Catherine the Great
Page 59
opening of 169, 170
Instruction to the 67, 101, 156–7, 171–5, 182, 199, 277, 324, 325
slow progress of 176, 181–2
proceedings generate a vast reservoir of information 182
sub-committees 182
suspended 183, 198
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 29
Leonardo da Vinci 304
Leopold, Archduke 254
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 308
Lessing, Gotthold 29
Lestocq, Armand 47, 50, 61
Leventhal (Lev’s Valley) 210–11, 215, 257
Lëvshin, Alexander 273
Lëvshin, Metropolitan Platon 148, 151, 152, 180–81, 199–200, 221, 273, 277, 288, 320
Short Course in Christian Theology 221
Lieven, General 102
Life Company 70
Life Guards 102, 121
Ligne, Prince de 25, 253, 268
Liteyny cannon foundry, St Petersburg 197
Little Russia (Ukraine) 9
Littlepage, Lewis 284
Liuberets estate 89
Livland 9, 40
Livy 62
Lobkowitz, Prince 177
Lolli, Antonio 246
Lomonosov, Mikhailo 44, 77
‘Ode on the Accession of Catherine II’ 13
Lopukhin family 214
Lords Commissioners for Trade 9
Louis XIV, King of France 12, 17, 25, 31, 32, 147, 210
Louis XV, King of France 18, 69, 153, 188, 194
Louis XVI, King of France 68, 277, 288, 297, 301, 302, 308, 310
Lüders, Dr 125
Ludwig, Prince, of Brunswick 30
Luke, St 150
Luther, Martin 29
Lutheranism 19, 51
Luzhkov, A.I. 261
Lvov, Prince Nikolay 273, 320
Lyalichi estate 243
Lynar, Count 101
Lyon, France 268
M
Macartney, Sir George 143, 145–6, 153, 184, 187
Madariaga, Isabel de 264, 301
Madrid, Court of 261
Maggiotto, Domenico: Urania teaching a youth 241
Maikov, Vasily 140, 169
Maintenon, Madame de 31
Makaryev monastery 161
Makhaev, Mikhailo 44
Makulov, Prince 213
Manfredini, Vincenzo Apollo and Minerva 147
Carlo Magno [Charlemagne] 146
Mann, Sir Horace 91
Manstein (Austrian ambassador) 71, 72
Manteufel, Count 30
Marble Palace 179, 216, 313
Mardefeld, Baron 52
Maria Fëdorovna, Grand Duchess
(Princess Sophia Dorothea of Wurttemberg) 268, 281
health 220
becomes Paul’s dutiful second consort 244–5
on Paul’s Grand Tour 254
birthday 295
births 313
and C’s lying-in-state 318
Maria Josepha of Bavaria, Consort of Joseph II 169
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria 18, 99, 191, 207, 219, 253
Maria Theresa, Infanta 57
Markov, Alexander 191
Marmontel, Jean-François: Bélisaire 162–3
Mary, Blessed Virgin, the female Russian monarchs associated with 17
Marian imagery prominent in Moscow 17
Mass, Michelangelo 81
Masson, Charles: Secret Memoirs of Russia 314
Matveyev, Artamon 13
Maundy Thursday 100, 149, 160
Maupeou, Chancellor 226
Medal Committees 210
Melissino, Colonel 128, 295
Memel, East Prussia 105
Menelaws, Adam 274
Mengs, Anton Raphael: Perseus and Andromeda 261, 262
Menshikov, Alexander 83, 84
Menshikov Palace, Lefortovo 46, 213, 214
Messenger of Europe (journal) 323
Mikeshin, M.O. 330
Mikhail Fëdorovich, Tsar of Russia 62, 137, 164
Mikhailovsky Palace, St Petersburg 57, 320
Mikhelson, General 235, 236
Minetti, Francesco 33
Mirabeau, Honoré Riqueti, comte de 310
Miranda, Francisco de 284
Mirovich, guardsman 155 ‘Mirror of the Police, The’ 255
Misere (a Piedmontese) 111
Mislavsky, Samuil 213
Mogilëv, Belorussia 250–53, 264, 333
Moldavia 203, 229, 235
Molière 200
Georges Dandin 203, 255
monarchy
intensely personal in Russia 20
exercise of power in early-modern Europe 31–2, 75–9
cultural rivalry between monarchs 32
French kings’ daily life 33
Austrian emperors’ comparative seclusion 33
