Ghost Empire
Page 45
Romanus IV Diogenes (Emperor, r. 1068-1071), 278–82
Romanus Gate. see St Romanus Gate Rome
ancient (before 330 AD), 21–2, 24, 34–42, 49, 58, 86, 109–10, 113, 138, 440
author’s note, XV
author’s visits, 62, 109–10, 247–8
Catholicism (see Roman Catholic Church)
Crusades (see Crusades)
Holy Roman Empire (see Holy Roman Empire)
Milvian Bridge (see Milvian Bridge)
population, 131
relations with Constantinople (330-1453), 2–4, 22, 25–6, 53–4, 80, 88, 114–17, 123, 131, 134, 202, 210, 270, 441, 443
St Peter’s Basilica, 269–70, 443
western Empire (331-476), XVII, 22, 74, 114, 365
Romulus, 86
Romulus Augustulus (Emperor), XVIII, 4, 8, 74–5
Ruga (King), 73
Rule of Four (Tetrarchy), 28–9, 32–5, 358
Rum (Greek minority), 451
Rum Papa, 392–3
Rum, Sultanate of, 282, 368, 443
Rumeli Hisar (Throat Cutter fortress), XX, 385–9, 401
runes, 271, 277
Russia, 12, 14–16, 247, 271–3, 275–6, 361, 371, 417, 437–8, 443–4
Russian Orthodox Church, 16, 247, 443–4
S
St Elmo’s Fire, 418
St Romanus Gate, 6, 375, 405, 413, 423
Saladin, 329
salep, 146–7, 222
Salman Pak, Iraq, 155
Santa Claus, 49
Santorini (Thera), 229, 236–7
Saracens. see Arabs; Islam
Sarah (Sarai), 191–4
Sardinia, 112
Sassanids, 88–9, 110, 155, 168, 173–4, 176, 301
Satan (Devil), XIII, 212, 214, 217, 308
Saturn (god), 5
Saviour in Chora, St (church)
map, VIII
Scandinavians, 271–7
Scholarians, 99
Scipio (title), 172
Scotland. see Britain
Scourge of God. see Attila the Hun
Scylitzes, John (historian), 282
Scylitzes, Madrid, 199, 226
Sea of Azov, 206
Sea of Galilee, 174
Sea of Marmara. see Marmara, Sea of
sea walls, Constantinople, 63, 221, 225, 228, 232–3, 340, 343, 345, 348–50, 407–11, 432–3
Second Coming, 19, 179, 216–17, 433
Seljuk Turks, XIX, 65, 277– 82, 289, 291–2, 294, 296–7, 300, 315, 368
Senate House, Constantinople, 54, 99, 103, 233
Senate House, Rome, 58
senatorial class, 84–5, 161, 200
senators, 19, 22, 37, 60–1, 67, 75, 79–82, 99, 103, 121, 157, 159, 172, 203, 223, 281
Seneca, 138
Septimius Severus (Emperor), XVII Arch of (Rome), 109
seraphim, 108–10
Serbia, 27
Serbs, 14, 65, 370, 381
Sergius and Bacchus, St (church)
map, VIII
Sergius (Patriarch), 158, 161, 167
Sergius (Pope), 202
Serica. see China
Sevastopol
Sevastopol (Cherson), 204, 207–8, 211
Seven Sleepers, 61–2
Seven Wonders of the World, 196
Severus, 32, 34
Shahanshah (title), 88–90, 110, 114, 152–6, 159–60, 163, 165. see also Kavadh; Khusrau I; Khusrau II
Shahrbaraz, 158, 159, 161, 164–7
Shatranj. see chess
Shihabettin, 397
Shi’ites, 279
Ship of Theseus, XV
ships. see naval power
Shirin, 160
Sibylline Oracles, 36
Sicily, 21, 111–12, 114–15, 196–7, 246, 274
silk, 138–41, 204, 265, 293, 303, 355, 450
Silk Roads, 141, 204, 302, 402
silkworms (Bombyx mori), 139–40
Silverius (Pope), 115–16
Simon of Montfort, 336, 339
Sisaurana, 125
Slavs, 15, 174, 201–2, 247, 259, 304, 423
Sol (sun god), 236
Solomon, 104, 176, 220
Sophia (Czarina), 443–4
Sophia (Empress), 152
Sophocles, 447
Soviet Union, 67
Spain, XVIII, 74, 133, 137, 152, 218, 310, 372, 389, 448
Sphrantzes, George, 377–8, 381, 404, 419
Stalin, 67, 135
Starbucks, 258
Stauracius, 241–2, 244
Stephano (first wife of Nicephorus II), 261
Stephen, St (chapel), 157
Stephen
Hagiochristophorites, 322
Stephen of Novgorod, 371
Stoudios, 237
Strategopulus, Alexius, 366–7
Strouthos, 211
Suez, 125
