Lone Survivors

by Chris Stringer

  Index

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  Abauntz Cave

  Abdur Reef

  absolute dating

  Abi-Rached

  accelerator dating

  accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)

  acid-base-wet oxidation (ABOX) dating

  “Adam” (common male ancestor)

  Adovasio, Jim

  afer subspecies

  African Exodus (Stringer)

  Africa. See also Out of Africa 1 model; Recent African Origins model; and specific artifacts, sites, species, and tool industries and periods

  ancient human species in, and internal variation

  as center of physical and cultural origins

  climate and

  Coon model of divided lineages following

  cultural spread and

  Darwin on

  debate over

  demography and cultural change in

  dispersal routes from

  exodus from

  genetic data and

  Haeckel’s lost continent vs.

  Human Revolution and

  population size and

  symbolism and language in

  African Genesis (Ardrey)

  age profiles

  agriculture

  Ahmarian industry

  Aiello, Leslie

  Ainu people

  Alexander, Richard

  Alicona imaging microscope

  Allen, Jim

  Allen’s rule

  allometry

  alloparents

  Allsworth-Jones, Philip

  Altamira Cave

  altered consciousness

  altruism

  Alzheimer’s

  Ambrose, Stanley

  americanus subspecies

  Amud fossils

  amygdala

  Andel, Tjeerd van

  Andrews, Peter

  apes, great. See also specific species

  brains

  childhood and

  DNA

  Hobbit and

  human abilities vs.

  human split from

  apolipoprotein E gene

  archaic genes. See also interbreeding

  African populations and

  dispersals from Africa and

  Ardrey, Robert

  argon dating

  Armitage, Simon

  art. See also specific sites and works

  artisan specialists

  Asia

  Asian origins models

  asiaticus subspecies

  ASPM gene

  Assimilation model

  Atapuerca Neanderthals

  Aterian industry

  Atkinson, Quentin

  Aurignacians

  Australia

  Australian aborigines

  australopithecines

  Australopithecus afarensis

  Australopithecus africanus

  Australopithecus sediba

  autosomal DNA

  dispersal from Africa and

  Avery, Margaret

  Bailey, Shara

  Banks, William

  Barker, Graeme

  Barton, Nick

  Bar-Yosef, Ofer

  beads

  ostrich eggshell

  shell

  Beaumont, Peter

  Beeches Pit

  behavior. See also specific behaviors

  Africa as source of complex

  brain and

  complex in early modern sites

  coordination of activities

  cultural buffering and

  Dmanisi and

  environment and genes and

  group size and

  Human Revolution and

  human vs. ape

  hunting and

  learning from fossils about

  mating and

  mind reading and

  modern, and Africa

  modern, and Australia

  modern, and evolution

  modern, and physical changes

  modern, defined

  music and

  Neanderthal vs. modern

  pigments and body painting

  population densities and

  religion and

  rituals and

  Social Brain Hypothesis and

  social transmission and

  symbolism and

  Bello, Silvia

  Berger, Thomas

  Bergmann’s rule

  Bermúdez de Castro, José María

  betaglobin gene

  Biaka pygmies

  Bigelow, Robert

  Binford, Lewis

  Bingham, Paul

  Biological Species Concept (BSC)

  Bir el-Ater

  Blombos Cave

  blood groups

  blood proteins

  boats

  Bocherens, Hervé

  Bodo

  body shape

  Bohunician industry

  Boker Tachtit

  bone butchery

  bones, dating

  Border Cave

  bottlenecks, population

  Boule, Marcellin

  Bowles, Samuel

  Boxgrove site

  Boyd, Robert

  Brace, C. Loring

  Bradshaw paintings

  brain

  African origins and

  behavior and

  Broken Hill

  childhood and

  Dmanisi

  energy demands and

  evolution and

  genes and

  group size and

  H. erectus

  H. heidelbergensis

  Hobbit

  Human Revolution and

  inner speech and

  language and

  marine resources and

  memory and

  microcephalin gene and

  modern human

  music and

  Neanderthal

  regional differences

  religion and

  rewiring and behavior

  ritual and

  size and

  Social Brain Hypothesis and

  toolmaking and

  warfare and

  braincase

  Broken Hill

  H. erectus and

  Herto skull

  H. heidelbergensis and

  H. sapiens and

  modern human and

  Neanderthal

  brain mapping

  Bramble, Dennis

  Bräuer, Günter

  Brennan, Mary Ursula

  Brink, James

  Broad Spectrum Revolution

  Broken Hill skull (Rhodesian Man)

