugar Company, 74
Franco, Francisco, 25
Frank, Andre Gunder, 31-32, 250 Free trade and protectionism, 179-82, 200-4; IMF and, 220-23; market inequality and, 237-43; nineteenth century, 175-82
Frei, Eduardo, 130
Fuentes, Carlos, 125-26
Fuentes, Miguel Ydigoras, 77, 231
Furtado, Celso, 30, 56, 198, 241
Garcia, Antonio, 242
Garcia, Gregorio, 41
Garmendia, Salvador, 170
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 239
General Motors, 276
314
Gines de Sepulveda, Juan, 41
Gold, 1, 11 , 13, 14, 15, 18-20, 24, 29, 37, 60, 144; Brazilian, 49, 56, 130, 137; Mexican exports, 36; Minas Gerais, 51-58; Nicaraguan, 47
Gomez, Juan Vicente, 168
Good Neighbor policy, I I 0-I I
Goodyear, Charles, 88
Gordon, Lincoln, 272
Goulart, Jango, 272
Goulart, Joao, 135, 212, 217
Grant, Ulysses S., 200, 204
Great Britain. See England
Guadeloupe, 59, 65
Guanajuato (Mexico), 36-37, 60
Guano, 139-41, 1 74. See also Nitrates Guarani Indians, 190n
Guatemala, 7, 19, 77, 112, 206, 231; agricultural exports, 280; bananas, 106, 108; coffee, 97, 98; cotton, 95; Indians, 50; years of violence, 113-15
Guevara, Ernesto Che, 70, 78, 124, 136
Guinea, 83
Gulf Oil Company, 158, 163-64, 166, 168, 268
Guyana (British Guiana), 136-37
Gypsum, 137
Haiti, 2, 6, 12-13. 15, 59, 60, 65, 108; coffee, 97, 98; poverty, 275; revolution, 66; slave settlement, 83; voodoo,86
Hamilton, Alexander, 202
Hancock, Thomas, 88
Hanna Mining Company, 57, 135, 154-56
Harvey, Robert, 141
Hawkins, John, 80
Hearst, William Randolph, 12 1 n
Hematite, 137
Hemo Caribbean, 270
Henequen, 61, 121
Henry VIII, 26
Hernandez Martinez, Maximiliano, 110, 111-12
315
Hidalgo, Miguel, 46, 116, 120
Hides, 174, 186
Holland, 56; cacao, 94; Dutch Guiana, 83-84; industry, 60; slave revolts, 83-84; slave trade, 56, 62, 80 Holy Inquisition, 12, 24
Homestead Act (1862), 131
Honduras, 106, 107, 108, 110; poverty, 282
Huayna Capaj, 21
Huerta, Victoriano, 122-23
Humboldt, Alexander von, 8, 31, 36-37, 45, 175, 180
Humphrey, George, 154
IMF. See International Monetary Fund Imperialism: early twentieth century nature of, 205; foreign banking, 223-27; International Monetary Fund, 220-23; role of national bourgeoisie, 21 5-19, 222; technocracy, 227-36; technology and, 243-47
Incas, 15, 16, 17, 21, 42, 43, 44 Indians, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38-50, 98, 1 1 1; Peru, 116; Veracruz, 19. See also specific Indians Indigo, 91, 102, 105, 133
Indonesia, 28
Industrialization: labor force, 247-51; and market inequality, 237-43 Industrial Revolution, 173-74 Inquisition. See Holy Inquisition Inter-American Committee for Agricultural Development, 96
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), 152, 160, 228, 229-30
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 228
International Coffee Agreement, I 00
International Labor Organization (ILO), 282
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 7, 209, 219-23, 273, 277. See also World Bank
International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), 206,233n Investments. See Direct foreign investments
Iron, 1, 57, 134, 135, 153-56
Isabella (Queen of Castile), 12, 16, 25
Jagan, Cheddi, 136
Jamaica, 14, 59, 66, 82
James, William, 108
Japan, 6, 11
316
Jesuit missions, 190
Jesus, Maria Carolina de, 281-83
Jews, 12, 18, 25, 41
Johnson, Lyndon B., 6, 78n, 136, 155, 195,228,231
Keith, Minor, 109
Kennecott Wire and Cable Company, 144, 145
Kennedy, John F., 226n
Kirkland, Edward, 201
Kissinger, Henry, 272
Kruel, Riograndino, 138-39
Labor: exploitation, 277; labor force, 247-57; miners, 147-53; prices and wages, 279-81; strikes, 285 Lacerda, Carlos, 231
Lane, Arthur Bliss, I I I
Language:and political discourse, 266
Latin American Free Trade Area (LAFTA), 252-58
Lead, 136
Leeward Islands, 65, 66
Lenin, V.I,, 205, 226
Letelier, Orlando, 272-73
Lisboa, Antonio Francisco (Aleijadinho), 57-58
List, Friedrich, 179
Loans, 227-29, 232, 234-35; railroads and, 197-200. See also Banking Lopez, Carlos Antonio, 189
Lopez, Francisco Solano, 189, 192, 193 Louis XIV, 79
McCloy, John J., 235
McKinley, William, 71-72
McNamara, Robert, 5, 273
Magellan, Ferdinand, 14, 16
Magnetite, 137
Malaria, 50, 87
Malaya, 89
Manganese, 134, 135, 154
Mann, Thomas, 231
317
Mariategui, Jose Carlos, 95, 140, 141