in C’s Instruction 172
pure monarchy 277
Monastery of Miracles, Moscow 170–71
Monastery of the Caves, Kiev 54, 284–5
monastic lands 52, 131, 153–4
Monomakh, Vladimir 18
Monplaisir, Peterhof 69, 83, 113, 140, 197–8
Monsieur Tom (a favourite greyhound) 266
Montaigne, Michel 68
Montenegro 196
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de 93, 172, 182, 198, 277, 283, 325
On the Causes of the Grandeur and Decline of the Roman Republic 67
On the Spirit of the Laws 67, 101, 157, 225–6
Montgolfier balloon (Joseph-Michael and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier) 268
Mordvins 168
Morkov, Arkady 308, 315
Moscow
described 6–7
C’s triumphal entry into (1762) 6, 7, 11
C’s dislike for 11, 159
Marian imagery in 17
Plague of 1 771 206, 215
C’s 1775 visit 237–8
C’s 1785 visit 272–6, 281
fall of (1812) 326
Moscow Armoury 150
Moscow Foundling Home 129–30, 140, 155, 208, 212, 281
Moscow River 212
Moscow Telegraph 327
Moscow University 7, 160, 232
Mounsey, Dr James 113
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 234, 254
Mstislav Vladimirovich 282
Mstislavl 282
Munich: Elector of Bavaria’s palace 76
Münnich, Field Marshal 123
Muravëv-Apostol, Ivan 326
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban 304
Rest on the Flight to Egypt 194
Musorgsky, Modest 161
Myatleva, Praskovia (née Saltykova) 322
Mytishchi 273
N
Naples 6, 196, 254
Napoleon Bonaparte 326
Narva 40
Naryshkin, Alexander 127, 245, 321
Naryshkin, Dimitry 211
Naryshkin, Lev 14, 127, 142, 179, 193, 197, 210, 215, 221, 225, 245, 268, 272, 279, 280, 287, 314
C on 143–4
Naryshkin, Peter 14
Naryshkin, Semën
guides C into the Russian empire 39, 40
a future Marshal of Elizabeth’s Court 39
C’s wedding 59
Temple of Diana at Tsarskoye Selo 205
Naryshkin family 14
Naryshkina, Anna 291
Naryshkina, Katerina 210
Naryshkina, Natalia 210
Naryshkina, Yelena 18–19, 118
Nassau, Princess of 220
Natalia Alekseyevna, Grand Duchess (previously Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt) 220, 221–2, 233, 236, 238–9, 244, 245
Nechaev, Innokenty, bishop of Pskov 222, 292
Necker, Jacques: Compte rendu 277
Necker, Suzanne 225
Neëlov, Vasily 210
Nelidinsky, M. 260
Neplyuev, Ivan 7
Nerchinsk 217
Neva River 62, 205, 225, 244, 257–8, 275, 282–3, 305
Nevsky, St Alexander 58, 149, 165, 216, 246, 247, 294
New Chrysomander (Masonic text) 277 ‘New Jerusalem’ Ascension monastery 79
New Maiden Convent, Kiev 284
New Russia 154, 284, 307
New Style (Gregorian) calendar viii Newberry, Thomas 148
Nicholas, St 152
Nicholas I, Tsar 262, 313, 326–8, 329
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 8
Nikolay Mikhailovich, Grand Duke 331
Nikolsky Gate, Moscow 7
Nikon, Patriarch 79, 165
Nizhny Novgorod 159, 165, 166, 167, 197, 312
nobility
compulsory state service 118
emancipated from state service 118–19, 121, 133, 271
C’s Charter to the Nobility (1785) 119, 271, 320
flight to their estates during Plague of 1 771 206
Poland’s ‘republic of nobles’ 301
Nollekens, Joseph 298
Northern System 187, 188, 196, 250, 253
Novgorod 166, 246, 273, 275
archbishop of 60
Novikov, Nikolay 199, 200, 210, 276, 277, 292, 308
Novodevichy convent, Moscow 51
Nyslott fort 290
O
Ochakov 289, 298, 302 1791
crisis 299
Oder River 24
Oka River 159
Old Believers 165, 166, 167, 228, 273
Old Style (Julian) calendar viii Olsufyev, Adam 130–31, 132, 167
Oranienbaum 45, 83–4, 85, 94, 95, 96, 103, 104, 110–11, 112, 122, 123, 124, 127, 145, 179, 210, 216, 296
