Mind in Motion

by Barbara Tversky

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  Voyer, D. (2011). Time limits and gender differences on paper-and-pencil tests of mental rotation: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 18(2), 267–277.

  Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 250–270.

  Gender and object recognition

  Herlitz, A., & Lovén, J. (2013). Sex differences and the own-gender bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic review. Visual Cognition, 21(9–10), 1306–1336.

  Lewin, C., & Herlitz, A. (2002). Sex differences in face recognition—women’s faces make the difference. Brain and Cognition, 50(1), 121–128.

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  Voyer, D., Postma, A., Brake, B., & Imperato-McGinley, J. (2007). Gender differences in object location memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14(1), 23–38.

  Spatial ability is important for STEM professions

  Tosto, M. G., Hanscombe, K. B., Haworth, C. M. A., Davis, O. S. P., Petrill, S. A., Dale, P. S.,… Kovas, Y. (2014). Why do spatial abilities predict mathematical performance? Developmental Science, 17, 462–470.

  Wai, J., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2009). Spatial ability for STEM domains: Aligning over 50 years of cumulative psychological knowledge solidifies its importance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(4), 817.

  Brain underpinnings for spatial and math skills overlap

  Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 371–396.

  Spatial skills important for explaining STEM concepts

  Bobek, E., & Tversky, B. (2016). Creating visual explanations improves learning. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 1(1), 27.

  Daniel, M. P., & Tversky, B. (2012). How to put things together. Cognitive Processing, 13(4), 303–319.

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  Hegarty, M., & Kozhevnikov, M. (1999). Types of visual-spatial representations and mathematical problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 684.

  Tversky, B., Heiser, J., & Morrison, J. (2013). Space, time, and story. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 47–76). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407237-4.12001-8

  Spatial skills vary across professions

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  Kozhevnikov, M., Kosslyn, S., & Shephard, J. (2005). Spatial versus object visualizers: A new characterization of visual cognitive style. Memory & Cognition, 33(4), 710–726.

  Specific spatial skills underlie navigation

  Hegarty, M., Richardson, A. E., Montello, D. R., Lovelace, K., & Subbiah, I. (2002). Development of a self-report measure of environmental spatial ability. Intelligence, 30(5), 425–447.

  Gender and navigation

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  The National Academy of Sciences recommends teaching spatial skills

  Committee on Support for Thinking Spatially. (2006). Learning to think spatially. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

  Many activities build spatial skills

  Dye, M. W., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2009). The development of attention skills in action video game players. Neuropsychologia, 47(8), 1780–1789.

  Dye, M. W. G., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2009). Increasing speed of processing with action video games. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(6), 321–326.

  Wrestling builds spatial skills

  Moreau, D., Clerc, J., Mansy-Dannay, A., & Guerrien, A. (2012). Enhancing spatial ability through sport practice. Journal of Individual Differences, 33, 83–88.

  Athletics and spatial skills

  Voyer, D., & Jansen, P. (2017). Motor expertise and performance in spatial tasks: A meta-analysis. Human Movement Science, 54, 110–124.

  Building spatial skills in children (and adults)

  Ehrlich, S. B., Levine, S. C., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2006). The importance of gesture in children’s spatial reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1259–1268.

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  Frick, A., & Wang, S. H. (2014). Mental spatial transformations in 14- and 16-month-old infants: Effects of action and observational experience. Child Development, 85(1), 278–293.

  Joh, A. S., Jaswal, V. K., & Keen, R. (2011). Imagining a way out of the gravity bias: Preschoolers can visualize the solution to a spatial problem. Child Development, 82(3), 744–745.

  Kastens, K. A., & Liben, L. S. (2007). Eliciting self-explanations improves children’s performance on a field-based map skills task. Cognition and Instruction, 25, 45–74.

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  Training spatial skills works

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  CHAPTER FIVE: THE BODY SPEAKS A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE

  Gesture the foundation for language

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  Gestures in apes

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  Genty, E., & Zuberbühler, K. (2015). Iconic gesturing in bonobos. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 8(1), e992742.

  Graham, K. E., Furuichi, T., & Byrne, R. W. (2017). The gestural repertoire of the wild bonobo (Pan paniscus): A mutually understood communication system. Animal Cognition, 20(2), 171–177.

  Hobaiter, C., & Byrne, R. W. (2014). The meanings of chimpanzee gestures. Current Biology, 24(14), 1596–1600.

  Moore, R. (2014). Ape gestures: Interpreting chimpanzee and bonobo minds. Current Biology, 24(14), R645–R647.

  Pika, S., Liebal, K., & Tomasello, M. (2005). Gestural communica
tion in subadult bonobos (Pan paniscus): Repertoire and use. American Journal of Primatology, 65(1), 39–61.

  Cultural transmission in apes

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  Entrainment

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  Holler, J., & Wilkin, K. (2011). Co-speech gesture mimicry in the process of collaborative referring during face-to-face dialogue. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 35(2), 133–153.

  Mimicry is social glue

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  Chartrand, T. L., & Van Baaren, R. (2009). Human mimicry. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 219–274

  Emotion perception, imitation, and contagion

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  Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006). Understanding emotions. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell.

  Early gesture predicts early speech

  Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16(5), 367–371.

