Rising Star

by David J. Garrow

  78. OFI, “Obama Statement on Jack Ryan’s Decision to Withdraw from U.S. Senate Race,” 25 June 2004; Eric Krol, “Facing ‘Brutal’ Campaign, Ryan Quits,” CDH, 26 June 2004, p. 1; Bernard Schoenburg, “Ryan Out of the Running,” SJR, 26 June 2004, p. 1; Amanda Fuchs to Obama Team, “Policy Development Schedule,” 24 June 2004, JKP; Obama, “Democratic Response to the President’s Weekly Radio Address,” 26 June 2004; OFI, “In Radio Address, Obama Says Middle Class Being Squeezed,” 26 June 2004; AP, “Democrat Economy Squeezing Middle Class,” 26 June 2004; Stefan C. Friedman, “Dems Boost Rising Black Star,” NYP, 27 June 2004, p. 13; Krista Lewin, “Obama Brings Husband’s Campaign to Coles County,” MJG and CTC, 28 June 2004, p. A1; “Fundraiser for Barack Obama,” DL21C-Chicago.org, Summer 2004 (28 June); Jodi Wilgoren, “Who Will Give the Dems’ Keynote? Kerry Lets a Hint Slip,” NYT, 29 June 2004, 5:27 P.M.; “Ba-Rock the House Party for Barack Obama,” www.sebby.org, 29 June 2004; OFI, “More Than 3,000 Gather to Raise $75,000-Plus for Barack Obama at House Parties Across Illinois,” 29 June 2004; “In the Law Firms,” CDLB, 29 June 2004, p. 3; Obama to “Dear Table Tennis Friends,” 30 June 2004; OFI, FEC Form 3, Report of Receipts and Disbursements, 1 April–30 June 2004, 14 July 2004; Friends of Barack Obama, Report of Campaign Contributions and Expenses, 1 January–30 June 2004, 2 August 2004; Senate Floor Transcript, 30 June 2004, p. 1 (3rd Day of 5th Special Session); Senate Floor Transcript, 2 July 2004, p. 1 (1st Day of 6th Special Session); OFI, “Obama Statement Commemorating 40th Anniversary of the Signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,” 2 July 2004; “Obama in Diner,” 2 July 2004, Carlinville, IL, JKP and TPP; OFI, “Obama Statement on Independence Day Weekend,” 4 July 2004; Douglas Waller, “Dreaming About the Senate,” Time, 5 July 2004, pp. 34–35; CF, 6 July 2004; OFI, “Obama Raises $4 Million in Three Months,” 6 July 2004; David Mendell, “Fundraising Has Set Record, Obama Says,” CT, 7 July 2004; OFI, “Obama’s Retirement Security Plan,” 7 July 2004; John Froehling, “Obama Brings Positive Campaign to Canton,” CDL, 8 July 2004, pp. 1, 12; Paul Merrion, “Obama Lead Brings Bucks from Biz PACs,” CCB, 12 July 2004, p. 3; Peronet Despeignes, “Dem Star Taking Convention Debut in Stride,” USAT, 27 July 2004; “Oprah Talks to Barack Obama,” O Magazine, November 2004; Obama, TAOH, p. 354; Mike Dorning and Christi Parsons, “Inside Obama’s Inner Circle,” CT, 14 January 2007; David Bernstein, “The Speech,” CM, June 2007; Shira Schoenberg, “17 Minutes to Stardom,” Concord Monitor, 6 December 2007; James Pitkin, “Obama Girl,” Willamette Week, 12 March 2008; John McCormick, “1-on-1 with Obama,” CT, 23 August 2008; James A. Barnes, “Word of Mouth Fueled Obama’s Star Turn,” NJ, 25 August 2008; Eli Saslow, “The 17 Minutes That Launched a Political Star,” WP, 25 August 2008; Dayo Olopade, “Barack’s Big Night,” TNR, 25 August 2008; Bernard Schoenburg, “Obama’s Meteoric Rise Hard to Predict 5 Years Ago,” SJR, 6 November 2008; Remnick, The Bridge, p. 386; Mary Frances Berry and Josh Gottheimer, eds., Power in Words (Beacon Press, 2010), p. 11; Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, pp. 20–21; Axelrod’s 2008 interview with Jim Gilmore; Cahill’s and Axelrod’s 2009 interviews with Robert Draper; Corrigan’s 2013 interview with Daniel Urman; DJG interviews with Amanda Fuchs Miller, Darrel Thompson, Claire Serdiuk, Jim Cauley, Peter Coffey, Juleigh Nowinski, Pete Giangreco, Jack Corrigan, Lisa Hay, Mary Beth Cahill, Josh Gottheimer, Vicky Rideout, John Kupper, Jill Rock, Matt Jones, and Terrie Pickerill.

