by Frank McLynn
financial crises: in 14th century, 57; in 15th century, 83–4; in 21st century, xi; gold standard, 373–6, 471
Finch, John, 155
Fisher, John, 89
A Fistful of Dollars (film), xiii
Flemings, 24, 33, 40
Fleury, Cardinal, 217, 218
Florence, 2–3, 64
Fordham, John, 20
Formigny, Battle of (1450), 70
Forster, Thomas, 215–16
Fort Augustus, 245
Fort William, 245
Fotheringham of Powrie, David, 277
Fougères, English attack on (1449), 68, 69
Fourier, Charles, 322
France: 1848 revolution, 333, 342, 347; 19th-century industrialisation, 352; Black Death, 55; English relations with, 272–3; Henry VI’s territorial losses, 67, 70; Hundred Years War, 4–5, 7–9, 50, 57, 64–5; invasion of Britain expedition (1743–5), 218–21, 222, 223, 253–4, 260; and Jacobitism, 215, 218–19, 224–5, 229–31, 233, 236, 242, 246, 272–3; jacquerie, 64–5; Maurois on French character, 478–9; media coverage of British General Strike, 454–5; mining industry, 372, 380; national rail strike, 406–7; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 119–20; precipitants of revolution, 481, 486, 487, 489, 495; reliance on military, 488; revolutions in, 480; wars with Britain (1689–1815), 271, 485, 488
France, Anatole, 194
Francis I, King of France, 119–20
Franciscans, 59, 61
Franco, General Francisco, 482
Frankfurter, Felix, 459
Franklin, Benjamin, 271
French Revolution (1789–94): army’s role, 347; Brinton on, 508–9; nature and outcomes, 518; origins, 482, 487, 505, 510–13, 514; parallels with English history, 212–13, 280–1; Twain on, 85
friars, 59
Froissart, Jean, 1, 16, 17, 36
Frost, John, 301, 302, 304, 305
Fuller, Robert, 260
Fyfe, Hamilton, 434, 435
Gainsford, Lord, 390, 446
Gaitskell, Hugh, 436
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 480
Gask see Oliphant of Gask
Gateshead, 448
Gay, John, 257
General Strike (1926), 355–476; aftermath and consequences, 466–72; arrest and prosecution stats, 451; contingency preparations, 388–9, 417–18, 427–8; costs, 469; Daily Mail affair, 421–3, 425; essential services permits, 452; events, 427–63; foreign reaction, 454–5; general strikes as revolutionary acts, 355–63, 474–5; government powers, 449; legality, 436–7, 443; media coverage, 433–6, 440–4, 448–9, 454–5, 456; organising committees, 452; origins and context, 363–82; personalities involved, 383–8, 389–405; reasons for failure, 465–6; run-up to, 406–27; second general strike, 464; use of military, 427–8, 445–6, 451, 454; volunteer strike-breakers, 428
George II, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 229
George V, King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: and Cook, 394; and General Strike, 409–10, 418, 434, 446, 456
Germany: in 19th century, 349, 352; Black Death, 2, 45; and Caesarism, 481; invasion and revolution, 486; mining industry, 372, 380; Peasants’ Revolt (1525), 102, 144, 160; reaction to British General Strike, 455; revolutions in, 480; and Thirty Years War, 149
Gladstone, William, 353, 490
Glasgow, 242, 333, 365–6, 448, 451
Glenbucket, Lord, 231, 232
Glencoe see MacDonald of Glencoe
Glengarry, young, 235
Glorious Revolution (1688), 214, 256, 517–18