Damask Room 241
Grüne Salle (Green Room) 111
Order of St Alexander Nevsky 113, 221, 233, 246, 286
Order of St Andrew the First Called 18, 177, 220, 295
Order of St Catherine 16, 118
Order of St George 232, 295
Order of the Knights of Malta 196
Order of the Polish Eagle 57
Orël 288
Orenburg province 66, 228, 230
Orlov, Count Aleksey 20, 122–5, 126, 176, 177, 202, 203, 206, 216–17, 231–2, 311, 315, 319
Orlov, Elizabeth (née Zinovyev) 242
Orlov, Count Fëdor 20, 202, 268
Orlov, Count Grigory 141, 185, 197, 203, 230, 231, 233, 331
relationship with C 6, 13, 112–13, 122, 126, 132–3, 145, 156
reputation for valour 112
a keen amateur astronomer 39, 113, 145
military connections 113
C has an illegitimate son by him (1762) 6, 120
conspiracy to overthrow Peter III 11, 122, 123
Macartney on 145–6
name day 146, 177
the Volga journey 161
public reading of C’s Instruction 171
a noble deputy for St Petersburg 182
smallpox inoculation 189, 190
the Small Hermitage 192
and Moscow plague 208
peace talks at Fokshany 210, 215, 216, 217
C’s urban reconstruction 211
C’s split with him (1772) 20, 215, 216, 218, 233
and Paul’s future wife 220, 221
C praises 238
personality 241, 265
health 242
marries his cousin 242
and Paul’s marriage to Maria Fëdorovna 245
insanity 266
Orlov, Count Ivan 20, 169, 216
Orlov, Count Vladimir 20, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 197, 223
Orlov family 16, 113, 123, 125, 126, 133, 140, 145, 156, 168, 215, 216–17, 219, 231
Osterman, Count 268, 302, 311
Ostrovki estate 275
Ottoman Empire 183, 187, 196, 207, 298
Our Lady of Vladimir icon 17
Ovid: Metamorphoses 199
Ozerki estate 249
P
Pahlen, General Count Peter von der 321
Painter, The (journal) 199
Paisiello, Giovanni 250
I filosofi immaginari 255–6
Pakhrino 170
Palace of Facets, Moscow 4, 8, 16, 20, 21, 52, 164, 171
Pallas, Peter Simon 275, 333
Pamfilov, Father Ioann 277
Panin, Count Nikita 59, 138, 141, 145, 146, 152, 161, 168, 169, 180, 197
a protégé of Bestuzhev 113
ambassador to Sweden 113, 121
Paul’s tutor 12, 113
a confirmed constitutionalist 121, 125
and C’s coup 121–2, 123, 125
imperial council suggestion 133
negotiates an alliance with the Danes 139
affair with Countess Stroganova 143, 177
and C’s radical proposals 172
engagement to Countess Anna Sheremeteva 177, 178
author of submission by Moscow nobility 182
in charge of Russian foreign policy 185
Northern System 187, 196, 250, 253
loss of authority 188
rivalry with the Orlovs 215
reputation for sloth 218
and Saldern 219, 230
and Paul’s potential bride 220, 221
and Vasilchikov 232
and Potëmkin 236, 238
dismissal 253, 254, 255, 266
death 266
Panin, General Peter 169, 197, 236
Paoli, General Pasquale 196
Pargolovo estate 113
Paris 250, 254, 261, 291, 308, 326
Parkinson, John 299, 307, 314, 317, 321
‘Note on Lanskoy’ 267
Pashkevich, Vasily: Fevei 279
Passek, Peter 123, 124, 125, 140, 141, 319
Paton, Richard 334
Patriot Party 301
patronage 14, 121, 261, 310, 331, 334
Paul I, Tsar of Russia 143, 161, 268, 294
birth 91–2
early upbringing 92, 105
question of his paternity 92, 331
appearance 92, 111
health 11, 108, 126, 208, 218
C expected to rule as regent for him 12
debut on the dance floor 111–12
education 12, 113, 152, 197
and C’s coup 123
and C’s coronation 15, 20
visits the reconstructed Winter Palace 136, 137
lifelong delight in French comedies 146
birthday 148, 219, 222
name day 169–70, 268