  79. Peter Savodnik, “Ill. GOPers Question Party’s Senate Plans,” TH, 7 July 2004, p. 12; “Our View,” JHN, 7 July 2004; “Groups Want Ryan Back in Illinois Race,” WT, 8 July 2004; Rick Pearson, “GOP Told Thanks, but No Thanks,” CT, 9 July 2004; Bernard Schoenburg, “Rauschenburger Won’t Run,” SJR, 9 July 2004, p. 1; Kevin McDermott, “Field for Republican Replacement Is Wide Open,” SLPD, 11 July 2004, p. B1; Pearson, “Ditka Tells GOP He’s Game,” CT, 13 July 2004; “The GOP’s Hail Mary Play?,” and John Kass, “Ditka Doesn’t Have Makeup to Be Senator,” CT, 14 July 2004; Pearson and John Chase, “Ditka Punts on Possible GOP Run for U.S. Senate,” CT, 15 July 2004; Mike Ramsey, “Ditka Won’t Run for Senate,” SJR, 15 July 2004, p. 1; Stephen Kinzer, “Ex-Coach Won’t Run for Senate,” NYT, 15 July 2004; Pearson and Rudolph Bush, “Deflated GOP Goes Back to Its Search,” CT, 16 July 2004; Rahul Sangwan, “Jack Ryan ’81: The Conservative Idealist,” Dartmouth Independent, 1 October 2004; Aricka Flowers, “What Ever Happened to the Republican Party in Illinois?,” Chicago Life, November 2004; Ann Dalrymple, “Ditka Impressed with Ambition of the Bakken,” Dickinson Press, 3 October 2013; Obama, Speech to the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 12 July 2004; OFI, “Obama Calls for Renewal of American Leadership in the World,” 12 July 2004; David Mendell, “Running as If He’s Got a Rival,” CT, 13 July 2004; Eric Krol, “Obama Favors Keeping Troops in Iraq,” CDH, 13 July 2004, p. 6; Patrick Healy, “Kerry Hones Campaign Themes,” BG, 13 July 2004, p. A3; Axelrod e-mail to Kupper, 13 July 2004, JKP; Kerry-Edwards campaign press release, “Barack Obama to Deliver Keynote Address at 2004 Democratic National Convention,” 14 July 2004; Healy, “Kerry Takes Steps to Attract African-American Voters,” BG, 15 July 2004, p. A3; Jill Zuckman and Mendell, “Obama to Give Keynote Address,” CT, 15 July 2004; Scott Fornek, “Obama to Keynote Dem Convention,” CST, 15 July 2004, p. 3; Krol, “Convention Spotlight to Shine on Obama,” CDH, 15 July 2004, p. 15; Bill Lambrecht, “Democrats Give Obama Keynote Slot at Convention,” SLPD, 15 July 2004, p. A4; Lei-Ling Hopgood, “Obama the Democrats’ Next Big Thing,” Cox News Service, 15 July 2004; Jeremy Berkowitz, “Obama to Give Keynote in Boston,” TH, 15 July 2004; Obama on Today, NBC, 15 July 2004; “Obama Heads for the Convention,” Economist, 17 July 2004, p. 32; Shira Schoenberg, “17 Minutes to Stardom,” Concord Monitor, 6 December 2007; Eli Saslow, “The 17 Minutes That Launched a Political Star,” WP, 25 August 2008; Axelrod’s 2008 interview with Jim Gilmore; Axelrod’s 2009 interview with Robert Draper; Remnick, The Bridge, pp. 393–94; Berry and Gottheimer, Power in Words, p. 12; Axelrod, Believer, pp. 156–57; DJG interviews with Steve Rauschenburger, Dave Sullivan, Dale Righter, Dan Cronin, Glenn Hodas, John Nicolay, Claire Serdiuk, John Kupper, Jim Cauley, Darrel Thompson, and Vicky Rideout.

