Interventions
Page 42
Hariri’s assassination in Lebanon, 295–99
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 251–60, 266–94, 308–10
Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, 261–66
Lebanon and, 259–66, 295–307
Lebanon War of 2006, 4–8, 9–10, 302–8
Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon, 300–2
Millennium Challenge Account, 233, 247
Millennium Declaration, 206, 225–27
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 12–13, 180, 206, 211, 226–50
accountability and, 245
agenda of world leaders transformed by, 244–45
basic goals, 226
change, global system for tracking, 245–46
cohesion and, 246
commitment to and simplicity of, 226–27
criticisms of, 246–48
empowerment of women and, 231–32
failure of donor countries to live up to .7% GDP donation goal, 234–36
HIV/AIDS and, 236–44
impacts of, 244–46
international financing for, 232–34
poverty trap and, 229–31
reform efforts in recipient countries, 235–36
renegotiation of, dangers of, 249
strategy for achieving, development of, 229
subsidiary targets and metrics for assessing progress toward goals, 229
targeted aid, examples of impact of, 235
threats to, 249–50
Millennium Project, 229
Millennium Summit, 224–25
Miloševic, Slobodan, 11, 87–88, 89, 92–98, 100, 155
Mitchell, George, 271
Mitchell Report, 271, 283
Mitterrand, François, 62
Mkapa, Benjamin, 188, 189, 196, 201
Mladic, Ratko, 70
Moi, Daniel arap, 241
Monterrey Consensus, 232–33
Moreno-Ocampo, Luis, 204
Mousavizadeh, Nader, 361
Moussa, Amre, 262
Mubarak, Hosni, 269, 270, 272, 274
Mugabe, Robert, 168–69, 209–10, 241
Mungiki tribe, 194
Museveni, Yoweri, 191, 192
Musharraf, Pervez, 351
Mutawakil, Wakil Ahmad, 8–9
Muthaura, Francis, 194
Namibia, 31, 213, 242
narcotics trade, 249
Nasrallah, Hassan, 266, 301
National Cohesion and Integration Commission, 203
National Pact of 1943, 261
NATO
air strikes in Bosnia by, 69, 72
Kosovo and, 88, 90–91, 92, 93–95, 126
Serbia and, 11–12
Negroponte, John, 2
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 259–60, 289, 309
Netherlands, 213
New York Times, 57, 96
Nicaragua, 34
Niger, 182
Nigeria, 115, 142, 159–66, 183
9/11 terrorist attacks, 2–3, 136, 137, 233, 334–35, 365–66
Nkomo, Joshua, 168
Nkrumah, Kwame, 18, 19, 23, 25
Nobel Peace Prize (2001), 136–37, 140, 335
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 12, 224, 238
Darfur and, 129
UN development agenda and, 216–17
Northern Alliance, 339–40, 341
Ntaryamira, Cyprien, 56
Obama, Barack, 343–44
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 167, 361–62
Odinga, Raila, 186, 188, 191–94, 199–201
Oil-for-Food Programme, 141, 321, 358–63
Okelo, Francis, 155–56
Olmert, Ehud, 6, 302, 304–5
Operation Defensive Shield, 277
Operation Deliberate Force, 72
Operation Desert Fox, 334
Operation Desert Storm, 34
Operation Restore Hope, 42–43
Operation Storm, 71
Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), 186–87, 188, 191, 192, 194–95
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 180
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 92
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 25–26, 181, 182
Orr, Robert, 157
Oslo Accords, 252, 260
Owen, Lord, 65
Oxfam, 224
Pakistan, 32, 33, 125, 143
Afghanistan and, 336, 339, 343
teacher absenteeism rates in, 235–36
UN reforms and, 145, 146–47
palaver tree, 21–22
Palestinian Authority, 290–94
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 261, 276, 294
Palestinians, 251–54, 266, 301. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Palme, Olaf, 319
Panel of Eminent African Personalities, 191
Panzarino, Nick, 159
Party of National Unity (PNU), 186, 191, 192, 194–95
Paschke, Karl Theodor, 178
Pashtuns, 337, 340
Passover bombing, 276–78
Patten, Chris, 251, 293
Peacebuilding Commission, 145, 147
peacekeeping operations, 10–11, 29–79
Agenda for Peace, An, 35
in Bosnia, 60–73
Brahimi Report and, 75–77
complicity with evil and, 73–79
end of Cold War and, 33–34
failure to prepare for actions in civil war zones, 36–39
Hammarskjöld’s invention of, 32–33
integrating development efforts and, 220
in Middle East, 251–313
Operation Desert Storm and, 34
principles of, 33
reform of, 75–78
in Rwanda, 46–59
in Somalia, 1993, 29–32, 39–46
tripartite governing structure of, 36–38, 76
UNEF II, in Egypt, 30–31
Peres, Shimon, 280, 284
Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier, 319, 320
