Lone Survivors

by Chris Stringer

  Hohle Fels Cave

  Homo antecessor (Pioneer Man)

  Homo erectus

  Africa and

  alloparents and

  Asia and

  brain

  climate and

  Dmanisi and

  early finds and

  Hobbit and

  H. sapiens vs.

  hybridization and

  language and

  Multiregional model and

  physical features of

  population size

  RAO model and

  synchrotron studies and

  tools

  Homo ergaster

  Homo floresiensis

  Homo genus

  Homo georgicus

  Homo habilis

  Homo heidelbergensis

  Africa and

  Africa and modern humans and

  Asia and

  behavior of

  Boxgrove

  brain

  Broken Hill

  dating

  Denisovans and

  H. sapiens and

  hybridization and

  physical features

  RAO model and

  symbolism and

  tools and

  X-rays and

  Homo neanderthalensis. See Neanderthals

  Homo rhodesiensis. See also Homo heidelbergensis

  Homo sapiens. See also Cro-Magnons; interbreeding; modern human origin; Recent African Origin model; and specific behaviors, cultural and physical features, sites, and tool industries and periods

  age of, in Africa

  climate stresses and replacement of Neanderthals

  complex technologies and, in Africa

  Coon’s five lineage theory of

  distinctive features of

  evolution of modern, new theories on

  first entry to Europe

  future of

  genus and species name defined

  as only human species

  other human species vs.

  as separate from Neanderthals

  split from Neanderthal and

  Hong Shang

  horizontal-oval (H-O) foramen

  Hounsfield, Godfrey

  Howell, F. Clark

  Howells, William

  Howiesons Poort industry

  Hrdlička, Aleš

  Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer

  Hublin, Jean-Jacques

  Huff, Chad

  Hughes, Jennifer

  human accelerated region 1 and 2 (HAR1, HAR2) genes

  Human Revolution

  human species. See also modern human origin; and specific species and theories of origin

  divergence from chimps

  number of

  species concepts and confusion of

  Humphrey, Louise

  Humphrey, Nicholas

  hunter-gatherers

  hunting

  Huxley, Thomas Henry

  hybridization. See interbreeding

  hyoid bones

  Ice Ages

  iliac pillar

  imagination

  imitation

  initiation rites

  inner ears

  inner speech

  innovation

  intelligence

  intentionality

  interbreeding (hybridization)

  Denisovans and

  Neanderthals and

  RAO model and

  International Haplotype Map

  Irish, Joel

  Ishango fossils

  island dwarfing

  isotopes

  ivory artifacts

  Iwo Eleru

  Jacob, Teuku

  Jacobi, Roger

  Jacobs, Zenobia

  Japan

  Java Man. See also Homo erectus

  jaws

  Jebel Faya

  Jebel Irhoud

  Jinniushan site

  Jolly, Clifford

  Jones, Steve

  Jorde, Lynn

  Kapthurin, Kenya

  Kebara site

  Keinan, Alon

  Keith, Arthur

  Kelly, Raymond

  Kent’s Cavern

  Khoisan (Bushman)

  killing at a distance

  King, William

  Kingdon, Jonathan

  kinship systems

  Klasies River Mouth Caves

  Klein, Richard

  Knight, Chris

  knives

  Kostenki site

  Kow Swamp

  Krantz, Grover

  Krapina site

  Kruszynski, Robert

  Ksar ’Akil

  Kubrick, Stanley

  Kuhn, Steven

  Kurtén, Björn

  Kvavadze, Eliso

  La Chapelle-aux-Saints

  La Cotte de St. Brelade

  lactase gene

  Laetoli H.18 skull. See Ngaloba

  La Ferrassie

  Lahr, Marta

  Laitman, Jeff

  Laland, Kevin

  Lalueza-Fox, Carles

  Lambert, Charla

  landmarks

  language

  Lapedo Valley

  Large Hadron Collider (Geneva)

  Lascaux cave painting

  laser ablation

  Later Stone Age

  Leakey, Louis

  Leakey, Mary

  Leakey, Meave

  Leakey, Richard

  learning

  Lee, Sang-Hee

  Le Moustier site

  Lemuria

  leptin receptor gene

  Les Rois Cave

  Lewis-Williams, David

  Liang Bua Cave

  Libby, Willard

  lice

  Lieberman, Daniel

  Lieberman, Philip

  Linnaeus, Carl

  Lion Man figurine

  Long, Jeffrey

  longevity

  “Lucy”