  80. CF, 28 April 2003 and 7, 8, 9, 16, 20, 21, 23, and 26 July 2004, Dave McKinney and Chris Fusco, “Madigan: Fire Hospital Board,” CST, 30 June 2004, p. 10; Eric Herman, “Businessman Looking to Sell Chain of Pizza Places,” CST, 16 July 2004, p. 55; Ray Gibson and Crystal Yednak, “Blagojevich Adviser Tied to Appointee,” CT, 18 July 2004; Kirk Dillard, At Issue, Newsradio 780 WBBM, 18 July 2004, JKP; Obama, Public Affairs with Jeff Berkowitz, 18 July 2004; Rick Pearson, “Hinsdale Legislator May Face Obama,” CT, 19 July 2004; “Obama on the Right Track,” HPH, 21 July 2004, p. 4; Carol Marin, “Illinois Republicans May Deserve Spanky the Clown,” CT, 21 July 2004; Scott Fornek, “Dillard Says He Can Beat Obama,” CST, 21 July 2004, p. 11; “Chase the Guy with the Ball,” NYT, 21 July 2004; John Chase and Liam Ford, “Does Anyone Want This Job?,” CT, 22 July 2004; OFI, “Barack Obama Statement on the 9/11 Commission Report,” 23 July 2004; Peronet Despeignes, “Dem Star Taking Convention Debut in Stride, USAT, 27 July 2004, p. 6A; Christopher Wills, “Rising Democratic Star Readies for His Moment in Lights,” AP, 23 July 2004; Ron Staton, “Illinois Senate Candidate Says Lucky to Have Been Raised in Hawaii,” AP, 24 July 2004; Ray Long and Christi Parsons, “8 Weeks Late, Lawmakers OK $46 Billion Plan,” CT, 25 July 2004; Bernard Schoenburg, “Obama’s Children Have More Important Things in Mind,” SJR, 25 July 2004, p. 15; Pearson, “Party Unity,” CT, 26 July 2004; Stephen S. Morrill, “Client Report for 2004 End of Session,” esp. pp. 5, 15, Morrill & Associates, July 2004; “Major Bills Passed by the Illinois General Assembly,” LRU First Reading, September 2004; C-WR 19 #7, 5 October 2004; Eric Krol, “Obama Tries to Keep Cool as Star Rises,” CDH, 27 July 2004, p. 1; Jo Mannies, “Charming, Brainy Obama Creates Party Sensation,” SLPD, 27 July 2004, p. A1; Mark Leibovich, “The Other Man of the Hour,” WP, 27 July 2004; John Patterson, “What’s Changed for Obam
a in the Last Two Years,” CDH, 27 July 2006, p. 7; Obama, TAOH, p. 357; David Bernstein, “The Speech,” CM, June 2007; Eli Saslow, “The 17 Minutes That Launched a Political Star,” WP, 25 August 2008; Jeff Zeleny, “Former Outsider Navigated a Path to the Marquee,” NYT, 27 August 2008; Obama, Meet the Press, NBC, 25 July 2004; Obama, Face the Nation, CBS, 25 July 2004; Obama, World News Tonight, ABC, 25 July 2004; Obama, Late Edition, CNN, 25 July 2004; Jim Edgar’s 2010 interviews with Mark DePue, p. 1054; DJG interviews with Kirk Dillard, Vicky Rideout, Jeff Schoenberg, Tom Lindenfeld, Jim Cauley, David LeBreton, and Adam Stolorow.