East Timor and, 102
Somalia and, 40
Pérez Roque, Felipe, 146
Peshawar conference, 339
pharmaceutical companies, 242–44
Pickering, Thomas, 166
Piot, Peter, 238, 243
poverty, 215, 220, 223–27
Millennium Declaration and, 225–27
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and (See Millennium Development Goals (MDGs))
We the Peoples report and, 222–26
poverty trap, 229–31
Powell, Colin, 3, 127, 130, 361–62
Afghanistan and, 337, 339
“automaticity” of military action against Iraq and, 347–53
Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 251, 273, 274, 275, 279, 282
weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and, 1–2
Prendergast, Kieran, 96, 108, 166–67
Putin, Vladimir, 4
Quartet, 251, 274–75, 279, 283, 285, 290–94, 309, 310
Racak, Kosovo, 93
Ramos-Horta, Jose, 102
Ražnatovi´c, Željko Arkan, 61
rape camps, in Bosnia, 63
Rapid Reaction Force (RRF), 71, 72
Ratsiraka, Didier, 177
Red Cross, 40
reform, UN, 135–47, 156–58
dangers as perceived by different member states and, 144
necessity for, 140–41
package of reforms, 2003, 145–47
of peacekeeping op
erations, 75–78
of Security Council, 141–44
Renninger, John, 338
Responsibility to Protect doctrine, 116–19, 132–33, 145, 147
Revolutionary United Front, 155
Rice, Condoleeza, 4, 6, 9–10, 200–1, 290, 291, 292, 300, 301, 303, 305–6
Riza, Iqbal, 53, 58, 85, 109, 315–16, 319, 334–35, 360
roadmap to peace, 282–86
Roed-Larsen, Terje, 260, 268, 275, 280, 289, 300
Rome Conference of 1998, 150–51
Rome Group, 337, 339
Rome Statute, 151, 152–53
Ruggie, John, 223, 226, 361
rule of law, 147–56
Big Man system versus, in Africa, 167–84
establishing, as founding purpose of UN, 148–49
International Criminal Court (ICC), 147–55
potential indictments and impact on peace process, 155–56
Rome Conference of 1998 and, 150–51
Rome Statute and, 151, 152–53
Russia, 141. See also Quartet; Security Council; Soviet Union
Bosnia and, 66
Kosovo and, 89
refusal to ratify Rome Statute, 153
and Security Council debate on forcing Hussein’s disarmament, 345–46, 352–53
Rwanda, 10, 32, 46–59, 247
Annan’s address to, as Secretary General, 73–75
Arusha Accords and, 49, 51
civil war in, 48–49
Dallaire’s warning memo and, 46–47
DPKO response to Dallaire memo, 47–48, 55–56
genocide in, 47, 56–59, 74–75
health care, access to, 235
tribunal for, 154–55
UNAMIR/UNAMIR II and, 49–59
Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), 48–49, 59
Sachs, Jeff, 211, 229–30, 245
safe areas concept, in Bosnia, 65–67
Sahnoun, Mohamed, 39, 44, 116
Salim, Salim A., 181
Samkange, Stanlate, 178
sanctions and disarmament regime, and Iraq, 320–34, 344–54
Sankoh, Foday, 155–56
Sarajevo, Bosnia, 72–73
Saud, Prince, 349
Scandinavia, 213
Schröder, Gerhard, 98, 362
Security Council, 180
Afghanistan and, 336–37, 339, 341–42
Bosnia and, 60, 65, 67–69
Darfur and, 122–26, 130
disarmament and sanctions regime for Iraq and, 320–22, 330, 332, 344–54
end of Cold War and, 34
Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, 255–56, 277–78, 279, 280
Kosovo and, 88–89
Lebanon War of 2006 and, 302–7
9/11 terrorist attacks and, 335
peacekeeping operations, role in, 33–37
reform proposals, 141–44
resolution 181, 255, 259
resolution 194, 276
resolution 242, 255
resolution 338, 255
resolution 425, 262, 263, 265
resolution 426, 262
resolution 687, 321, 324–25
resolution 794, 42
resolution 814, 43
resolution 836, 66
resolution 872, 49
resolution 918, 59
resolution 986, 321
resolution 1199, 92
resolution 1397, 279
resolution 1402, 279
resolution 1405, 280
resolution 1441, 347–49, 357
resolution 1559, 9, 297–98, 300–1
resolution 1595, 300
resolution 1680, 9
resolution 1701, 304–7
Rwanda and, 49, 54–59
Somalia and, 35, 40–45
U.S. push to force Hussein’s disarmament and, 344–54
security fence/wall, 253, 287–88
Serbia, 11
Serb Yugoslav National Army (JNA), 61
Sevan, Benon, 359
Shab’a farms, 263–64, 302
Shalit, Gilad, 7
Sharm el-Sheikh peace negotiations, 270–72
Sharon, Ariel, 253, 271–72, 274, 276, 277, 279, 286–90, 293, 301–2
Sierra Leone, 117, 155–56, 232
Siniora, Fouad, 302, 303, 304–5
Sise, Lamin, 159–60
Sistani, Ayatollah, 356
Six plus Two group, 336, 339
Slovenia, 61
Smith, Rupert, 69, 71
socialism versus capitalism debate, and development agenda of UN, 214–16
Solana, Javier, 93–94, 97, 99, 270, 273, 274, 293, 361–62
Somalia, 29–32, 35, 39–46, 85–86, 214