  luminescence dating

  Lyell, Charles

  Maba, China

  Machiavellian intelligence

  Magubike rock shelter

  malaria

  Malaysia

  mammoth

  Mandenka people

  mandibular foramen

  manganese dioxide pigments

  Marean, Curtis

  Marillac Neanderthals

  marine resources

  Martin, Bob

  mate exchanges and marriage. See also sexual selection

  mating frequency

  Mauer

  MC1R pigmentation gene

  McBrearty, Sally

  McCown, Theodore

  meat eating

  Melanesia

  Mellars, Paul

  memory

  of dreams

  music and

  religion and

  working

  Mendel, Gregor

  mentalese, defined

  metalworking

  Metspalu, Mait

  Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal

  microcephalin (MCPH1) gene

  microcephaly

  microscopes

  microtephra

  middle ear bones

  Middle East

  Middle Paleolithic

  Upper Paleolithic transition

  Middle Stone Age

  Later Stone Age transitions

  migrations

  Miller, Geoffrey

  mind reading

  mines

  mirror neurons

  Mithen, Steven

  mitochondria

  “Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution” (Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson)

  mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

  Australia and

  Denisovan

  dispersal from Africa and

  human evolution calibrated with

  hybridization and

  lice and

  Neanderthal

  RAO and

  Mitochondrial Eve (lucky mother)

  modern human origin. See also Cro-Magnons; Homo sapiens; inter
breeding; Out of Africa; Recent African Origin model; and specific behaviors, cultures, physical and genetic features, and sites

  Darwin on

  debate over

  distinction between human species and

  interbreeding and

  main theories of, pre-1970

  Neanderthal-human relationship and

  RAO model developed

  single center theory

  time scale of

  modern humans, future of

  Montastruc rock shelter

  Moore, James

  morphometrics

  conventional

  geometric

  morphological species concept

  morphology, decreasing diversity in

  Morris, Desmond

  Morwood, Mike

  “mostly Out of Africa” models

  Moula-Guercy Neanderthals

  Mousterians

  Multiple Dispersals model

  Multiregional model

  assimilation and

  Hobbit and

  Homo sapiens and

  Mitochondrial Eve and

  Mungo 3 and

  RAO model vs.

  multivariate analysis

  Mungo, Lake, burials

  music

  Naked Ape, The (Morris)

  Namib Desert

  Narmada fossils

  Natural History Museum (London)

  natural selection

  Nature

  Nazlet Khater site

  Neanderthal Phase model

  Neanderthals

  art and

  behavior

  birth and

  blood groups

  brain and

  burials

  cannibalism and

  childhood development and

  childhood stress and

  classification of

  climate and

  cloning and

  clothing and

  continuity with modern humans and

  dating of

  Denisovans vs.

  diet

  discovery and naming

  dispersal of

  dogs and

  evolution of, in Europe

  extinction of

  genes and genome

  Heinrich event and

  H-O foramens and

  Human Revolution and

  human split from

  hunting and

  injuries and violence

  interbreeding and

  intermediate models and

  language and

  lice and

  longevity and

  missing links

  modern humans vs.

  modern interactions with

  new finds

  physical features of

  population size

  replacement of

  social learning and

  social support and

  symbolism and

  synchrotron studies

  teeth

  Toba volcano and

  tools and

  water crossing and

  X-rays of

  Neander Valley skeleton of 1856

  Nei, Masatoshi

  neocortex

  neurotransmitters

  Ngaloba (Laetoli H.18 skull)

  Ngandong

  Niah

  Niassa Rift

  nitrogen isotopes

  Noah’s Ark model

  North Africa

  nose

  Oase site

  Oberkassel site

  occipital lobe

  O’Connell, James

  Olduvai Gorge

  Olorgesailie site

  Omo Kibish

  On the Origin of Species (Darwin)

  Oppenheimer, Stephen

  optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating

  orangutan

  Ötzi (Alpine iceman)

  Out of Africa. See also Recent African Origin model

  brain changes and

  genetic data and dispersal

  more than single exodus

  Neanderthal-modern genome and

  plus Hybridization model

  Recent African Origin as term vs.