  81. David Mendell, “Political Phenomenon Obama Vaults into National Spotlight,” CT, 26 July 2004; Christopher Wills, “Obama Riding Wave to Keynote Speech and Star Status,” AP, 26 July 2004; Scott Fornek, “Former Obama Adversaries Look on Without Regret,” CST, 27 July 2004, p. 6; Eric Krol, “Obama Tries to Keep Cool as Star Rises,” CDH, 27 July 2004, p. 1; “Let Barack Obama Be the Next Barack Obama,” CD, 27 July 2004, p. 9; John Kass, “Obama’s a Star Who Doesn’t Stick to the Script,” and Mendell and Jeff Zeleny, “Obama Says War to Decide Election,” CT, 27 July 2004; “Convention Speaker Says Hawaii Shaped His Life,” HA, 27 July 2004; Bernard Schoenburg, “Obama Fights Image of Stardom,” SJR, 27 July 2004, p. 1; Susan Milligan, “In Obama, Democrats See Their Future,” BG, 27 July 2004; Carl Chancellor, “A Rising Star Gets a Key Role Tonight,” PI, 27 July 2004; P. J. Huffstutter, “Obama Making a Name for Himself,” LAT, 27 July 2004; Lisa Ellman, “The Audacity of Hope,” UCLSR, Fall 2004, pp. 20–21; Shawn McCarthy, “Minorities Looking for Gains in Battle for the Presidency,” G&M, 27 July 2004, p. A3; Julian Borger, “Rising Star to Woo Voters with Upbeat Keynote Speech,” Guardian, 27 July 2004, p. 10; Rupert Cornwell, “An Unknown Rookie, but Can Obama Be First Black President?,” Independent, 27 July 2004; Mary Carey, “Local Eyes Look at National Figures, Up Close,” Daily Hampshire Gazette, 27 July 2004; Obama on Good Morning America, ABC, 27 July 2004, on Today, NBC, 27 July 2004, on The Early Show, CBS, 27 July 2004, and on American Morning, CNN, 27 July 2004; “Rising Star,” PBS NewsHour, 27 July 2004; Obama on All Things Considered, NPR, 27 July 2004; Mendell, “Obama Finding Himself Flush with Media Attention,” CT, 28 July 2004; Scott Fornek, “Obama Delivers,” CST, 28 July 2004, p. 1; Amanda Griscom, “Barack Star,” Grist.com, 4 August 2004 (and Salon, 6 August 2004); Peter Newbould, “Boston Journal: An Inside Look at the 2004 Democratic National Convention,” AAP Advance, Fall 2004, pp. 1, 12; Obama, TAOH, pp. 358–59; Eric Krol and John Patterson, “Obama: The Path to Today,” CDH, 10 February 2007, p. 1; David Bernstein, “The Speech,” CM, June 2007; Favreau in Ashley Parker, “What Would Obama Say?,” NYT, 20 January 2008; Nesbitt in Todd Purdum, “Raising Obama,” Vanity Fair, March 2008, in Ryan Lizza, “Making It,” TNY, 21 July 2008, and on “Barack Obama Revealed,” CNN, 20 August 2008; Eli Saslow, “The 17 Minutes That Launched a Political Star,” WP, 25 August 2008; Saslow, “Helping to Write History,” WP, 18 December 2008; Favreau in Charles P. Pierce, “The Speechwriter in Chief,” BG Magazine, 21 December 2008; Daren Briscoe, “An Interview with Barack Obama,” Newsweek, 8 January 2009 (recorded ca. 18 May 2008); Remnick, The Bridge, p. 395; Berry and Gottheimer, Power in Words, p. 13; Obama, “Remarks,” 11 February 2011, Public Papers of the Presidents 2011 Vol. 1, p. 104; Axelrod, Believer, p. 158; Elizabeth Segrin, “Obama’s Former Law Student Is Shaping the Nation’s Policy on Drones,” Fortune, 4 February 2015; Marty Nesbitt’s 2009 interview with Robert Draper; DJG interviews with Michael Sheehan, Vicky Rideout, Josh Gottheimer, Jim Cauley, Lisa Ellman, Joe McLean, Kitty Kurth, and Raja Krishnamoorthi.