Sulayman bin Abd al-Malik (Caliph), 220–1, 227
Sulayman (Sultan of Rum), 282
Sultan (title), 376
‘Grand Turk’), 373
Sultanahmet, 76, 94, 361, 390, 413
Sultanahmet Mosque (Blue Mosque), 145–6, 180–1, 234–5
Sultanahmet Park, 145
Sunni Islam, 279
Sura, 123
Sweden, 272–3
Syracuse, 197
Syria
Arabs, 171–4, 176, 187, 189–90, 195–6, 199, 222, 227, 260
Crusaders, 297
Persians, 89, 123, 152, 157–8, 166
Roman rule, XVIII, XIX, 3, 89, 123, 152, 157–8, 166, 171–4, 176, 260, 278, 289
Turks, 278, 289, 297
Syriac Church, 51
Syriac language, 300
T
Tafur, Pedro, 372–3
Taginae, battle of, 135
Taksim Square, 94, 412–13
Tamerlane, 67
Tang dynasty (China), 301
Tariq ibn-Ziyad, 218
Tarsus, 107, 186
Taurus Mountains, 156, 175, 222
taxis, 324–5, 453
technology. see engineering
Tengri (god), 205
Tervel (Bulgar khagan), 208–10, 224, 229
Tetaldi, Giacomo, 432
tetrarchy (Rule of Four), 28–9, 32–5, 358
Theodora (wife of Constantius Chlorus, m. 289), 28
Theodora (Empress, wife of Justinian I, r. 527-542), XIII, XVIII, 81–6, 99–101, 103, 111–12, 115, 118, 123–4, 130, 132, 134–5, 233, 240
Theodora of Khazaria (Empress, wife of Justinian II the Slit-Nose, m. 703), 206–7, 210–11
Theodora (wife of John Tzimisces, fl. 972), 268
Theodora Comnena (widow of Baldwin III), 318–19, 323
Theodora (Empress-Regent, fl. 855), 305
Theodore (brother of Heraclius, fl. 610-636), 164
Theodore (abbot of Stoudios, fl. 726), 237
Theodosian Walls
defence of Constantinople, 5–6, 64–6, 154, 157, 162, 164, 209, 221, 223–4, 227–8, 296
gates, 12, 64, 224, 228, 351, 367, 373–4, 384, 387–8, 406
map, VIII
Theodosian Walls: timeline
construction (413), XIV, XVII, 63
repaired (447), XVII, 69–70
First Crusade (1095-96), 291
Fourth Crusade (1204), 338, 343, 348–9, 355
Roman Empire restored (1261-1453), 367, 373, 381, 386, 395–7
Ottoman siege & fall of Constantinople (1453), 2–3, 7, 402–3, 405–7, 409, 413–16, 418–27, 431, 434, 436
modern Istanbul, 23, 62, 64, 361–4, 374–5, 384–5
Theodosius I the Great (Emperor) (r. 379-395, XVII, 60
Theodosius II (Emperor) (r. 408-450), 63, 69–71, 135
Theodosius III (Emperor) (r. 751-717), 221, 223
Theodosius (adopted son of Belisarius and Antonina) (fl. 530), 124
Theodote (2nd wife of Constantine VI), 243
theology, Christian, 5, 43–7, 219, 299, 393
Theophanes the Confessor (his
torian), 211–12, 239, 243
Theophano (Anastaso) (wife of Romanus III and Nicephorus II), 260–1, 265–8
Theophanu (wife of Otto II), 268–70
Theophilos the Pig, 147
theosis, 13, 105, 324, 445, 453
Thera (Santorini), 229, 236–7
Theseus, Ship of, XV Thessalonica, 201
Thessaly, 104
Thomas, St, 298
Thoros of Armenia, 318
Thrace. see also Edirne (Adrianople)
Arabs in, 225
Avars in, 154
Bulgars in, 201, 209
Huns in, 69, 133
Roman Empire in, 12, 42, 69, 154, 195, 201, 241, 246, 324, 366
Slavs in, 201
Turks in, 289, 370, 384
Vikings in, 278
Thracian mercenaries, 102
Throat Cutter fortress (Rumeli Hisar, Bogaz Kezen), XX, 385–9, 401
Thucydides, 447
Tiber River, XV, 37, 54, 116
Tiberius (ancient Roman Emperor), 22
Tiberius (Byzantine Emperor), 152
Tiberius (son of Justinian II and Theodora), 207, 210–11
Tigris River, 88, 125, 165, 297
timeline, XVII–XX Topkapi Palace, 391
Totila, 131, 133
Totius Orbis Imperator (title), 16
Tower of Babel, XIV, 298, 300
Tower of Darkness, 166
trade & commerce
Arabs, 173, 187–8
Constantinople, 12, 54, 70, 315, 320, 367