  Out of Africa 1 model

  Oyelaran, Philip

  Pääbo, Svante

  Page, David

  parasites

  Parfitt, Simon

  parietal lobe

  Parkington, John

  pastoralists

  pattern recognition

  Paviland burials

  Peking Man

  penis size

  perikymata

  Petraglia, Michael

  Pettitt, Paul

  phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) gene

  phonemes

  physical clocks

  physical dating methods

  pigments. See also specific types

  Piltdown Man

  Pinker, Steven

  Pinnacle Point Caves

  Pithecanthropus alalus, proposed

  Pithecanthropus erectus

  plant resources

  Pleistocene epoch

  pluvial period

  polygamy

  polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

  Ponce de León, Marcia

  Ponor River Caves

  population density

  culture and

  population size. See also demography

  African Middle Stone Age and

  culture and

  effective, defined

  future evolution and

  innovation and

  mtDNA to track

  X-chromosomes and

  potassium-argon dating

  Powell, Adam

  Predmostí skulls

  Premo, Luke

  Pre-sapiens model

  pressure flaking

  Previc, Fred

  primates, nonhuman. See also specific species

  alliance and

  alloparents and

  brain and

  descent and

  group size and

  mind reading and

  rituals and

  sclera of

  shame and

  social behavior of

  projectile weaponry

  protocadherin-15 gene

  pubic ramus

  pygmies

  Qafzeh Cave

  racial categories. See also regional characteristics

  radiocarbon dating

  AMS

  ultrafiltration

  Rainbow Serpent myth

  Ramachandran, Vilayanur

  Recent African Origin (RAO) model

  African variations and

  Assimilation model vs.

  demography and

  development of

  genetic studies and

  Mitochondrial Eve and

  Multiregionalism model vs.

  new data and conclusions about

  Omo Kibish site and

  Out of Africa as term vs.

  regional differences and

  Redding, Richard

  red ocher

  Reed, David

  regional characteristics

  Multiregional model and

  genetics and

  RAO model and

  Reich, David

  relative dating

  release from proximity

  Relethford, John

  religion. See also rituals; shamanism

  Replacement model

  RESET project

  Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms

  reticulation

  Revedin, Anna

  rhinoceros

  Rhodesian Man. See Broken Hill skull

  Richards, Michael

  Richerson, Peter

  rituals

  RNA (ribonucleic acid)

  Roberts, Bert

  Roberts, Mark

  Robin Hood Cave

  Robock, Alan

  rodent fossils

  Rodseth, Lars

  Roebroeks, Wil

  Röntgen, Wi
lhelm

  Rosas, Antonio

  Rose, Jeffrey

  Roseman, Charles

  Roychoudhury, Arun

  Sabeti, Pardis

  Saccopastore

  Sahara, greening of

  Sahelanthropus

  Saint-Césaire

  Salé cranium

  salivary amylase gene

  Samra, Lake

  San Bushman

  Sandawe hunter-gatherers

  Sangirari

  sapropels

  Sarich, Vince

  Sauer, Carl

  Sautuola, Marcelino Sanz de

  scanning electron microscope

  scavenging

  Schaaffhausen, Hermann

  Schöningen

  Schwarcz, Henry

  Science

  Scladina Cave

  Sclater, Philip

  sclera

  sea levels

  Secrets of the Lost Races (Noorbegen)

  self-awareness

  selfishness of genes

  semicircular canals

  sewing

  sexual dimorphism

  sexual division of labor

  sexual selection

  shamanism

  shame

  Shanidar Cave

  Shaw, Thurstan

  Shea, John

  shell artifacts. See also beads, shell

  shellfish

  Shennan, Stephen

  Sherborne bone

  shoes

  Shoshone people

  Shylakhter, Ilya

  sickle-cell anemia

  Sima de las Palomas

  Sima de los Huesos

  Singa cranium

  single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

  sinuses

  skeleton. See also specific sites

  Skhul site

  dating

  skin color

  skulls. See also brain; braincase; and specific sites and types

  data gathering on, in 1971

  genetic drift and

  new techniques to measure

  regional differences

  Smith, Fred

  Smith, Tanya

  Social Brain Hypothesis (SBH)

  social learning

  demography and

  social life. See also communication; language; and other specific activities

  alloparents and

  brain and

  conflict and

  food production and

  gossip and grooming and

  mirror neurons and

  music and

  religion and

  social networks

  social structure

  social support

  Soffer, Olga

  Solfatara crater

  Solo site

  Solutraean industry

  Sommer, Jeffrey

  species, defined

  Spectrum Hypothesis

  sperm

  SPEX (single primer extension) technique

  Spoor, Fred

  Spy site

  Sri Lanka sites

  Stage 3 project

  Stegodon

  Steinheim

  stereolithography

  Sterkfontein site

  Stewart, John

  Still Bay industry

  Stiner, Mary

  Stoneking, Mark

  strontium isotopes

  sulci (furrows)

  sulphur isotopes

  Sungir site 105

  surfing

  Svoboda, Jiří

  sweat glands

  Sykes, Bryan

  symbolism. See also art; music; religion

  Neanderthals and

  shamanism and

  synchrotron

  Systema Naturae (Linneaus)

  Tabun site

  Tafforeau, Paul

  TAS2R38 gene

  Tasmania

  taste abilities