  82. Obama, DNC Keynote Address, C-Span Video, 27 July 2004; Hardball with Chris Matthews, MSBNC, 27 July 2004, 10 P.M.; Gwen Ifill, “Rising Star,” PBS NewsHour, 27 July 2004; David S. Broder, “Democrats Focus on Healing Divisions,” WP, 28 July 2004; Katharine Q. Seelye, “Senate Nominee Speaks of Encompassing Unity,” NYT, 28 July 2004; Michael Tackett, “Old, New Guards Rebuke Bush for Drive to War,” CT, 28 July 2004; Mary Mitchell, “Obama Embodies the Hopes of the People,” CST, 28 July 2004, p. 7; Eric Krol and John Patterson, “Obama Shares His ‘American Story,’” and Judy Baar Topinka, “Beyond the Glare of the Spotlight, Obama Facts Tell Different Story,” CDH, 28 July 2004, pp. 1, 16; Bernard Schoenburg, “Preaching Hope: Delegates Cheer Obama’s Keynote Address,” SJR, 28 July 2004, p. 1; Robert Bianco, “What Happened to Conventional Wisdom?,” USAT, 28 July 2004; Brent Baker, “MSNBC and CNN Lionize ‘Rock Star’ Obama, See a Future President,” Media Research Center, 28 July 2004; Scott Fornek, “Obama Has Arrived, Illinois Dems Say,” CST, 29 July 2004, p. 7; Michele Steinbacher, “ISU Student Trustee Working for Obama,” BP, 29 July 2004; Mike Thomas, “What’s Behind Barack’s Celebrity?,” CST, 9 August 2004, p. 44; George Vradenburg, “Here’s to the Skinny Kid with the Funny Name,” Tikkun, September–October 2004, p. 6; Senate Floor Transcript, 8 November 2004, p. 12; Obama on Today, NBC, 19 October 2006; Jones in Terry McDermott, “What Is It About Obama?,” LAT, 24 December 2006; Krol, “Practice and Passion: How Obama Went from ‘Uh, Uh’ to a Polished Speaker,” CDH, 25 February 2007, p. 1; Fornek, “Madelyn Payne Dunham,” CST, 9 September 2007; Scott Helman, “Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb,” BG, 12 October 2007; Eli Saslow, “The 17 Minutes That Launched a Political Star,” WP, 25 August 2008; Niall Stanage, Redemption Song (Liberties Press, 2009), p. 23; Presta, Mr. and Mrs. Grassroots, p. 182; Remnick, The Bridge, p. 401; Axelrod’s 2009 interview with Robert Draper; DJG interviews with Vicky Rideout, Mary Beth Cahill, Tom Lindenfeld, Terry Link, Darrel Thompson, Jeff Schoenberg, Emil Jones Jr., Forrest Claypool, Kitty Kurth, Andy Schapiro, Dan Hynes, Jim Cauley, Josh Gottheimer, Randon Gardley, Nate Tamarin, Dan Shomon, Carolyn Shapiro, Adam Sherman, Paul Anderson, Pern Beckman, Barry Rutizer, and James Clayborne. By far the best academic discussion of the speech is Robert C. Rowland and John M. Jones’s “Recasting the American Dream and American Politics: Barack Obama’s Keynote Address to the 2004 Democratic National Convention,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 93 (November 2007): 425–48, which notes that “in many ways the message was quite unremarkable” (433) and, like Chris Matthews, how Barack had emphasized the need for “personal responsibility values” (439). See also David A. Frank and Mark Lawrence McPhail’s truly awful “Barack Obama’s Address to the 2004 Democratic National Convention: Trauma, Compromise, Consilience, and the (Im)Possibility of Racial Reconciliation,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8 (Winter 2005): 571–99, which states that a speech by Al Sharpton was “far superior to Obama’s” (585), Babak Elahi and Grant Cos, “An Immigrant’s Dream and the Audacity of Hope,” American Behavioral Scientist 49 (November 2005): 454–65, and Deborah F. Atwater, “Senator Barack Obama: The Rhetoric of Hope and the American Dream,” Journal of Black Studies 38 (November 2007): 121–29.