  Bromage, Tim

  Brooks, Alison

  Brotherton, Paul

  Brothwell, Don

  Brown, Kyle

  Brown, Peter

  brow ridge

  Bruner, Emiliano

  burials. See also specific sites

  Amud and Kebara

  Cro-Magnon

  Lapedo Valley

  Nazlet Khater

  Neanderthals

  Qafzeh

  rituals and

  Saint-Césaire

  Skhul

  symbolic

  Tabun

  Bushman

  Busk, George

  butchery marks

  Byrne, Richard

  Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) dating

  Campbell, Bernard

  Campi Flegrei volcanic eruption

  Cann, Rebecca

  cannibalism

  “Capoid” lineage

  carbon C-12/C-13, diet and

  carbon C-14 dating

  Carmel, Mount

  Caspari, Rachel

  catarrhines group

  “Caucasoid” lineage propose
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  cause and effect concept

  Cavallo Cave

  cave art

  CDK5RAP2 gene

  CENPJ gene

  cephalic index (CI)

  cerebellum

  cerebellum/cerebrum ratio

  cerebral cortex

  cerebral hemispheres

  cerebrum

  Chancelade site

  Chapais, Bernard

  Châtelperronian industry

  Chauvet Cave

  cheekbones

  childbirth

  children

  chimpanzees

  behavior

  blood groups

  brain

  culture

  genome

  human split from

  lice and

  tools and

  chin

  China. See also specific sites

  Chomsky, Noam

  Christ Church, Spitalfields

  chromosome 9

  Churchill, Steve

  Clacton

  Clark, Desmond

  classification of species

  click language groups

  climate

  African Middle Stone Age and

  Australia and

  body shape and

  Broad Spectrum Revolution and

  culture and

  dispersal from Africa and

  Hobbit and

  isotope signatures and

  Neanderthal extinction and

  Neanderthals vs. Cro-Magnons and

  northern China and

  population and

  regional characteristics and

  clothing and textiles

  coalitions, aggressive

  coasts, dispersals from Africa and

  Cochran, Gregory

  collagen, diet and

  Collins, Matthew

  communication. See also language

  competition

  Compton, Tim

  computerized tomography (CT scans)

  microCT studies

  stereolithography and

  teeth and

  Confucius

  continental drift

  cooking

  ovens and

  Coolidge, Frederick

  Coon, Carleton

  Cooper, Alan

  cooperation

  Cooperative Eye Hypothesis

  coordination of activities

  corals, dating and

  Corballis, Michael

  Cormack, Allan

  Cornish, Lorraine

  cosmetics

  Coulson, Sheila

  courtship

  creativity

  Crevecoeur, Isabelle

  Cro-Magnons

  Aurignacian industry

  body size and shape

  brain size

  burials

  cave art and

  classification of

  climate and

  clothing and

  culture of

  data gathering on, in 1971

  diet of

  dogs and

  European expansion by

  evolution from Neanderthal theory

  genetics and

  Gravettian tools and

  H-O foramen and

  Human Revolution and

  kinship and

  longevity of

  migrations of

  Neanderthal interbreeding and

  Neanderthals wounds and

  Omo Kibish and

  RAO model and

  regional characteristics and

  Cronin, Helena

  Cruciani, Fulvio

  cryptotephra

  Cueva Antón

  Cueva de los Aviones

  Cueva Morin

  cultural adaptation

  cultural buffering

  cultural diversity

  cultural selection

  culture

  demography and

  gene flow and

  imitation and

  Neanderthal vs. modern

  SBH and

  social networks and

  Currat, Mathias

  Cussac cave paintings

  cytochrome

  Danube River

  Dart, Raymond

  Darwin, Charles

  dating methods

  Dawkins, Richard

  Dawn Warriors, The (Bigelow)

  Dawson, Charles

  Day, Michael

  Deacon, Hilary

  Dean, Christopher

  demography. See also population density; population size

  dendrochronology dating

  Denisovans

  genetics

  Dennell, Robin

  Denys, Christiane

  d’Errico, Francesco

  Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The (Darwin)

  Devil’s Tower skull

  Diepkloof rock shelter

  diet. See also marine resources; plant resources

  Cro-Magnon vs. Neanderthal

  Di Reinzo, Anna

  diseases

  distance statistic

  Divje Babe Cave

  Dmanisi

  DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). See also genetics; and specific types

  dogs

  domestication

  dopamine

  Drake, Nick

  DRD4 gene

  Dreamtime

  Dubois, Eugène

  Dunbar, Robin

  Dunbar’s number

  dwellings

  dyes. See also pigments

  Dzudzuana Cave

  Early Neanderthal model

  East Africa

  EDAR gene

  “Egbert” skeleton

  Elandsfontein

  electron spin resonance (ESR), dating

  Eliye Springs

  Ellison, Peter

  El Sidrón caves

  Emiran industry

  empathy

  encephalization quotient (EQ)

