Lorca
Page 85
América
92 7 (Madrid, August-September-October 1986);
G, II
, 448; Mario Hernández, “Ocho cartas inéditas [Comentario],”
Trece de Nieve
2nd series, 1–2, 2nd ed. (Madrid, December 1976), 52. On the possibility of Rapún’s accompanying FGL to Mexico, see Rivas Cherif;
G, II
, 409; and author letter from Tomás Rodríguez Rapún (December 22, 1988).
Daily strikes and political killings:
Thomas, 166; Preston, 131–32.
FGL’s behavior, June-July 1936:
G, II
, 449–50; AFFGL; Auclair, 322–24; Mario Hernández, “Ocho cartas inéditas [Comentario],”
Trece de Nieve
2nd series, 1–2, 2nd ed. (Madrid, December 1976), 52; Martínez Nadal,
The Public
, 12; Morla Lynch, 491–92; “El comité español de Amigos de Portugal se dirige a Oliveira Salazar protestando de la política que desarrolla,”
Heraldo de Madrid
, July 4, 1936, 15; Cernuda, “Federico García Lorca,” 16; Neruda,
Passions and Impressions
, 95; Mario Hernández, “Jardín deshecho: Los ‘Sonetos’ de García Lorca,”
El Crotalón
I (1984), 209–10. On FGL’s fear of traffic, see José Caballero, “Con Federico en los ensayos de
Yerma,” ABC
(Madrid), December 29, 1984, Saturday Cultural section I; Ernesto Guerra Da Cal, “Federico, na lembrança,” Nos. 4–5-6 (Pontevedra, September 1986-March 1987), 65; Cano, 87; Alberti,
La arboleda perdida
, 258; Ontañón, “Semblanza”.
“I’m a diplomat”:
Teitelboim, 197–98.
Calvo Sotelo’s murder:
Thomas, 169–76; Jackson, 230; Payne, 115.
“What’s going to happen?”:
Gil-Albert, 185. On the whereabouts of FGL’s family, see Fernández-Montesinos, “Descripción,” xi-xii.
“Rafael… come what may”:
Martínez Nadal,
The Public
, 14–15.
FGL visits Méndez and Altolaguirre:
Altolaguirre,
Obras completas
I,
Estudios literarios
, 281; and Paloma Ulacía Altolaguirre,
Concha Méndez. Memorias habladas, memorias armadas
, introduction by María Zambrano (Madrid: Mondadori España, 1990), 99–100. Information on Rapún’s whereabouts comes from author interview with Tomás Rodríguez Rapún.
FGL visits sister:
Martínez Nadal,
The Public
, 16–17;
G, II
, 454.
FGL visits Rodríguez Espinosa:
Rodríguez Espinosa, 110. FGL often visited Rodríguez Espinosa in Madrid (Couffon, 90). For the precise date of FGL’s departure, see
G, II
, 453–55, and Molina Fajardo, 2.6–27. Ian Gibson has convincingly disproved Martínez Nadal’s contention (
The Public
, 17) that on the night train to Granada FGL encountered the man who would eventually arrest him, Ramón Ruiz Alonso (see
G, II
, 471–27, and
El asesinato
, 50–52).
27. Fountain:1936
“The soul went back”:
FM
, xxvi.
News coverage of FGL’s arrival:
Defensor de Granada
, July 15, 1936, 1;
Ideal
(Granada), July 16, 1936, 6;
El Noticiero Granadino
, July 17, 1936, 4. For installation of telephone in Huerta, see Gibson, “La ‘Huerta de San Vicente,’” 21–30.
“in a state of unrest”:
Ideal
(Granada), July 1, 1936, 3; for a general account of Granada in early July 1936, see
Historia de la Cruzada Española
.
FGL writes
Aurelia:
FM
, xxvi; Marie Laffranque, introduction and notes, in FGL,
Teatro inconcluso
, 68; FGL’s interview with Antonio Otero Seco was published posthumously in
La Voz
(Madrid), October 8, 1936, in OC, III, 626; Gregorio Prieto, “Historia de un libro,”
Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos
(July-August 1949), 21; Gregorio Prieto,
Lorca en color
(Madrid, Editora Nacional, 1969), 29–33
The Dreams of My Cousin Aurelia:
OC, II, 787–807.
