Catherine the Great
Page 58
Denmark
Swedish pressure on 24
Peter III prepares to attack the Danes 120, 121
Panin negotiates an alliance with 139
defensive alliance with Russia (1765) 188
Dent, William 298
Department of Public Welfare, Yekaterinoslav 304
Derzhavin, Gavriil Romanovich 299, 300, 307, 316, 324, 326, 327
‘Picnics’ 139–40
D’Holbach, Baron Good Sense 222
System of Nature 222
Diderot, Denis 41, 153, 172, 181, 193, 194, 201, 222, 224–7, 229, 261, 277, 310, 333
Dimitry, Tsarevich 161
Dimsdale, Elizabeth 250, 258, 259
Dimsdale, Dr Thomas 85, 188–92, 247, 248, 307
Dingley, Robert 148
Dmitrevsk 169
Dmitriev, Ivan 327, 328
Dmitrovo kitchen gardens 80
Dmitryev-Mamonov, Alexander (‘Redcoat’) 280, 281, 290–91
L’Insouciant 280
Dnieper River 281, 283, 284, 289, 309
Dolgorukov, Prince 327
Dolgoruky, Prince 161, 231
Dolgoruky family 214
Domashnëv, Sergey 264
Dominicans 251
Don Cossacks 9, 228
Dornburg on the Elbe 34
Dorofey, Archimandrite 282
Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) 40
Dresden, Court of 30, 31, 93, 261
Drone, The (journal) 199, 200, 210
Dubyansky, Archpriest Fëdor 4
Duke August Library, Wolfenbüttel 29
duma (town council) 271, 286
Dumaresq, Daniel 129
Dyaghilev, Sergey 331
E
Eastern Empire 249
Eberts, Jean-Henri 194 École des Arts, Paris 136
Edinburgh, University of 264
education 248–9, 252, 295, 296
advisory committee on 248
Eisen, Pastor Johann Georg 123, 129, 145, 155, 172
Elisabeth Christine, Queen of Prussia 30, 37
Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 18, 45, 200, 255, 296, 332
coup (1741) 35, 44, 48
coronation 14, 47, 54
invites C to Russia 35–6
her favourite, Razumovsky 45, 48
meets C 47–8
personality 5, 47, 55, 67, 70
appearance 47, 48, 86
birthday 55, 77, 89, 114, 176
C’s wedding 56, 58–62
irritated at C’s failure to produce a male heir 65–6
taboo subjects 68
prizes her privacy 68–9
daily life 70
spending of 73–8
accession day 77, 114
coronation day 10–11, 77, 89, 112
name day 77
a golden age of Baroque church-building 79
and Paul’s early years 92
aversion to business 99
health 99–100, 105–9, 111, 113, 114
death 114
funeral 115–18
parallels shown between her and C 13
Encyclopédie 136, 153, 160, 199, 222, 261, 286
Engelhardt, Lev Nikolayevich 282
Enlightenment 67, 68, 165
C as a celebrated patron 28
an important influence on C’s legislation 153
and C’s Instruction 172, 173, 199–200
and Grimm 224, 225
C aims to nurture rational children of the Enlightenment 248
C’s Enlightened policies and the nobility 271
suspicion of C’s fascination with the French Enlightenment 325–6
fundamental belief in self-development 335
equity courts 255
Erasmus, Desiderius 71
Esterhazy, Count 98
Esterhazy, Count Valentin 302, 303
Estland 9, 40
Euler, Leonhard 264
Eutin 35, 36, 64
F
Falconet, Etienne-Maurice 160, 176, 181, 190, 194, 204, 209, 218, 225, 257
Farnese, Elizabeth 37
Fauchier-Magnan, Adrien 30, 31
Fëdorov monastery, Gorodets 165
Felbiger, Abbot Johann Ignaz von 248, 252
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe: Adventures of Télémaque 141
Feofan, Bishop see Charnutsky Feofil, Bishop 282
Ferdinand, Prince 30
Fermor, Count Villem 158–9, 160
Ferney 206, 261
Fielding, Henry: Joseph Andrews 199
Filaret, Patriarch 164
Finland 300
Russian 9
Finno-Ugric people 167
Fioravanti, Aristotele 5, 15
Fitzherbert, Alleyne 272, 282, 283
Florence 254
Fokshany peace negotiations, 210, 215, 217
Fonvizin, Denis 324
Fox, Charles James 298–9
France
