Interventions
Page 41
peace negotiations and Dayton Accords, 72–73
political dynamics limiting UN ability to act in, 67–69
rape camps in, 63
rejection of war fighting role for UN in, 63–64
safe areas in, 65–67
Sarajevo mortar attack, 72
UNPROFOR and, 60, 62, 63, 67, 69–72
Botswana, 243
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 57, 319, 321
Agenda for Peace, An, 35
Bosnia and, 62
management style of, 38
Somalia and, 41, 42, 43, 44–45
tension between U.S. and, 137–38
Brahimi, Lakhdar, 75–76, 327, 356–57
Afghanistan and, 335–41
Iraqi inspections negotiations and, 323
Taif Agreement and, 319
Brahimi Report, 75–77
Brazil, 142
Bremer, Jerry, 355–56
Breyer, Stephen, 148
Briquemont, Francis, 60, 69
Brown, Gordon, 234
Brown, Mark Malloch, 226
Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 238, 243
Bunche, Ralph, 255
Burundi, 51
Bush, George H. W., 42, 319
Bush, George W., 3–4, 200, 296–7, 300, 303, 343, 355, 362–63, 365
“axis of evil” State of the Union Address by, 345
HIV/AIDS campaign funding and, 240–41
Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 273, 278, 279, 282–83
pledge of funds for development from, 233
Security Council authorization for attack on Iraq and, 346, 348–49, 352
Bush administration
aid for international development and, 233, 234
Iraq War and, 2, 3
business, and UN development agenda, 217–19
Butler, Richard, 322–23, 324, 330, 331, 333
Cambodia, 35, 91
Camdessus, Michel, 221
Cameroon, 115
Camp David talks, 254–55, 261–62, 266–67
Canada, 116–17, 213
capitalism versus socialism debate, and development agenda of UN, 214–16
Cardenas, Emilio, 323
Carter, Jimmy, 291, 361–62
Carter Center, 291
Cassese, Antonio, 130
Castro, Fidel, 146
Cedar Revolution, 300
Chad, 126, 232
Chernomydin, Viktor, 98, 100
Chile, 353
Chiluba, Frederick, 182
China, 125, 141, 143. See also Security Council
poverty rate in, 245
refusal to ratify Rome Statute, 153
and Security Council debate on forcing Hussein’s disarmament, 345–46
Chirac, Jacques, 4, 98, 117–18, 296–7, 300, 301, 352, 362
Chissano, Joachim, 188
climate change, 249–50
Clinton, Bill, 83, 240–41, 362
Arab-Israeli summits and, 254–55, 261–62, 266–67
East Timor and, 110
inspections of Iraq and, 325
Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations and, 269, 270–72, 272–73
Kosovo and, 98
Somalia and, 46
Clinton administration, 50, 326
cohesion, and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 246
Cold War, 32, 33–34, 213, 214
Coleman, Norm, 360
colonialism, 171–72, 175–79, 212–13
Commission of Inquiry into the Post-Election Violence (CIPEV), 203–4
Comoros, 182
Congo, 86
Congress, U. S.
Darfur genocide declaration by, 129
UN funding and, 50–51
Congress of Berlin, 1885, 171
Connor, Joe, 360
Convention on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide, 118–19
Convention People’s Party, 18
Cook, Robin, 92–93, 94
Corell, Hans, 150, 360
Cotecna, 360, 362
coups d’état, 170, 175, 182–84
in Ghana, 21–22, 26, 173, 176
in Nigeria, 164
Croatia, 60, 61, 70
Cuba, 34, 145, 146
Cypress Group, 337, 339
Dallaire, Reece, 46–48, 53, 54, 55–56, 57
Darfur, 119–32
diplomatic efforts in, 121–24
genocide and, 129–31
humanitarian aid to, 123
International Criminal Court (ICC) and, 153–54
North-South peace process and, 124
peacekeeping force in, 131–32
rebellion in, 120
Security Council and, 122–26, 130, 131–32
tribal fighters and gangs supported by Sudanese army in, 120–21
visit of Annan to Sudan and meeting with Bashir, 126–29
Dayal, Viru, 320
Dayton Accords, 73, 86
de Mistura, Staffan, 325
Democratic Republic of Congo, 117–18
Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), 34, 35–36, 38
Bosnia and, 63, 66–69
development and, 213–14
Rwanda and, 46–59
Somalia and, 40–42, 44
tape of Hizbollah kidnapping of Israeli soldiers and, 281–82
Derbez, Luis, 353
de Soto, Álvaro, 289–90, 292–93
development agenda of UN, 209–313
Africa and, 212–13
business and, 217–19
capitalism versus socialism debate and, 214–16
Cold War and, 213
development decades, 1960s and 1970s, 213
integrating and coordinating UN agencies and, 219–22
Millennium Declaration, 225–27