  Endicott, Phillip

  endorphins

  Engis site

  Enkapune ya Muto (Twilight Cave)

  environment

  adaptation to

  cultural buffering and

  learning and

  “Eoanthropus dawsoni”

  epigenetics

  Eswaran, Vinayak

  Eurocentrism

  europaeus subspecies

  Europe. See also Cro-Magnons; Neanderthals; and specific sites and tool industries and periods

  climate in

  dating of oldest modern humans in

  dispersal to

  early human sites in

  early symbolism

  language humans in

  later human sites

  European origins models

  Ewing, J. Franklin

  Excoffier, Laurent

  extinctions, and knowledge

  Eyasi skull

  eyes

  color

  sclera

  sockets

  face

  expressions

  shape

  Falconer, Hugh

  families, extended. See also kinship systems

  fashion

  fatherhood, recognition of

  feet

  females. See also Mitochondrial Eve

  childbirth and

  dispersals from Africa and

  figurine

  hunting and

  kinship and

  Neanderthal genes and

  plant collection and fire

  postmenopause

  red ocher and

  social complexity and

  violence and

  X-chromosomes and

  femora (thighbones)

  figurines

  Finlayson, Clive

  fire

  Fishbourne Roman Palace

  Fisher, Claire

  fish oils

  Flannery, Kent

  flax fibers

  Fleagle, John

  Flores Island. See also Hobbit

  Florisbad skull
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  flour production

  flutes

  Fodor, Jerry

  Foley, Robert

  food. See also specific types

  gathering and processing

  refuse

  resources

  Forbes’ Quarry

  forehead

  founder effect

  454 Life Sciences

  Fox, Robin

  FOXP2 gene

  French, Jennifer

  Froehle, Andrew

  frontal lobe

  G6PD enzyme

  Galería del Osario

  Galley Hill skeleton

  Gamble, Clive

  Garden of Eden model

  Gargett, Robert

  Geist, Valerius

  gemmules

  gene flow

  “Genetic and Fossil Evidence for the Origin of Modern Humans” (Stinger)

  genetic distance technique

  genetic drift

  genetic engineering

  genetics. See also DNA; interbreeding; RNA

  African internal variation and

  altruism and

  Australia and

  cultural diversity and

  Denisovans and

  development of

  dispersal of modern humans and

  distance from Africa and

  founder effect

  future evolution and

  geographic distribution and

  human evolution calibrated through

  hybridization and archaic genes

  language and

  lice and

  longevity and

  modern human evolution and

  mtDNA and

  Multiregional view and

  Neanderthals and

  population size and

  RAO model and

  regional characteristics and

  selfish gene and

  genetic switches

  Genghis Khan

  genus, defined

  Gesher Benot Ya’aqov

  Gibraltar

  glottogonists

  Goodall, Jane

  gorillas

  gossip

  Gough’s Cave

  Gould, Stephen Jay

  Goyet Cave

  Grandmother Hypothesis

  Gravettians

  Greenland Eskimo

  Grimaldi site

  grooming

  Grossman, Sharon

  Grotte du Renne

  group relations. See also social life

  identity and

  longevity and

  rituals and

  group selection

  group size. See also population size

  Grün, Rainer

  Gunz, Philipp

  Guomde site

  gyri

  Hadza hunter-gatherers

  Haeckel, Ernst

  hair

  hallucinogenic plants

  Hamilton, William

  Hammer, Michael

  handaxes

  haplogroups

  L3

  M and N

  Harpending, Henry

  Harrison, Barbara

  Harrison, Tom

  Harvati, Katerina

  Haua Fteah

  Hawkes, Kristen

  Hawks, John

  hearths

  Heidelberg Man. See also Homo heidelbergensis

  Heinrich, Hartmut

  Heinrich events

  Helicobacter pylori

  hematite (red iron oxide)

  Henrich, Joe

  Henshilwood, Chris

  Herto site

  Higham, Tom

  Hillson, Simon

  histone proteins

  HIV resistance

  HLA (human leucocyte antigen)

  Ho, Simon

  Hobbit (Homo floresiensis, Flores Man)