stranglehold on European diplomacy 24–5
and War of American Independence (1775–83) 263
commercial treaty with Russia (1787) 298
Russia joins the anti-French coalition (1798) 301–2
pornographic journalism 307
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 18
Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg 25
Frederick II, King of Prussia (Frederick the Great) 24, 36, 68, 105, 153, 157, 184, 188, 320
marriage to Elisabeth Christine 30
promotes C’s father 35
dislike of the Court 37
Enlightened administration 38
Bestuzhev affair 50
pleased at C’s engagement 53
and Peter III’s plans to attack the Danes 120
preoccupied by internal reconstruction 186
and Poniatowski’s election as king of Poland 186, 187
financial embarrassments of the Seven Years’ War 194
and the Russo-Turkish War 204
aims to take Polish territories 207
on the Orlovs 216–17
and Paul’s potential bride 220
philosophes disillusioned with 225
Paul’s audience with him 245
Frederick William I, King of Prussia 23, 25, 37, 38, 83
Frederick William II, King of Prussia 253, 298
Free Economic Society 145, 154
Freemasonry 132, 276, 277, 308
French Revolution (1789–99) 291, 299, 301
Friedel, Johann Friedrich 33
Fronde, the 12
G
Gabrielli, Caterina 234–5
Gagarina, Princess Anna 82, 86
Gaignat, Louis-Jean 194
Galiani, abbé 194–5, 252
Galicia 250
Galuppi, Baldasare
Dido Abandoned 147
Iphigenia in Tauride 177
Gardi (celebrated black stallion) 170
Gatchina 178, 189, 197, 210, 216, 220, 306, 315, 317
Gavriil, Metropolitan see Petrov, Metropolitan Gavriil Gellert, C.F.: Die Betschwester 200
General Survey 175
generalitet 57, 58, 59, 78, 147, 315
Geoffrin, Madame 93, 132, 139, 153, 155, 157, 223, 225
George II, King 109
George III, King 270, 298, 311
German Courts 31, 33, 71
Gillray, James 297
Giorgione: Judith 193
Girey, Khan Shagin 263
Glasse, Hannah: The Art of Cookery 78
Glebov, Alexander 115, 133
Godunov, Boris 161
Goebbels, Joseph 332
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 31
Golitsyn, Field Marshal A.M. 65, 197, 198, 266
Golitsyn, Prince Alexander 124, 171, 233
Golitsyn, Prince Dimitry 181, 193
Golitsyna, Princess 118
Golitsyn family 214
Golombiyevsky, Alexander 331
Golovin, Fëdor 191
Golovin Palace, Moscow 53, 54, 68, 88–9, 159, 160, 169, 17
0, 174, 176, 213
Golovina, Countess Varvara 315, 317, 318, 326
Gomm, William 166
Gorchakov, Prince A. M. 329
Gorodets 166
Gostilitsy 45, 82, 84, 88
Gostiny dvor, St Petersburg 128
Gotzkowsky, Johann Ernest 193, 194
Gould, William 300, 305, 314
Great Instruction (Bolshoy Nakaz) 67, 101, 156–7, 171–5, 182, 199, 266, 324, 325
Great Northern War (1700–21) 9, 25, 40
Grech, Nikolay 324
Greek project 206, 250, 263
Greeks, ancient 250
Greig, Admiral Samuel 202, 287, 290
Grétry, André: The Marriage of the Samnites 288
Greuze, Jean-Baptiste: The Paralytic, or the Fruits of a Good Education 193, 260
Gribovsky, Adrian 311
Grigoryev, Apollon 323
Grimm, Baron Melchior 26, 28, 176, 193, 194, 221, 230, 233, 261
correspondence with C see under Catherine II the Great
edits the Correspondance littéraire 222
a member of d’Holbach’s circle 222
matchmaker for Paul and Natalia 223
C’s repeated offers of jobs 223
C’s artistic purchases 262, 285
Gross Jägersdorf, battle of (1757) 105, 184
Grotius, Hugo 68
Grot, Academician 330
Gunning, Sir Robert 216, 217, 218, 222, 230, 232–3, 237–8
Gustav III, King of Sweden 217, 218, 247–8, 253, 265, 290, 293–4, 298, 308, 314
Gustav IV, King of Sweden 314
Guy Dickens, Colonel 99