Mongols, 302
Ottomans, 437, 448
plague, 127
silk, 139
Venetians & Genoese, 11, 72, 315, 320, 327–8, 332, 340, 353, 365–7, 403, 432
Treaty of Eternal Peace, 110, 123
Trebizond, 162, 319, 365
Tribonian, 86–7, 99
Trier, 42, 56
Trinity. see Holy Trinity
Triumphs, 113, 122, 134
Troy, 54, 440
True Cross, 12, 50, 159, 163–4, 166–7, 170, 172, 176, 211, 364
Tsarigrad (Constantinople), 14
Turin, 36
Turkey
Ottoman, 362 (see also Ottoman Empire)
modern, 94–8, 135–6, 147–51, 198, 222, 234, 257, 271, 285, 360, 363, 374–5, 451
Turkish coffee, 148–9, 437
Turkish language, XV, 149, 205, 373, 399, 436
Turks, 66, 205, 259, 331, 394, 437, 439, 448, 451
Ottoman, XIX–XX, 2, 6–8, 357, 359, 368–71, 373, 375–89, 397–416, 418–19, 431–5
Seljuk, XIX, 65, 277–82, 289, 291–2, 294, 296–7, 300, 315, 368
Tuscany, 117
Twitter, 94, 136, 151
Tyrrhenian Sea, 116
Tzazo, 112
Tzykanisterion, 232–3
U
Ukraine, 204, 248
Ulpion, 86
Umar I (2nd Caliph, r. 634-644), 176, 189
Umar II (Caliph, r. 717-720), 228–9
Umayyads, 218, 230
umma, 189
United States, 49, 87, 97, 106, 110, 149, 182
Urban II (Pope), XIX, 283, 289–91
Urban (metalsmith), 49
Uthman (Caliph), 195
Utus River, 69
Uz mercenaries, 279
V
Vahan, 174–5
Valens (Emperor), 60
Valentinian III (Emperor), 66–7, 71–2
Valley of the Springs, 410–11
Vandals, 74, 111–12, 114
Vanuatu, 418
Varangian Guard, 14, 256, 267, 271–4, 277, 343, 346, 351
Vasilli II (Czar), 444
Vatican library, 83
Venice
Byzantines in, 448
Crusaders and, XII, 326–40, 342–51, 353–9, 365–7
foundation, 72–3
humanism, 447
merchants & trade, 11, 315, 320, 353
Ottomans and, 367–70, 386, 388, 403–4, 411, 420–1, 427, 432, 442
shipping, 17, 262, 300
Venus (goddess), 50
Verne, Jules, 304
Verona, 72
Vespasian (Emperor), XVII
Vesuvius, mount, 133
Via Flaminia, 36
vicarius (title), 29
Vietnamese fish sauce, 199
Vigilantia, 78
Vikings, 14, 256, 267, 271, 274–7, 346
Villehardouin, Geoffrey de, XI–XII, 326, 329–33, 340–1, 344, 346, 351, 355
Virgin Mary, XIII, 108, 156, 165, 221, 227, 230, 308–10, 312, 314, 416–17, 419. see also Hodegetria
Visigoths, 74, 133, 137, 152
Vitiges, XVII, 115–23
Vlachs, 317
Vladimir, Prince of Kiev, 15–16, 247
volcanic eruptions, 125, 133, 229, 236–7, 418–19
Volga River, 205
Voltaire, 183
W
Wadi-ur-Ruqqad, 174–5
Walls of Theodosius. see Theodosian Walls
water cisterns, 9, 142–4, 209. see also aqueducts
Weh Antiok Khusrau, 124
Wells, H.G., 304
west Africa, 448
western Asia, 88, 167
western Empire. see Roman Empire of the West
western Europe
after fall of Constantinople (1453), 5, 448–9
Byzantine Empire and, 11, 13, 257, 370, 382, 392, 403
chess, 168
Crusades, 290, 293, 329, 348, 356–7
Holy Roman Empire, 245, 270
William of the Long Sword, 333
women
Constantinople, 11, 66, 78, 81, 86, 236, 247, 261, 265, 278, 286, 308–9, 323–4, 423, 431–2, 434, 449 (see also Empresses)
Crusades, 291, 352–5
folktales, 258
Istanbul, 95, 136
Orthodox Church, 452
Ottomans, 402
Prester John, 298
Woods, David, 56
World War I, 66, 150
World War II, 67
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 77
X
Xi’an, 139, 301
Y
Yahweh. see God
Yarmouk (Hieromyax), battle of (636), XVIII, 174–5, 177–8
Yaroslav (cousin of Andonicus), 317
Yaroslav (Grand Prince), 273, 275
Yathrib. see Medina
Yazdegerd III (shah), 174, 176
Yazid II (Caliph), 237
Yeats, William Butler, 449–50
Yedikule (Fortress of the Seven Towers), 363–4