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 66, 67–8, 71
Godwin, William, 168
Goffe, William, 176
gold standard, 373–6, 471
Goldstone, Jack, 513–14
Good Parliament (1376), 5–6
Goodhart, A. L., 437
Goodrich, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, 90
Gordon, Lord Lewis, 231, 232, 235, 242
Gordon riots (1780), 280–1, 350
Gorer, Geoffrey, 479
Gough, Matthew, 78
Gower, John, 50–1
Graham, Sir James, 314, 315, 335
Gramsci, Antonio, 17, 352, 481–2, 502
Great Famine (1315–22), 55–6
Great Rumour, 4
gressoms, 127
Grey, Lord Charles, 282
Grey, Sir Edward, 379
Grice, Thomas, 103
Guesclin, Bertrand du, 4–5
Guesde, Jules, 358
Guevara, Che, xii, 516–17
guilds: master–apprentice relationships, 24
Hales, Sir Robert: becomes England’s treasurer, 9; and civil disobedience, 10; death, 32; shelter in Tower, 19, 20, 29; unpopularity, 14, 20, 22
Hales, Sir Stephen, 44
Halévy, Elie, 498–500, 502
Halifax, 264, 313, 343
Hallam, John, 136, 138–9, 140
Halley, Colonel Edward, 204
Hambledon Hill, Battle of (1645), 159
Hammond, Colonel Robert, 184
Hampden, John, 153, 155
Hampshire, 79, 146, 159
Hardie, Keir, 355, 393, 395
Harney, George Julian: background and politics, 292, 293–4, 321; and Chartist activities, 295, 298; founds Democratic Friends of All Nations, 316; on government’s class warfare, 344; later life, 345–6; and NCA, 305; relations with O’Connor, 294, 343
Harrington, Sir James, 263, 273
Harrogate, 264
Harry, Roger, 16
Harvey, Thomas, 260
Hawarden, Richard, 77
Hawke, Admiral, 249
Hawkhurst gang, 260–1
Hawley, General Henry ‘Hangman’, 241–2, 243–4
Hawley, Robert, 16
Hayday, Arthur, 405
The Heads of the Proposals, 172–3, 185
Henderson, Arthur, 420, 426, 433, 501, 503
Henri, Charles, 322
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 152, 157
Henry IV, King of England, 32, 50, 65
Henry V, King of England, 65
Henry VI, King of England: and Cade’s rebellion, 74, 75–6, 78, 80–1; weakness of reign, 67–8, 70
Henry VIII, King of England: alienation of north, 104; character, 86–7, 110, 115; later life, 144–5; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 91–3, 97, 106, 107, 112, 113–15, 118, 121–5, 129, 130, 132; and the Reformation, 87–9; relations with Charles V, 96; relations with Lee, 117; relations with Parliament, 151–2; relations with Pole family, 120–1; reputation nowadays, 149; and taxation, 128, 129; treatment of rebels, 134–44
Hepburn of Keith, James, 277
Hertfordshire, 48
Heryng, Sir Nicholas, 15
Hexham, 264
Hicks, George, 397, 405, 410
highway robbery, 257–8
Hill, Christopher, 168
Hill, William, 317
Hilsey, John, Bishop of Rochester, 90
Hilton, Sir Thomas, 111–12
history, patterns in, 483–4
Hitler, Adolf, 374, 481, 482
Hoare, Sir Samuel, 386–7
Hobbes, Thomas, 61
Hobhouse, J. A., 497
Hobson, Joshua, 326
Hoche, General, 485
Hodges, Frank, 369–71, 410
Holberry, Samuel, 302–3
Holker, John, 251, 270
Holland, Henry, 75
Holland, Sir John, 28, 29, 41
Hopkins, Matthew, 163
Horncastle, 90
Horne, John, 18, 21, 34, 38, 40
Horner, Arthur, 395, 474
Hull, 98, 119, 136, 139, 364, 448
Hume, David, 278, 483–4, 493
Hume, Joseph, 283
Hundred Years War (1337–1453), 4–5, 7–9, 13, 50, 57, 64–5, 68–70