and the Cathedral of St Isaac 180
smallpox inoculation 190
popularity in Moscow 215
plot to enthrone him 217
resentment of C’s treatment of Peter III 218
improved relations with C 218–19
Saldern’s plan 219
the search for a bride 219–20
marriage to Natalia Alekseyevna 221–2, 233
death of Natalia 244, 245
marriage to Maria Fëdorovna 245–6
Grand Tour 253
in Vienna 254
inadvertently snubs Clérisseau 261
and Freemasonry 276, 308
consequences of Russia joining the anti-French coalition 302
waits impatiently in the wings 306
deeply in debt 308
death of C 315
military ethos 316, 320
the succession 316–17
alienates the elite 320
assassinated 321, 323
Pauzié, Gérémie 19, 111, 116
Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Anna 313
Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Maria (Princess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin) 332
Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Olga 313
Pavlovna, Grand Duchess Yelena 313, 328
Pavlovsk Palace 259–60
Pella Palace 275
Penza 236
Perekusikhina, Maria 268, 274, 322, 327
Pereyaslavl 151
Peter I the Great, Tsar of Russia 13, 35, 40, 62, 83, 93, 115, 139, 184, 234, 255, 314, 322, 330, 335
born on St Isaac’s feas
t day 179
his play regiments 46
installed as de facto sole ruler 12
and St Petersburg 41, 42, 44, 45
in the Great Northern War 9, 288
Table of Ranks (1722) 15
succession law (1722) 316
crowns his second wife (1724) 5
and the Dormition Cathedral 16
Russian orders of chivalry 18
introduces women to Russian public society 71
reforms 75
‘emancipation’ of the nobility (1762) 118, 271
envisaged comprehensive code 157
death (1725) 43
statue commissioned by C 181, 204, 257
his ‘little boat’ displayed 204
and St Alexander Nevsky 246
single most powerful symbol of Russia’s superhuman potential 257
portraits of 331
and C’s attempts to legitimise her reign 334
Peter III, Tsar of Russia 16, 17, 22, 36, 47, 49, 73, 195, 215, 296, 320, 332
Elizabeth declares him her heir 35
education 63–4
sixteenth birthday 46, 48
engaged to C 10, 52
first serious argument with Johanna Elisabeth 53
health 54–6, 58, 63, 124
appearance 56
marries C (1745) 56–63
birthday 77, 118
name day 77, 112, 123
puerile behaviour 79, 117
question of Paul’s paternity 92
relationship with Elizabeth Vorontsova 92, 104, 115, 124
C’s misery as his consort 100
and Anna Petrovna’s birth 104
accession 114
daily routine 114–15
and Elizabeth’s funeral 116–17
pro-Prussian 117, 118, 120
emancipates nobility from compulsory state service 118–19
plans to attack the Danes 120, 121
insults C at a banquet 122, 143
overthrown and assassinated 4, 11–14, 123–5, 161, 315, 321
paltry burial 317, 319
Paul’s resentment of C’s treatment of him 218, 319
requiem service at the Winter Palace 319
funeral with C 319–20
Peter of Courland, Duke 230
Peter-Paul Cathedral, St Petersburg 3, 5, 42, 115, 116, 299, 314, 319
Peter-Paul Fortress, St Petersburg 3, 44, 57, 127, 204, 327
Peterhof, near St Petersburg 78, 82, 95, 100, 108, 112, 113, 123, 124, 140, 178–9, 208, 211, 215, 216, 234, 235, 250, 256, 258, 267, 275, 278, 334
English Park 265
Petrov, Metropolitan Gavriil 127, 161, 162, 178, 221, 267, 294, 315
Petrov, Vasily 17–18
Petrovsky Palace, Moscow 88, 273
Petrovsky woods 169
Philip II, Duke, of Pomerania-Stettin 24
Philip V, King of Spain 37
philosophes 153, 154, 162, 201, 222, 224, 310, 323, 326, 333
Picart, Pieter 256
Picquet (dancer) 279
Pietism 26, 27, 28, 38, 51