  83. “The Phenom,” CT, 28 July 2004; Bill Nichols, “Second Night’s Speakers Stoke the Party Fires,” USAT, 28 July 2004, p. 4A; Salim Muwakkil, “Barack Obama Made Smashing National Debut,” Progressive, 28 July 2004; Obama on NBC Nightly News, 28 July 2004; Randal C. Archibold, “Day After, Keynote Speaker Finds Admirers Everywhere,” and Monica Davey, “In a Star’s Shadow, Republicans Strain to Find Opponent,” NYT, 29 July 2004; Richard Benedetto, “Address Throws Illinois’ Obama into Whirlwind of Political Hope,” USAT, 29 July 2004, p. 6A; Mark Jurkowitz, “With One Speech, Neophyte’s Political Stock Soars,” BG, 29 July 2004; Jeremy Dauber, “A Star Is Born,” CSM, 29 July 2004; Rick Pearson and David Mendell, “Democrats: We’ve Got a Winner in Obama,” CT, 29 July 2004; Mary Mitchell, “Democrats Need More Than Speech from Obama,” CST, 29 July 2004, p. 7; Bernard Schoenburg, “Illinois Delegates Foresee Bright Future for Obama,” SJR, 29 July 2004, p. 1; Michele Steinbacher, “ISU Student Trustee Working for Obama,” BP, 29 July 2004; Sumana Chatterkee (KR), “Democrats Buzzing About Obama’s Future,” The State, 29 July 2004 (“rising star”); Brian A. DeBose, “Obama Emerges as Major Party Player,” WT, 29 July 2004, p. A1; Obama o
n The Tavis Smiley Show, 29 July 2004; Allan M. Winkler, “Catch a Rising Democratic Star,” BG, 30 July 2004; Liam Ford and John Chase, “With Ryan Out, GOP Moves On,” and Rick Pearson, “Obama: Those Feuding Should Take a ‘Timeout,’” CT, 30 July 2004; Dave McKinney and Scott Fornek, “Ryan Formally Exits Senate Race vs. Obama,” CST, 30 July 2004, p. 10; Eric Krol, “From New Heights, Any Obama Fall Could Be a Long One,” CDH, 30 July 2004, p. 1; Schoenburg, “Obama Details His Stands on the Issues,” and “Obama Suggests a ‘Timeout’ for Bickering Democrats,” SJR, 30 July 2004, pp. 1, 4; Michael Cader, “Publishers Eyeing Obama,” NYS, 30 July 2004, p. 14; Tom Zucco, “Speech Pulls Obama Book into Limelight,” SPT, 30 July 2004, p. A10; Mark Wood, “Obama Has Strength of His Own,” FTU, 30 July 2004, p. A6; Lauren A. E. Schuker, “Obama Stars at Convention,” HC, 30 July 2004; Christopher Caldwell, “A Democrat Star Is Born,” FT, 31 July 2004; Scott L. Malcolmson, “An Appeal Beyond Race,” NYT, 1 August 2004; Jennifer Skalka, “Foes Out to Prove Obama Not Alone,” and Clarence Page, “Obama’s Drama and Our Dreams,” CT, 1 August 2004; John Aloysius Farrell, “Obama Revives MLK’s Dream,” Denver Post, 1 August 2004; Terence Samuel, “A Shining Star Named Obama,” U.S. News, 2 August 2004, p. 25; Paul Merrion, “The Siren Call of Clout,” CCB, 2 August 2004, p. 3; Matthew Continetti, “The Anti-Obama,” Weekly Standard, 2 August 2004; “Who Is Barack Obama?,” WT, 2 August 2004 (“rising star”); Tina Brown, “Barack Obama, Shaking Up the Sound-Bite Culture,” WP, 5 August 2004; “A Rising Star,” BSB, 5 August 2004, p. 4; Cindy Adams, “Dems Rising Star Barack a Writer Too,” NYP, 5 August 2004, p. 14; Lynn Sweet, “Obama’s Book,” CST, 8 August 2004, p. 32; “At Deadline,” CNYB, 9 August 2004, p. 1; Kevin Chappell, “Barack Obama,” Jet, 16 August 2004, pp. 4–10, 59–64; NYTBR, 29 August 2004 through 26 December 2004; “Sales of Obama’s Memoirs Go Up as Candidate’s Star Rises,” CT, 5 September 2004; Janet Maslin, “Crowd Pleasers,” NYT, 10 September 2004; David Mendell, “Barack Obama,” CT, 22 October 2004; Dan Holly, “Onward and Upward,” Black Issues Book Review, November–December 2004, p. 63; Lynn Sweet, “Obama Enlists D.C. Superagent,” CST, 8 November 2004, p. 26; Shira Schoenberg, “17 Minutes to Stardom,” Concord Monitor, 6 December 2007; Jeff Zeleny, “Former Outsider Navigated a Path to the Marquee,” NYT, 27 August 2008; Munar in Baim, Obama and the Gays, p. 519; Edward-Isaac Dovere and David Nather, “10 Years Later: Obama’s Hits and Blunders,” Politico, 27 July 2014; DJG interviews with Claire Serdiuk, Jim Cauley, Darrel Thompson, Kaleshia Page, Susan Shadow Ransone, and Liz Drew.