collapse of UN mission in, 45–46
humanitarian aid agencies and, 39–41
manhunt for Aidid and, 44–45
Operation Restore Hope, 42–43
Pakistani peacekeepers killed in, 44
United States in, 42–46
UNOSOM and, 40–41
UNOSOM II and, 29–32, 43–45
Sorenson, Ted, 357–58
South Africa, 118, 142–43, 213, 241–42
South Korea, 248
sovereignty and intervention to protect human rights, 81–133
Darfur and, 119–33
duty of care, intervention as, 114–19
East Timor and, 81–83, 101–14
Kosovo and, 87–101
Responsibility to Protect doctrine, 116–19, 132–33
sanctity and universality of human rights, 83–86
Soviet Union, 32. See also Russia
end of Cold War and, 33–34
Spain, 66
Srebrenica, 10, 32, 65, 70, 101, 157
Stedman, Stephen, 157
Straw, Jack, 129–30
subsidies, agricultural, 248
Sudan, 119–32, 153–54, 183. See also Darfur
Supreme Court, U.S., 147–48
Syria, 4–5, 125–26, 264, 266, 307, 312, 348, 359
Arab Awakening and, 296, 368–69
Israeli-Syrian conflict, 261–62
in Lebanon, 295–99
withdrawal from Lebanon, 300–2
Tahrir Square, 312
Taif Agreement, 261, 295, 297, 319
Talbott, Strobe, 99
Taliban, 8–9
destruction of Bamiyan Buddhas and, 8
harboring of bin Laden and al Qaeda, 9, 335
military defeat of, 335, 336–37
Northern Alliance fighting against, 339–40
Pakistani support for, 336, 343
Tanzania, 91
Tenet, George, 278
terrorism, 144
international development and fight against, 233–34
9/11 terrorist attacks, 2–3, 136, 137, 233, 334–35, 365–66
Palestinians and, 252, 276–78
war on terror, 365–66
Tibaijuka, Anna, 169
Togo, 182
trade, 248
Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC), 203
tuberculosis, 239–40
Tunisia, 312
Turkey, 359
Tutsi tribe, 48–49, 56–57, 59
Tutu, Desmond, 188
two-state solution, 251–52, 276, 279, 284–85, 310
ubuntu philosophy, 173
Uganda, 91, 153, 183, 241
UNAIDS, 238
Unilever, 16, 24–25<
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United Africa Company, 16, 21
United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), 18–20, 21
United Kingdom, 141, 240. See also Security Council
Bosnia and, 66–67, 68
Iraq War and, 344–46, 364, 366
Kosovo and, 88
Sierra Leone and, 117
United Nations, 144. See also specific departments, offices and missions
Afghanistan, role in forging new government for, 337–44
Charter (See United Nations Charter)
development agenda (See development agenda of UN)
General Assembly, 118–19, 141, 180
Iraq and, post-Gulf War period, 318–34
Lebanon War of 2006 and, 9–10
Middle East and (See Middle East peacemaking)
Nobel Peace Prize (2001) and, 136–37, 140, 335
peacekeeping operations (See peacekeeping operations)
reform of (See reform, UN)
rule of law, restoring, 147–56
secretary-general, role of, 138–40
Security Council (See Security Council)
sovereignty and intervention (See sovereignty and intervention to protect human rights)
United Nations Arab Human Development Report, 311
United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), 341
United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR/UNAMIR II), 49–59
United Nations Charter, 12–13, 78–79, 84, 95–96, 118, 135, 138, 144, 156–57
United Nations Development Group, 220
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 220
United Nations Disaster Relief Organization, 320
United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), 264
United Nations Emergency Force in Egypt (UNEF II), 30–31
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 58
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 169
United Nations Independent Investigation Commission (UNIIIC), 299
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), 9–10, 264, 265, 281–82, 295, 305–6
United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC), 344–45, 349
United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM), 40–41
United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II), 29–32, 43–45
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 60, 62, 63, 67, 69–72
United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), 255
United Nations Secretariat, 36–37
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM), 321–26, 328–34, 344–45
United Nations Special Coordinator (UNSCO), 294
United Nations Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 299
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), 112–14
United States, 32, 141. See also Iraq War; Quartet; Security Council