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (See Millennium Development Goals (MDGs))
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and, 216–17
We the Peoples report and, 222–26
development decades, 213
de Villepin, Dominique, 347, 349, 350–51
disarmament, of Iraq, 320–34, 344–54
Dobbins, James, 339
Dole, Bob, 58
Doyle, Michael, 226
Durban Conference on Racism, 2001, 282
duty of care, intervention as, 114–19
East Timor, 81–83, 101–14, 315–16, 338
annexation by Indonesia, 101
Australia and, 106–8, 112
independence referendum and subsequent violence, 81–83, 103–6
INTERFET and, 112
Portuguese-Indonesian negotiations, 102–3
UN compound besieged in, 108–10
UNTAET and rebuilding of, 112–14
Eban, Abba, 252–53
Eckhard, Fred, 136, 278
Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 25, 26, 212–13
education, of women, 232
Egypt, 142–43, 266, 312
Ekeus, Rolf, 321–22, 324
El-Arabi, Nabil, 322
ElBaradei, Mohamed, 332–33, 353
Eliasson, Jan, 145–46, 323
Erlanger, Steven, 317
Erler, Gernot, 198
Ethiopia, 232, 235
ethnic cleansing
in Bosnia, 61–62, 65, 68–69, 86
in Kosovo, 88, 92–93
European Union (EU). See also Quartet, Security Council
Evans, Gareth, 116
Fallujah, 358
Fante, 20
Fayyad, Salam, 309
Ferrero-Waldner, Benita, 293
Fischer, Joschka, 340, 346, 350, 351
Fitzgerald, Peter, 298–99
France, 141. See also Security Council
Bosnia and, 66–67, 68
Democratic Republic of Congo and, 117–18
Rwanda and, 48, 49
and Security Council debate on forcing Hussein’s disarmament, 345–46, 347, 352–53
Frazer, Jendayi, 188
Frechette, Louise, 226
Freedom House Report, 173–74
G8 Summit
2005, 234
2006, 3–4
Gaddafi, Muammar, 183, 329
Gama, Jaime, 103
Gates, Bill, 240
Gates, Melinda, 240
Gaza, 7
Gaza withdrawal, 286–90
Gelb, Les, 361
General Assembly, 118–19, 141, 180
Geneva Accord, 286–87
Geneva Initiative, 337
genocide
Darfur and, 129–31
in Rwanda, 47, 56–59, 74–75
Germany, 141–42, 240
Bosnia and, 63
Kosovo and, 88
and Security Council debate on forcing Hussein’s disarmament, 345–46, 352–53
Ghajar, 263
Ghana, 17–22, 26–27, 173, 176
Ghana Tourist Development Company, 26–27
Gharekhan, Chinmaya, 38, 55
Global Compact, 219
global development agenda, 212–13
global economic crisis, 250
Global Fund, 239–41
globalization, 215, 218, 219
global poverty, 215
Golan Heights, 261, 263
Goldstone, Richard, 281
Goldstone Report, 281
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 33–34
Goulding, Marrack, 35, 36, 43, 60, 62
Graduate Institute of International Studies, 25
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Greenstock, Jeremy, 110, 332, 354
Griffiths, Martin, 190
Group of 8 Summit. See G8 Summit
Guantanamo Bay detention center, 365, 366
Guinea, 182
Guinea-Bissau, 245–46
Gulf War (1991) and, 34, 318–19, 324
Gusmão, Xanana, 81, 82, 110–11, 112–13
Habibie, Bacharuddin Jusuf, 82, 83, 102–12
Habyarimana, Juvenal, 48, 55, 56
Haiti, 46, 214
Hama, Syria, 296
Hamade, Marwan, 298
Hamas, 7, 252, 253, 276–77, 281, 288, 289, 290–94
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 32–33, 137, 156
Haniyeh, Ismail, 294
Hannay, David, 55, 67
Hansen, Peter, 280
Hariri, Rafiq al-, 286, 295–99, 361–62
Hazaras, 337
health care, 235
HIV/AIDS, 209–12, 236–44
in Africa, 210–11
African leaders and, 241–42
in Eastern Europe and Asia, 211
global alliance, formation of, 238–39
Global Fund, establishment of, 239–41
pharmaceutical companies and, 242–44
Hizbollah, 4, 6–8, 9–10, 261, 264, 266, 281–82, 295, 299, 301–8
Holbrooke, Richard, 73, 83, 92, 93, 237–38, 360–61
Holocaust museum, 258
Holocaust outreach program, 258–59
Howard, John, 82–83, 108
human rights
intervention to protect (See sovereignty and intervention to protect human rights)
sanctity and universality of, 83–86
Human Rights Council, 145–47, 281
Hussein, Saddam, 3, 319–21, 324, 327–30, 334, 344, 345, 349, 352, 365, 366
Hutu tribe, 48–49, 56–57, 59
Ikimi, Tom, 163–64
India, 32, 33, 91, 142, 345
HIV/AIDS in, 211
Indonesia, 101–14, 315–16
“In Larger Freedom” report, 118, 157
inspections regime, and Iraq, 322–34
INTERFET, 112
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 321–22, 325–26, 349
International Conference on Financing for Development, 232