Yelü Dashi (Great Khan), 300
Yeribati, 141–4
Yersinia pestis, 126–8, 133
Yuhanan, 300
Z
Zaganos Pasha, 397, 399
Zara (Zadar, Croatia), 334–7
Zeno (Emperor), 75
Zeus (god), 236, 440
Zoe (Empress), 274–5
Zoe Palaeologus, 443
Zoroaster, 160
Zoroastrianism, 89, 155, 160–1, 163
Zosimus, 55
About the Author
RICHARD FIDLER presents CONVERSATIONS WITH RICHARD FIDLER, an in-depth, up close and personal interview program broadcast across Australia on ABC Local Radio. He’s interviewed prime ministers, astronauts, writers and scientists, but just as often Richard explores the lives of remarkable people who are unknown to the wider world. The program is among the most popular podcasts in Australia, with over a million downloads every month. In another life Richard was a member of Australian comedy trio The Doug Anthony Allstars (DAAS), which played to audiences all over the world.
Copyright
The ABC ‘Wave’ device is a trademark of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and is used under licence by HarperCollinsPublishers Australia.
First published in 2016
by HarperCollinsPublishers Australia Pty Limited
ABN 36 009 913 517
harpercollins.com.au
Copyright © Rich
ard Fidler, 2016
Richard Fidler asserts the moral right to be identified as the author of this work. This work is copyright. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, scanned, stored in a retrieval system, recorded, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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ISBN: 978 0 7333 3525 9 (hardback)
ISBN: 978 1 4607 0691 6 (ebook)
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data:
Fidler, Richard, 1964- author.
Ghost empire / Richard Fidler.
Notes: Includes index.
Subjects: Fidler, Richard – Travel – Turkey – Istanbul.
Byzantine Empire – History.
949.5013
Epigraph on page vii from Foucault’s Pendulum by Umberto Eco, translated by William Weaver.
Published by Secker & Warburg and reproduced by permission of The Random House Group Ltd.
Cover design by Darren Holt, HarperCollins Studio and Richard Fidler
Front cover image: Plate CCXLIX ‘Constantinople’, Nuremberg Chronicle, 1453
Maps by John Frith, Flat Earth Mapping
*Not to be confused with the modern eastern European nation of the same name, which the Romans knew as the troublesome province of Dacia.
*The highest priced commodity was purple-dyed silk, set at a ceiling of 150,000 denarii per pound, a little higher than the price set for the purchase of a lion.
*A haruspex often wore a tall, conical cap for the ceremony; this is perhaps the origin of the stereotypical wizard’s hat.
*By way of example, the seated figure of Abraham Lincoln within the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC is just over five-and-a-half metres high, less than half the height of the colossus of Constantine.
*‘Ecumenical’ meaning ‘worldwide’.
†‘Arians’ here refers to the followers of Arius and shouldn’t be confused with the Iranian term ‘Aryan’, which would later be co-opted by Nazi racial ideology.
*Greek Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Egyptian Coptic, Syriac and Ethiopian Orthodox. The Protestants don’t get a look-in.
*The Aqueduct of Valens remains one of Istanbul’s most imposing landmarks. Its arches straddle the busy traffic lanes of Ataturk Boulevard today.