“therapeutic slap … of her house”:
“Sección de rumores,”
Heraldo de Madrid
, May 29, 1936, 9.
First days of war, July
17 and 18: Thomas, 165, 181–88;
Historia de la Cruzada Española
,
176–78;
Preston, 141.
FGL’s saint’s day:
Gibson, “La ‘Huerta de San Vicente,’” 24; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 173; Antonio Valverde, “‘Lorca tenía miedo al inicio de la guerra,’”
El Día de Granada
, August 17, 1986, 5; author interview with Vicente López.
“García Lorca. ‘Precious child’”:
Heraldo de Madrid
, July 18, 1936, 3.
Conflicting radio reports, July 18:
Historia de la Cruzada Española
, 183, 278; Thomas, 191.
Events on the Spanish mainland, July 19 and 20:
Ideal
(Granada), July 19, 1936, 1–3; Thomas, 194–206; Brenan,
The Spanish Labyrinth
, 314
Nationalists seize Granada, July 20–23:
Historia de la Cruzada Española
, 280–89; Thomas, 204–5, 211–13; Helen Nicholson,
Death in the Morning
(London: Loval Dickson, 1937), 20–24; “Mass Executions and Air Raids in Spain Related in Neville Diary. Granada Incidents of Civil War are described by
Herald Tribune
Bridge Editor; Victims of Firing Squad Hauled Alive to Cemetery,”
New York Herald Tribune
, August 30, 1936, section II, 1 and 6;
Ideal
(Granada), July 21, 22, 23, and 24 1936;
El Correo de Andalucía
(Seville), July 21, 1936, 1; author interview with Bernardo Olmedo. For an eyewitness account of the insurrection, see Gallego Morell,
Antonio Gallego Burín
, 81–82.
Executions begin in Granada:
“Mass Executions and Air Raids in Spain Related in Neville Diary. Granada Incidents of Civil War are described by
Herald Tribune
Bridge Editor; Victims of Firing Squad Hauled Alive to Cemetery,”
New York Herald Tribune
, August 30, 1936, section II, 1 and 6; Helen Nicholson,
Death in the Morning
(London: Loval Dickson, 1937), 20–24;
Ideal
(Granada), August 1, 8, and 11 1936; Gibson,
The Assassination
, 99–100, 103–5, 109–11; Couffon, 127; Molina Fajardo, 50, 308–11, 404, 421; author interview with Enrique Lanz Durán.
FGL nightmare:
Gibson, “La ‘Huerta de San Vicente,’” 26.
Lorca family’s response to events:
Gibson,
The Assassination
, 114; author interview with Vicente López; author interview with Carmen Perea.
Republicans bomb Granada:
Penón, 88;
Ideal
(Granada), July 30, 1936, and August 1, 1936, 1; Helen Nicholson,
Death in the Morning
(London: Loval Dickson, 1937), 28–32; Gibson,
El asesinato
; , 106.
Falange squad searches Huerta, August 6:
Gibson, “La ‘Huerta de San Vicente,’” 26; Molina Fajardo, 347.
Rodríguez Orgaz seeks help from Lorca family:
Penón, 83, 199; Molina Fajardo, 31; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 175.
Falangists interrogate Huerta residents, August 9:
Gibson, “La ‘Huerta de San Vicente,’” 27–28; Molina Fajardo, 347; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 177–79;
Ideal
(Granada), August 10, 1936; author interview with Carmen Perea.
FGL elects to go to Rosales home:
Tico Medina, “Introducción a la muerte de Federico García Lorca,” ABC (Madrid), August 20, 1972, 20;
G, II
, 463–64; Auclair, 334–36; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 181–82; Gibson, “La ‘Huerta de San Vicente,’” 28; Ian Gibson, “Luis Rosales aclara su actuación y la de su familia,”
Triunfo
(Madrid), February 24, 1979, 43;
FM
, xxvii; Molina Fajardo, 33–34. For background on Luis Rosales, see Molina Fajardo, 35; Auclair, 178; Agustín Martínez, “Entrevista con Luis Rosales,”
Diario
16 (Andalucía), August 19, 1986, 4; Eutimio Martín, “Testimonio de Luis Rosales sobre Poeta en Nueva York, de García Lorca,”
El País
(Madrid), January 29, 1978,
Art and Ideas;
Antonio Valverde, ‘“Federico era una persona casi acosada por todos sus conocidas,”’
El Día de Granada
, August 17, 1986, 4; Gibson,
Federico García Lorca: A Life
, 452; author interview with Vicente López; author interview with Carmen Perea.