Hunt, Henry ‘Orator’, 281, 283, 287, 289, 294
Hus, Jan, 66
Huske, General, 243
Hussey, Lord John, 93, 143
Hutterites, 161
Hyndman, Henry,
289
Iden, Alexander, 79, 83
Imperiali, Janus, 6
Imworth, Richard, 18, 22, 33
indulgences, 59
industrialisation, 351, 352–3; see also labour
intellectuals, British attitude to, 492–4
invasions, and revolution, 484–6
Ipswich, 42–3, 448
Ireland: 1641 rebellion, 156; in 18th century, 275, 485; in 19th century, 282, 285, 290, 309–10, 331–2, 334, 342, 353; in 20th century, 365, 366, 488–9; Cromwell’s campaign, 201, 205, 206; and English Civil Wars, 158; Great Famine, 158–9, 322, 332; Leveller attitude, 211
Ireton, Henry: attitude to Charles I, 188–9; background and character, 174; death, 207; and The Heads of the Proposals, 172–3; parliamentary opposition, 190–1; at Putney Debates, 174, 175–6, 177, 178–83
iron and steel industry, 372–3, 365
islands, psychic significance of, 477–8, 484–6
Italy, 455, 480, 486
Jacobite rising (1708), 215
Jacobite rising (1715), 215–16
Jacobite rising (1719), 216
Jacobite rising (1745), 214–79; aims, 227, 232; background and context, 214–21; continuing Jacobite support after, 263–5, 267–9; Culloden, 246–8; Derby meeting, 237–9; events, 221–50; factionalism among Jacobites, 226–7, 231–2; foreign support, 271–3; ideology and supporters, 251–71; invasion of England, 231–7; nature of, 477; reasons for failure, 230, 269; religion of Jacobites, 265; retreat to Highlands, 244–5; retreat to Scotland, 239–41; as revolutionary threat, 270–9; seapower’s role, 227–8; size of army, 235; treatment of rebels, 249; what if?, 238–9, 249–50, 270–1, 279
Jake, Nicholas, 70
James I, King of England and Scotland, 151, 152
James II, King of Great Britain and Ireland, 214, 215, 273
James, William, 162
James Francis, Prince, the Old Pretender: and the ’15, 215–16; intention to abdicate, 279; and land ownership, 274–5; life in exile, 215; marriage and son, 217–18; relations with Charles Edward, 218, 219; as revolutionary, 269
Japan, 150, 512
Jaurès, Jean, 355
Jellicoe, Admiral Lord, 428
Jervaulx Abbey, 98
Joan (mother of Richard II), 28, 29, 32
Joan of Arc, 65
John of Gaunt: background and character, 5; later life, 50; and Lollards, 25–6; negotiations with Scots, 12–13, 19, 39, 47; and origins of Peasants’ Revolt, 5–7, 8, 9–10, 16; and Peasants’ Revolt, 20, 39, 47; Savoy Palace destroyed by rebels, 22–3
Johnson, Chalmers, 509–10
Johnston, Nathaniel, 273
Jones, Ernest: background and character, 326, 346; and Chartist activities, 336, 341; jailed, 343; later life, 326–7, 346; and Marxism, 321, 346; on O’Connor and O’Brien, 308
Jones, Tom: on Baldwin, 432; on Churchill, 439; on mine owners, 391; and run-up to General Strike, 412, 421, 424, 425; on Steel-Maitland, 387
Jones, William, 301, 302, 304
Joyce, Cornet George, 171
Joynson-Hicks, Sir William, 385, 387–9, 422, 436, 449–50, 476
Jung, C. G., 197, 481, 508
justice system: in 17th century, 167; and Cade’s rebellion, 77; Court of Star Chamber, 152, 153, 154, 155; and feudalism, 31; Leveller desired reforms, 203, 204
Kautsky, Karl, 357–8, 406
Kelly, George, 230
Kendall, Thomas, 89