  Özçalışkan, Ş., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture is at the cutting edge of early language development. Cognition, 96(3), B101–B113.

  The blind gesture

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  Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1997). What’s communication got to do with it? Gesture in children blind from birth. Developmental Psychology, 33(3), 453.

  Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1998). Why people gesture when they speak. Nature, 396(6708), 228–228.

  Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2001). The resilience of gesture in talk: Gesture in blind speakers and listeners. Developmental Science, 4(4), 416–422.

  Why gesture?

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  Kinds of gestures

  Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Hearing gesture: How our hands help us think. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

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  McNeill, D. (2006). Gesture: A psycholinguistic approach. In K. Brown (Ed.), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 58–66). New York, NY: Elsevier Science.

  Deixis

  Fillmore, C. J. (1982). Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In R. J. Jarvella & W. Klein (Eds.), Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics (pp. 31–59). London, England: Wiley.

  Depicting as communication

  Clark, H. H. (2016). Depicting as a method of communication. Psychological Review, 123(3), 324–347.

  Metaphors

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  Gesture in explanations often precedes words developmentally

  Alibali, M.W., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1993). Gesture-speech mismatch and mechanisms of learning: What the hands reveal about a child’s state of mind. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 468–523.

  Goldin-Meadow, S., Alibali, M. W., & Church, R. B. (1993). Transitions in concept acquisition: Using the hand to read the mind. Psychological Review, 100(2), 279.

  Gestures signal readiness to learn to teachers

  Goldin-Meadow, S., & Sandhofer, C. M. (1999). Gesture conveys substantive information about a child’s thoughts to ordinary listeners. Developmental Science, 2, 67–74.

  Goldin-Meadow, S., & Singer, M. A. (2003). From children’s hands to adults’ ears: Gesture’s role in the learning process. Developmental Psychology, 39, 509–520.

  Gestures show strategies not conveyed in speech

  Broaders, S. C., Cook, S. W., Mitchell, Z., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2007). Making children gesture brings out implicit knowledge and leads to learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 539–550.

  Emotion

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  Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J. M., & Barrett, L. F. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of emotions. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

  Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006). Understanding emotions. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing.

  Mirroring emotion

  Gallese, V., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2004). A unifying view of the basis of social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8(9), 396–403.

  Using space to describe space

  Emmorey, K., Tversky, B., & Taylor, H. A. (2000). Using space to describe space: Perspective in speech, sign, and gesture. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 2(3), 157–180.

  Using space to order time

  Bender, A., & Beller, S. (2014) Mapping spatial frames of reference onto time: A review of theoretical accounts and empirical findings. Cognition, 132, 342–382.

  Boroditsky, L., Fuhrman, O., & McCormick, K. (2011). Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? Cognition, 118(1), 123–129.

  Marghetis, T., & Núñez, R. (2013). The motion behind the symbols: A vital role for dynamism in the conceptualization of limits and continuity in expert mathematics. Topics in Cognitive Science, 5(2), 299–316.

  Núñez, R., & Cooperrider, K. (2013). The tangle of space and time in human cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 220–229.

  Tversky, B., Kugelmass, S., & Winter, A. (1991). Cross-cultural and developmental trends in graphic productions. Cognitive Psychology, 23(4), 515–557.

  Gestures help explain action and causality

  Engle, R. A. (1998). Not channels but composite signals: Speech, gesture, diagrams and object demonstrations are integrated in multimodal explanations. In Proc
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  Kang, S., Tversky, B., & Black, J. B. (2015). Coordinating gesture, word, and diagram: Explanations for experts and novices. Spatial Cognition & Computation, 15(1), 1–26.

  Sitting on hands disrupts speaking

  Krauss, R. M. (1998). Why do we gesture when we speak? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7(2), 54–60.

  Krauss, R. M., Chen, Y., & Gottesman, R. F. (2000). Lexical gestures and lexical access: A process model. Language and Gesture, 2, 261.

  Gestures help thinking

  Carlson, R. A., Avraamides, M. N., Cary, M., & Strasberg, S. (2007). What do the hands externalize in simple arithmetic? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 747.

  Chu, M., & Kita, S. (2008). Spontaneous gestures during mental rotation tasks: Insights into the microdevelopment of the motor strategy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(4), 706.

  Schwartz, D. L. (1999). Physical imagery: Kinematic versus dynamic models. Cognitive Psychology, 38(3), 433–464.

  Schwartz, D. L., & Black, J. B. (1996). Shuttling between depictive models and abstract rules: Induction and fallback. Cognitive Science, 20(4), 457–497.

  Gestures for self help solve spatial problems

  Jamalian, A., Giardino, V., & Tversky, B. (2013). Gestures for thinking. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 35. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zk7z5h9

  Tversky, B., & Kessell, A. (2014). Thinking in action. Pragmatics & Cognition, 22(2), 206–223.

  Gestures lighten cognitive load

  Cook, S.W., Yip, T., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2012). Gestures, but not meaningless movements, lighten working memory load when explaining math. Language and Cognitive Processing, 27, 594–610.

  Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H., Kelly, S. D., & Wagner, S. M. (2001). Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load. Psychological Science, 12, 516–522.

  Ping, R., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2010). Gesturing saves cognitive resources when talking about nonpresent objects. Cognitive Science, 34, 602–619.

  Gesture helps mechanical problem solving