Chauffeur drives FGL to Rosales home:
Peñón, 155; Auclair, 336; Molina Fajardo, 34; Eulalia-Dolores de la Higuera, “Habla el chofer de García Lorca,” Gentes, April 1977, 31. For Falange searches of Huertas de San Vicente and Tamarit see Gibson,
El asesinato
, 182–85.
FGL in Rosales home:
Luis Rosales Camacho,
El contenido del corazón
(Madrid: Cultura Hispánica, 1969), 110; Penón, 66, 200–4; Auclair, 336–37;
G, II
, 465–67; Molina Fajardo, 35–43, 185; Higuera Rojas, 195–98; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 189–201; Tico Medina, “Introducción a la muerte de Federico García Lorca,”
ABC
(Madrid), August 20, 1972, 20. On Lorca’s possible writing activities at the Rosales home, see Mario Hernández, “Jardín deshecho: Los ‘Sonetos’ de García Lorca,”
El Crotalón
I (1984), 206–8, 220–22; Mario Hernández, notes to FGL,
La casa de Bernarda Alba
, 168–69; Couffon, 117; Ian Gibson, “Luis Rosales aclara su actuación y la de su familia,”
Triunfo
(Madrid), February 24, 1979, 42; Auclair, 337; and Gibson,
El asesinato
, 202.
Montesinos execution:
Gibson,
El asesinato
, 202–4;
G, II
, 468;
FM
, xxvi.
FGL arrested:
Gibson, “La ‘Huerta de San Vicente,’” 28; Auclair, 337–46, 377; Molina Fajardo, 41–42, 187; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 206–16;
G, II
, 472–73; Higuera Rojas, 198; Peñón, 47, 200–4. Eduardo Molina Fajardo has uncovered an undated official report noting that Lorca was “arrested and accused” by Ruiz Alonso, and that the charges against the poet “were numerous and made in writing” (Molina Fajardo, 375). For further discussion of Ruiz Alonso’s role in Lorca’s arrest see Penón, 32; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 148–64;
G, II
, 470–71; Molina Fajardo, 47, 375; and Auclair, 338.
Don Federico and Mr. Rosales see lawyer:
Gibson,
El asesinato
, 222–23; Auclair, 346.
FGL in Civil Government building:
Penón, 33–34; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 218–22; Molina Fajardo, 44–45, 347–48; Auclair, 347–49; Higuera Rojas, 201.
Rosales family contributes to Falange:
Ideal
(Granada), August 19, 1936, 6, and August 20, 1936, 4.
Angelina Cordobilla visits FGL:
Penón, 87; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 223–26.
FGL driven to Víznar:
Penón, 42, 53–56;
G, II
, 481–86; Ian Gibson, “El último día de García Lorca,”
El País
(Madrid), August 19, 1986, 11; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 235–39; Auclair, 356–59; Molina Fajardo, 51, 61. There is conflicting evidence about the precise date of Lorca’s departure from the Civil Government building and subsequent murder in Víznar; the most compelling and consistent testimony, however, points to the early morning of August 18 as the correct date for both events (see
G, II
, 481–82).
FGL in La Colonia:
Auclair, 360; Molina Fajardo, 52, 244; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 241–44.
Fuente Grande:
Gibson,
El asesinato
, 255–56; Antonio Gallego Burín,
Guía de Granada
(Granada: 1946); José Acosta Medina,
La Granada de ayer
(Granada: Imprenta Márquez, 1973); Molina Fajardo, 52. Lorca himself alluded to the fountain in his 1926 lecture on Soto de Rojas, where he mentioned that Granada’s gardens are “irrigated by the waters of Alfacar” (OC, III, 79).