International Court of Justice, 115, 149, 253, 288
International Criminal Court (ICC), 147–55
complementarity principle and, 152
establishment of, 149–53
in Kenya, 152, 153, 203–4
Sudan and, 153–54
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 221
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 342, 343
intifada, 267–68
Iran, 34, 307, 339
Iran-Iraq War, 319
Iraq, 34. See also Iraq War
bombing of UN headquarters in Baghdad, 315–17, 356
Gulf War (1991) and, 34, 318–19, 324
inspections and, 322–34
Oil-for-Food Programme and, 141, 321, 358–63
sanctions and disarmament regime imposed on, 320–34, 344–54
UN relationship with, post-Gulf War period, 318–34
weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and, 1–2, 144, 147, 331, 344, 346, 364
Iraq War, 3, 140, 141, 144, 353–58
illegality of, 357–58, 364
invasion of Iraq, 353–54
lessons learned from, 363–66
post-invasion Iraq, 354–58
Israel, 32, 323. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Lebanon occupation and withdrawal, 261–66
Lebanon War of 2006 and, 4–8, 9–10, 302–8
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 251–60, 266–94, 308–10
Arab Peace Initiative, 275–76, 279
Arafat’s agreement to Abbas as prime minister, 285–86
building trust and, 256–59
Camp David talks, 254–55, 261–62, 266–67
Gaza withdrawal, 286–90
Geneva Accord and, 286–87
history of UN involvement in, 254–56
Israeli complaints against UN, 281–82
Jenin and, 279–80
Passover bombing, 276–78
peace negotiations, 268–73
Quartet and, 251, 274–75, 279, 283, 285, 290–94
roadmap to peace and, 282–86
second intifada, 267–68
secretary-general’s role in seeking peace, 253–54
security fence/wall, building of, 253, 287–88
two-state solution, 251–52, 276, 279, 284–85, 310
Ivanov, Igor, 274, 347, 351
Janjaweed, 121
Japan, 141–42, 143
Jenin, 279–80
Jenness, Craig, 197
Jordan, 359
Kagame, Paul, 53
Kalenjin tribe, 187–88
Karzai, Hamid, 340
Kashmir, 33
Kaunda, Kenneth, 188
Kenya, 184–205
corruption in, 185–86
election results of 2007 and subsequent violence, 184–88
International Criminal Court (ICC) and, 152, 153, 203–4
mediation process in, 184, 189–202
new constitution, approval of, 202, 207–8
power-sharing deal in, 197–201
social and political reforms
in, 202–5
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation (KNDR), 193–202
Kenyatta, Uhuru, 194
Khalaf, Rima, 311
Khmer Rouge, 91
Kibaki, Mwai, 184, 186, 188, 191–94, 195, 197, 199–201, 202
Kikiyu tribe, 186, 187–88
Kikwete, Jakaya, 201
Kissinger, Henry, 98
Kosovo, 5, 11–12, 87–101, 126, 338
air strikes without Security Council approval in, 94–97
case for intervention made by Annan, 87–91
Chinese embassy hit by air strike in, 99
diplomatic efforts of UN in, 97–100
ethnic cleansing in, 88, 92–93
NATO and, 88, 90–91, 92, 93–95, 126
OSCE monitors in, 92
Kosovo Liberation Army, 88
Kosovo Verification Mission, 93
Krajina Serbs, 61
Kufour, John Agyekum, 188–89
Kukan, Eduard, 98
Kuwait, 318–19
Iraq invasion of, 34
Lagergren, Gunnar, 136
Lagergren, Nina, 136
Lahoud, Emile, 263–65, 275, 296, 297
Lancet, 244
Lantos, Tom, 258
leadership, in Africa, 170–71, 175–79
League of Nations, 144
Lebanon, 259–66, 295–307
Cedar Revolution and, 300
civil war in, 261
confessional makeup of, 260–61
Hariri’s assassination and, 295–99
Israeli occupation of, and withdrawal from, 261–66
Syrian withdrawal from, 300–2
Syria’s role in, after 2000, 295–99
Lebanon War of 2006, 4–8, 9–10, 302–8
Lever Brothers. See Unilever
Libya, 154, 183, 312
Lie, Trygve, 137
Lindenmayer, Elisabeth, 333
Livni, Tzipi, 307
loya jirga, 340–41, 342, 343
Luo tribe, 186, 187–88
Macalester College, 24
Machel, Graça, 189, 196
Mack, Andrew, 223
Madagascar, 176–77, 182
“Make Poverty History” campaign, 224
malaria, 235, 239–40
Malaysia, 176
Mali, 182, 232
Mandela, Nelson, 169, 238, 241, 361–62
Marchal, Luc, 56
Marker, Jamsheed, 102, 103
Martin, Ian, 108, 109
Martin, Paul, 361–62
Masire, Ketumile, 188
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 26
Mauritania, 182, 183–84
Mbeki, Thabo, 241–42, 361–62
McCoy, Ruth, 190
Menem, Carlos, 143
Mexico, 353
Mfantsipim, 22–23
Middle East peacemaking, 251–313
Arab Awakening, 296, 310–13