Market:cheap labor for, 275. industrialization and inequality of, 237-43; monopoly capital and, 267-68; prices and wages, 279-81
Marti, Jose, 69, 70
Marx, Karl, 28, 65, 180
Mayas, 17, 18, 43, 48, 50, 121
Meat industry, 1, 65, 68, 69
Medicis, Lorenzo de, 14
Melchor de Jovellanos, Gaspar, 118
Melville, Thomas, II 4
Mendez Montenegro, Julio Cesar, 1 12
Mercury, 32, 39, 40, 137
Mexico, 4, 13, 14, 15, 32, 38, 36-37, 4 1, 46, 48, 116, 208, 210, 226; agrarian reform, 120; agricultural exports, 280; cotton, 94, 95, 96; debt, 276-77; foreign capital, 218-19; importation of technology, 278; petroleum, 159-60; poverty, 282; sulphur, 136n; textiles, 175, 181-82
Middle East, 157
Minas Gerais (Brazil), 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 135-36, 154, 155
Minerals:mining industry, 147-53; United States need for, 134-35, 137-38. See also specific minerals
Mitre, Bartolome, 191, 192, 193
Molybdenum, 145
Montezuma, 15, 17, 18, 19
Montoneros, 182-87
Morelos, Jose Maria, 46, 116
Moscoso, Teodoro, 231
National City Bank, 108, 196
National Sugar Refining Company, 77n
Natural gas, 156
Netherlands, See Holland
New York Times, 148n
Nicaragua, 47, 95, 107, 110, 270
Nickel, 75, 134, 136
Nieto Arreta, Luis Eduardo, 102, 104
Niobium, 139
318
Nitrates, 3, 139-44, 174. See also guano Nixoni Richard M.,,3, 5, 229
North, John Thomas, 141, 142
OAS. See Organization of American States Oil, See Petroleum
Ongania, Juan Carlos, 128-29
Open Veins of Latin America: aftermath of publication, 267
Opium War, 194
Organization ofamerican States (OAS), 3, 78, 113, 114, 206, 223, 229, 230-31
Ouro Preto (Brazil), 51, 55, 6o
Ovando, Alfredo, 163, 164
Palmer, Bruce, 77
Panama, 107, 108, 109, 270; debt, 277 Pan-American Coffee Bureau, 99n Paraguay, 6, 42, 61, 118; cotton, 95; move for independence, 188-97; petroleum, 163
Parsons and Whittemore, 270
Paten
ts, 244
Patifio, Antenor, 148
Patifio, Simon Ituri, 147
Patman, Wright, 243
Pearls, 11-12, 14
Pedro II, 93, 195
Pemex (Petroleos Mexicanos), 160
Pefialoza, "El Chacho," 187
Pepina y Pibernat, Juan, 85
Pepper, 12, 14
Perez Alfonso, Juan Pablo, 269
Perez de Holguin, Melchor, 33
Perezjimonez, Marcos, 169
Peron, Juan Domingo, 129, 162, 210-11, 273
Peru, 6,20, 31, 32,45, 269, 279; cotton, 95-96; debt, 277; guano, 139-40; Indians, 115; minerals, 136; nitrates, 139-44, 175; petroleum, 136; poverty, 282; sugar, 59, 61; textiles, 175-76
Petrobras, 161-62
319
Petroleos de Venezuela, 268
Petroleum, 1, 3, 96, 156-70, 270;
Argentina, 136, 162; Bolivia, 163-64; Brazil, 161-62; Colombia, 160, 242; Cuba, 159; Mexico, 160-6 1; Middle East, 157; Paraguay, 163; Peru, 136; United States, 157-69, 217-18, 243; Uruguay, 160-61; Venezuela, 92, 136, 157, 159, 165-70
Philippines, 23, 71
Philip 11, 24, 25, 26, 38 Philip 111, 39
Philip IV, 27, 39
Pinochet, Augusto, 270-71, 273, 274, 285
Pizarro, Francisco, 15, 16, 19, 20, 35, 45 Plan de Ayala, 122-23
Plasmaferesis, 272
Polo, Marco, 11-12
Portugal, 15, 29, 38, 56, 61, 84, 117, 132; Methuen Treaty, 5 5; slave trade, 79
Potosi (Bolivia), 14, 20-22, 46, 53, 56, 60, 140, 166; coca, 47; development, 20-22; Indians, 39-40; ruin of, 31-37
Poverty: statistics, 282; urban, 250-51
Prebisch, Rao, 246, 254-55
Prices: wages and, 279-81
Priestley, J.B., 88
Protectionism. See Free trade and protectionism Protestantism, 25
Puerto Rico, 59, 65, 71
Pyrochlore, 139
Quadros, Jinio, 135
Quinine, 102
Railroads, 199-202
Raleigh, Walter, 14
Reader's Digest, 105n, 112
Repression: endemic nature of, 283-84
Restrepo, Lleras, 99
Ribeiro, Darcy, 18, 44, 131, 279
Rockefeller, David, 232
Rockefeller, Nelson, 159, 229
320
Rockefeller, Peggy, 232-33
Rockefeller family: Foundation, 6; oil interests, 158, 215
Rodriguez de Campomames, Pedro, I 1 8 Roman Catholicism, 12, 25, 30, 3 1; in Brazil, 53, 86; fees, 67; land ownership in Mexico, 31; Mayan religion and, 50; Potosi, 33-35 Roosevelt, Theodore, 107
Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 185-86, 191 Royal African Company, 80
Royal Dutch/Shell. See Shell Oil Company Rubber, 3, 49, 61, 86, 87-91 Salt, 12, 29
Saltpeter, 139
Sandino, Augusto C6sar, II 0-II
San Salvador, 13
Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), 59,61,65,78,83
Sanz de Santamaria, Carlos, 228