FGL’s death:
According to Molina Fajardo, deaths at the Víznar execution site usually took place at approximately 4 a.m. (Molina Fajardo, 63). José Jover Tripaldi claimed that it was shortly before dawn when he heard the shots that killed FGL and his colleagues: “It was approximately 4:45 in the morning, and daylight was just beginning to break” (Penón, 56, 172). See also Gibson,
El asesinato
, 245–58; Molina Fajardo, 65; Río, “Federico García Lorca,” 210.
Epilogue
Angelina Cordobilla visits Civil Government building:
Penón, 85; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 223–26.
Manuel de Falla visits Civil Government building:
Mora Guarnido, 199–200; Auclair, 346–47, 408; Molina Fajardo, 69–70; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 260–61.
Lorca family learns of FGL’s death:
FM
, xxvii.
Don Federico receives FGL letter:
EC, 825. See also Peñón, 77, 85, and 156; Eulalia-Dolores de la Higuera, “Habla el chofer de García Lorca,” Gentes, April 1977, 30–33;
G, II
, 488. Accounts differ as to whether the requested sum was 1,000 or 2,000 pesetas; the note itself has not been preserved.
Friends respond to news of FGL’s death:
Lilice Valenzuela, “Los pasos cubanos de García Lorca,”
La Habana
, August 23, 1986, 5; Neruda,
Passions and Impressions
, 59–60. Juan Ramón Jiménez, “Federico García Lorca, cárdeno,” in
Españoles de tres mundos
, ed. Ricardo Gullón (Madrid: Aguilar, 1969), 343; Salinas, “Federico García Lorca”; Teitelboim, 205–7; Antonio Machado,
Selected Poems
, trans. Alan S. Trueblood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), 265.
“stupid regime … hatred for intelligence”:
José Bergamín, “Unamuno, testigo
excepcional. Dos cartas inéditas en víspera de su muerte,”
Historia 16
I, 7 (1976), trans. GM, xxvi.
The Spanish Civil War:
See Peter Weyden,
The Passionate War
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983) and Thomas,
The Spanish Civil War
.
Rapún’s death:
Tomás Rodríguez Rapún Archive.
False reports of Benavente’s and others’ deaths:
Ideal
(Granada), August 21, 1936, 2, and August 22, 1936, 1; G, 77, 479–80; Gibson,
El asesinato
, 229–30.
Government issues death certificate:
Gibson,
The Assassination
, 124.
Lorca family’s post-war activities:
FM
, xxviii-xxx; author conversation with Manuel Fernández-Montesinos.
Generation of ’27
in exile: C. B. Morris,
A Generation of Spanish Poets
1920–1936 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), 233–46.
“The moment I learned the most apolitical poet on earth”:
Alain Bosquet,
Entretien avec Salvador Dalí
(Paris: Pierre Belfond, 1966), 50, and Salvador Dalí,
The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí
, 3rd ed. (London: Vision Press, 1968), 361.
“an extraordinary creature”:
Guillén, “Federico en persona,” xvii.
“something that walks,” “unpredictable path” and “Poetry has no limits … of oil”:
María Luz Morales, “Conversaciones,”
La Voz
(Madrid), April 7, 1936, in OC, III, 628–29.
“four thousand five hundred”:
“Garcia Lorca ante el teatro. Sus recuerdos de Buenos Aires,” Transradio Española (May 1935), in OC, III, 566.
“I’m in love”:
Nicolás González-Deleito, “Federico García Lorca y el teatro de hoy,”
Escena
1 (Madrid, May 1935), in OC, III, 565.
A Note on the Author
Leslie Stainton holds a BA in Drama from Franklin and Marshall College and an MFA in Theater from the University of Massachusetts. During her work on this book she received two Fulbright research grants to Spain, and assisted the Lorca family in editing and cataloguing Lorca’s unpublished theatre manuscripts. She has published essays and articles in the New York Times, American Theatre, the Washington Post, and a number of scholarly journals, including the Boletín de la Fundación Federico García Lorca. She lives in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and is co-author of the annual desk diary On Writers and Writing.
For copyright reasons, any images not belonging to the original author have been
removed from this book. The text has not been changed, and may still contain references