Gyllenborg, Count Henning Adolf 67, 306
H
Habsburg family 33, 186
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople 250
Halle 51
Hals, Frans: Young Man Holding a Glove 193
Hamburg 28, 39, 92, 306
Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles 18, 93, 96, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 143, 185, 332
Hanbury-Williams, Major General Sir John 332, 333
Handel, George Frideric: Scipio 62
Hanover, Elector of 142
Hård, Count Johann 3, 117–18
Hardouin Péréfixe de Beaumont, Paul Philippe 67
Hare Island, St Petersburg 41
Harris, Elizabeth 234
Harris, James 243, 246, 250, 253, 257, 266
Harris, James, senior: Hermes 250
hawking 69, 70, 133, 170
Helen (Alexander’s Greek nurse) 249
Hellfire Club 84, 93
Hendrikov, Count Andrey 60, 111
Hendrikov family 70
Henri IV, King of France 67, 302
Henry, Prince, of Prussia 34, 204–7, 212, 245
Herder, Johann Gottfried 32, 201
Hermitage, St Petersburg Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg 192–3
Hermitage Theatre 278, 280, 295, 297
Large Hermitage 260–61, 295
Small Hermitage 191–2, 230, 232, 236, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261, 269, 298, 302, 312, 334
Herrera, M. de la 257
Herzen, Alexander 322, 323, 329
Hesse-Darmstadt, Amalia of 220, 221
Hesse-Darmstadt, Louisa of 220
Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince Ludwig of 222, 245
Hesse-Homburg, Field Marshal the Prince of 47
Hesse-Homburg, Princess of (née Anna Trubetskaya) 92
Hitler, Adolf 332
Hofburg, Vienna 33
Hogland island 290
Hohenzollerns 332
Holstein, duchy of 56, 63, 101, 120, 124
Holstein-Beck, Prince of 117
Holstein-Gottorp, Anna Petrovna, Duchess of 35, 56, 104
Holstein-Gottorp, Georg Ludwig, Prince of (C’s uncle) 34, 35, 63, 115, 117, 123
Holstein-Gottorp, Karl August 35
Holstein-Gottorp, Karl Friedrich, Duke of 35, 49, 56
Holstein-Gottorp, Karl Peter Ulrich, Duke of 35
Holy Synod 21, 156, 165, 166, 167, 171, 308
Holy Trinity Cathedral, St Petersburg 42
Honourable Mirror of Youth, or a guide to social conduct, The 71
Horse Guards 6, 58, 123, 216, 221
Houdon, Jean-Antoine 261
Houghton Hall, Norfolk 261
House of Anhalt 25, 32, 60
House of Anhalt-Zerbst 33
House of Holstein 60
House of Holstein-Gottorp 35
House of Quarantine, St Petersburg 258
Huber, Jean 193
Hull, east Yorkshire 202
hunting 69, 70, 85, 170
Hyndford, Lord 58, 59, 99, 100, 222
I
ice hills 45–6
Iletsk 228
Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, St Petersburg 15, 109, 179, 261
Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg 68, 78, 86, 133, 162, 197, 225, 264, 275, 278, 294, 324–5, 326
Geographical Description of the River Volga 159, 162, 163, 166, 169
Imperial Assembly 133
Imperial Russian Historical Society 329, 330
Imperial Russian Public Library 133, 142
infant mortality 23
Inkerman 287
Ipatyevsky monastery 164
Irakly, King of Georgia 111, 112
Irkutsk 278
Isaac of Dalmatia, St 179
Isabella of Parma, Princess 36, 37
Ismail, Bessarabia, storming of (1790) 296, 297, 299, 300, 302
Istanbul see Constantinople Iushkevich, Amvrosy, Archbishop of Novgorod 52
Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow 5
Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar of Russia 5, 17, 18, 137, 155, 161, 229
Ivan V, Tsar of Russia 12
Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia 11–12, 13, 35, 91, 155
Ivanov, Timofey 181
Ivanov Square, Moscow 20
Izmailovo 80
Izmailovsky Guards 44, 123, 221, 234
J
Jacobinism 301
Jallabert, Professor Jean 141