Kennedy, John F., xi–xii
Kent: and Cade’s rebellion, 70–3, 75, 79, 80; and cloth industry, 84; and Kett’s rebellion, 146; and Peasants’ Revolt, 12–26, 33, 35–8, 48, 61; unrest under Henry VI, 69–70
Kent, Earl of, 29
Keppoch see MacDonald of Keppoch
Ker, Abel, 12, 13, 15
Kett, Robert, 146–7
Kett’s rebellion (1549), 146–7
Keynes, John Maynard, 374–6, 386, 440, 472, 473
Khrushchev, Nikita, 151
Kilmarnock, Earl of, 231, 232, 277
King, Dr William, 256
King’s Lynn, 30
Kirkby, John, 6
Kirkwood, David, 395, 427, 447, 475–6
Knights Hospitaller, 14, 21, 22, 23
Knolles, Sir Robert, 5, 28, 35, 38, 39
Knox, Monsignor Ronald, 411
Kossuth, Lajos, 311, 333, 518
labour: 19th-century industrial conditions and reforms, 284–5, 311, 320, 323–4, 349; aristocracy of labour, 351, 352; child labour, 323; Digger attitude to manual, 194–5; feudal, 61–2; shortages following Black Death, 3–4, 30–1, 62–3; see also strikes; trade unions
Labour Party: anti-radical nature, 501, 502–3; attitude to Cook, 395–6; in early 20th century, 365; first government (1924), 371–2; and General Strike, 389–90, 463, 469–70; obsession with far Left, 452; relations with trade unions, 400; religion of members, 501; rise of, 353, 366; role for working class, 349
Lally, Comte de, 260, 261
Lambert, John, 187
Lampedusa, Giuseppe di, 283
Lancashire: in 19th century, 313; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 101, 102, 103, 127–8, 140, 141
land ownership: Chartist land reform plan, 317, 321–30; enclosures, 127, 146–7, 196, 494; and Jacobitism, 273–5; tenant right in 16th century, 127–8, 145
Lane-Fox, G. R., 381, 418
Langland, William, 26, 50–1, 51–2, 56, 58–60, 63–4
Lansbury, George, 427
Laski, Harold, 399, 454, 459
Latimer, Hugh, 90, 113
Latimer, Lord, 130
Latin America, 515
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury: background and character, 152; death, 155, 164; unpopularity, 153, 154–5, 169
Launde, Sir Robert, 38, 39
Lawrence, D. H., 478
Lawrence, General Sir Herbert, 379
Lawson, Gilfrid, 253
Lawson, Sir Wilfred, 289
Layton, Richard, 91, 126
LDA see London Democratic Association
Leach, James, 305
Lee, Edward, Archbishop of York, 97, 98–9, 104, 117–18, 125
Lee, Kenneth, 379
Lee, Sir Walter, 43
Leeds, 343, 448
Leeds Parliamentary Reform Association (LPRA), 307–8
Legett, Roger, 23
Legge, John, 11, 20, 32
Legh, Thomas, 91, 126
Leicester, 263
Lenin, V. I.: on aristocracy of labour, 352; attitude to Marx, 359; on British Empire, 497–8; on British trade unions, 500; on general strikes, 357, 358, 361; on revolution, xii, 222; and Russian Revolution, 383; on trade unions, 349
Leone, Sergio, xiii
Levellers: attitude to Peasants’ Revolt, 52; compared to Diggers, 200–1; conflict with Cromwell, 172–86, 187–90, 191, 201–6; demands, 173; later life of Leveller leaders, 207–9; link with Jacobites, 256–7; origins and leaders, 164–71; strengths and weaknesses assessed, 209–11
Levening, William, 142
Liberal Party, 349, 353, 470–2
Lichfield, 263
life expectancy, 67
Lilburne, John: achievements assessed, 210; attitude to Charles I, 176, 189–90; background, character and politics, 153, 165–8; conflict with Cromwell, 166–7, 170, 174, 188; death, 209; and Diggers, 201; and Sexby, 173; trials and imprisonments, 168, 170, 174, 188, 201–4, 206, 209