Jankovich de Mirjevo, F.I. 248, 252
Jassy, Moldavia 203
peace of (1792) 203, 302, 303, 305
Jesuits 251
Jews
massacre of (Balta, 1768) 183
at Polotsk 251
Russia gains a significant number of Jewish subjects 309
John the Baptist, St 17, 150
John the Longsuffering 285
Jones, Inigo 138
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 6, 36, 37, 149, 169, 176, 184, 207, 219, 250, 252–3, 254, 261, 263, 264, 281, 286, 287, 289, 297, 308, 312
Juliana Maria of Brunswick, Queen of Denmark 30
Julius, Duke Heinrich 29
Justinian, Emperor 171
K
Kagul, battle of (1770) 209, 210, 211, 232
Kalachov, Grigory 62
Kalga Sultan 216
Kalmyks 279
Kamchadals 279
Kamensky, General 235
Kangxi, Emperor of China 19
Kaniev 287
Kant, Immanuel 38
Kar, General 228–9
Karamzin, Nikolay 322, 323, 327
Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia 325
Karazubazar 287
Karl I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 29, 30, 31
Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg 31
Kassel 260
Kaunitz, Chancellor 207
Kazakhs (Kirghizians) 228, 284
Kazakov, Matvey 214, 238
Kazan 17, 155, 159, 168, 233, 235, 322
Kazan Church (church of the Nativity of the Mother of God), St Petersburg 60, 66, 123, 127–8, 149, 197, 203, 221, 222, 235, 294
Kazan province 228, 229
Kaznakov, S.N. 331
Keith, Sir Robert 111–12
Kerch 239, 263
Keyserling, Count 186
Kharkov 286, 288
Kheraskov, Mikhail 7
Kherson 281, 287, 288, 294
Khitrovo, G
uards Captain Fëdor 126, 145
Khodynka field, Moscow 239
Khoroshevo 170
Khotilov 55
Khotin 197, 198, 211
Khovansky, Prince Peter 140
Khrapovitsky, Alexander 279, 289, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298, 313, 328
Kiel 36
Kiev 53–4, 206, 281, 283–4, 286, 290
Kikina, Maria 323
Kinburn 239, 289
Kingston, Duchess of 304
Kirghizians see Kazakhs Klin 275
Klyuchevsky, Vasily 330
Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles 231
Kokshaisk 159
Kolomenskoye 80, 170, 288
Kolotov, Peter 322
Koludzhi 235
Königsberg, Prussia (later Kaliningrad, Russia) 25, 38
Konissky, Georgy, bishop of Mogilëv 221, 282
Konnaya estate 204
Korb, Hermann 29
Korf, Baron 122
Kornilovich, Alexander 327
Korobov, Ivan 44
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 309
Kostroma 164, 167
Kovalyova, Praskovya 288
Kozelets, Chernigov province 48, 53
Kozelsk 282
Kozitsky, Grigory 171, 199
Kozlovskaya, Anastasia 164
Kozmodemyansk 167
Krasnoye Selo 69, 115, 147, 178
Kremenchug 268, 286
Kremlin, Moscow 3–6, 8, 10, 11, 47, 52, 59, 68, 88, 160, 170, 171, 230
Arsenal 7
archbishop’s residence 208
Bazhenov’s abortive plans 212, 258
Pugachëv’s secret trial 237
Krichëv 282
Kronstadt 14, 75, 84, 123–4, 202, 300
Kruse, Dr Karl 113, 125
Krylov, Ivan 307
Kuchuk Kainardzhi 235
Kulibin, Ivan 166–7, 197, 312
Kunersdorf, battle of (1759) 184, 204
Kunstkamera, St Petersburg 78
Kurakin, Prince 254, 256
Kurakina, Princess 118
Kursk 278, 288
Kuskovo 127, 288
Kyakhta, Treaty of (1727) 72
L
Lacy, Count 257
Lacy, Field Marshal 62, 207
Lacy, Marshal 207
Ladoga Canal 158
Lafayette, marquis de 275
Lake Ilmen 274
Lake Ladoga 179, 209
Lambro-Kochoni, Colonel 314
Landé, Jean-Baptiste 54
Lanskoy, Alexander 243, 250, 264–9, 271, 278, 281, 314
Larga River, battle of (1770) 203, 211, 232
Large Caprice, Tsarskoye Selo 210
Le Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre-Paul 154, 201
Lefortovo palace see Menshikov Palace
Legislative Commission 65, 155, 157–8, 159, 161, 166, 168, 176, 199, 254
elections to 158, 159, 160, 163