Lilburne, Robert, 185
Lincoln, 90, 450
Lincolnshire, 89–94, 137
Lindsay, A. D., 436
Lindsay of Glenquist, James, 277
Lisle, Lord, 74
literature: island motif, 477, 478; impact of Peasants’ Revolt on, 50–3; impact of Protestantism on, 148
Litster, Geoffrey, 44, 45–6
Liverpool, 428, 449
living conditions: in 15th century, 66–7; in 17th century, 150, 195–6; feudal society, 61–4
Lloyd George, David: on Baldwin, 383; and BBC, 442; on British Gazette, 434; on Churchill, 434; and G
eneral Strike, 424, 425, 440, 470–2; as PM, 366, 368, 369, 370, 374; on Red Friday, 377; on Samuel, 379; on Simon, 437; on Snowden, 470; on Thomas, 401
Lochgarry see MacDonald of Lochgarry, Donald
Lochiel see Cameron of Lochiel, Donald
Lockyer, Robert, 204–5
Lollard uprising (1431), 65–6
Lollards, 25–6, 50, 58, 59, 151
Lominor, Henry, 44
London: and the ’45, 229, 239, 266; 17th-century population, 150; Blackheath, 17–20, 74, 76; and Cade’s rebellion, 74, 76–9; and Chartists, 333–4, 341–2, 343, 353; City’s relationship with John of Gaunt, 6, 16; Cromwell’s power in, 172; Fleet Prison, 21; Fleet Street, 20–1; and General Strike, 427, 428, 445–6, 448, 452, 464; Kennington Common march (1848), 334–41; Lambeth Palace, 18; London Bridge, 21, 78; Ludgate, 21; Marshalsea Prison, 78; Mile End, 28–31; New Temple, 22; and Peasants’ Revolt, 16–40; Priory of St John of Jerusalem, 23; Savoy Palace, 22–3; Smithfield, 35–8; Southwark, 76; Stock Exchange in 1920s, 374–5; Strand, 21, 22–3; Tothillfields jail, 346
London, Jack, 393
London Democratic Association (LDA), 286, 294
London Dock Strike (1889), 357, 364
London Working Men’s Association (LWMA), 285–6, 288, 294, 298
Londonderry, Charles, Marquis of, 402, 439–40, 446
Long Parliament, 154–7, 167
Longland, John, Bishop of Lincoln, 90
Loudon, Lord, 245
Louis XIV, King of France, 215, 275, 481
Louis XV, King of France: as absolute ruler, 481; and Jacobites, 215, 218–19, 221, 230–1, 242, 246, 249; planned invasion of Britain, 218–20, 221, 242; relations with Britain, 272
Louis XVI, King of France, 347
Louth, 89–90
Lovat, Lord, 225, 242, 244, 246
Lovelace, Richard, 72
Lovett, William: background, 285–6, 287–8; and Chartist activities, 294, 295; jailed, 298, 306–7; later life, 345; and NCSU, 310, 311; relations with O’Connor, 294; split with NCA, 306–7
Low, David, 399, 401, 444
LPRA see Leeds Parliamentary Reform Association
Luddites, 287
Lunt, John, 258
Luther, Martin, 160, 161
Luxemburg, Rosa, 357, 358–9
LWMA see London Working Men’s Association
Lyons, Richard, 33
MacArthur, General Douglas, 355, 512
Macaulay, Lord, 312
McCarthy, Justin, 348
MacDonald, Aeneas, 222, 223, 268
MacDonald, Ramsay: background, 400; Baldwin on, 432; and BBC, 442; and Bevin, 398, 408; on Cook and Smith, 392, 396, 474; and General Strike, 389–90, 433, 440, 463, 467, 469–70; Gramsci on, 502; later life, 472–3; and mining industry, 372; as PM, 372; on prosecution of twelve communists, 388; on Red Friday, 377; and run-up to General Strike, 410, 420, 423–4, 426; social connections, 402
