by Frank McLynn
MacDonald, Ranald, 224
MacDonald of Boisdale, 224
MacDonald of Glencoe, 224, 232
MacDonald of Keppoch, 224, 231, 232, 244, 248
MacDonald of Lochgarry, Donald, 231, 232, 235, 244
McDouall, Peter Murray, 292, 296, 341–2, 343, 345
MacGregor of Balhaldy, William, 219
Machault d’Arnouville, M., 230
Mackinnon of Skye, 231, 246
Maclean, Sir Hector, 224
Macleod, Norman, 242
McNeil, Ronald, 453–4
MacPherson, Cluny, 225, 231, 241, 246, 248, 252
Magna Carta, 34, 168, 288–9
Maidstone, 14, 17
Malpas, Philip, 77
Malt Tax, 233
Malthus, Thomas Robert, 322–3
Manchester: and the ’45, 236, 240; in 18th century, 263, 265; in 19th century, 281, 310, 313, 318, 330, 343
Manchester, Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of, 157–8, 164, 166
Mann, Sir Horace, 274
Mann, Tom, 362–3
Mansfield, 448
Mansfield, Lord, 440
Mao Tse-tung, 194–5, 482
Mar, Earl of, 215, 216
Marchbank, John, 405
Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, 67, 75
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, xiv
Marischal, George Keith, 10th Earl, 216–17, 220, 226, 255
Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of, 271
Marlowe, Thomas, 421–2, 423, 425
Marston Moor, Battle of (1644), 157
Marten, Henry, 170
Martin V, Pope, 58
Martin, Kingsley, 396, 399, 422, 426, 475
Marx, Karl: on ACLL, 320; friends, 293, 316, 345, 346; on role of individual in making history, 54; on Owen, 324; on reaching socialism in Britain, 502; on revolution, 505–6; Sorel on, 359; on strikes, 356; on working class, 429
Marxism: early supporters, 321; Establishment fear of, 356; on general strikes, 356–63; on Methodism, 499–500; on monarchy, 491; relative absence in Britain, 500–3; on religion, 159–60; on revolutions, xii, xiii
Mary I, Queen of England, 93, 95, 120, 126, 131, 145
Marylebone Radical Association, 286
Maurepas, Comte de, 223, 273
Maurois, André, 478–9
Maxton, James, 427, 474
Mayne, Sir Richard, 337–8
Medmenham, William, 15
Melbourne, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount, 284, 295, 296–7, 304
Melville, Herman, 58
Mennonites, 161
Merciless Parliament (1387), 50
Methodism, 498–500
Mexican Revolution (1910–20), 514, 518
MFGB see Miners’ Federation of Great Britain
Middlesbrough, 448
Militia Act (1757), 264
militias, 73, 266
Mill, John Stuart, 323
Miller, Thomas, 144
Milton, John, 156, 162, 163, 164
Miners’ Federation of Great Britain (MFGB): Cook repudiated by, 474; formation, 367; and General Strike, 457–61; and General Strike aftermath, 467–8; leaders’ personalities, 391–7; pre-General Strike disputes, 368–71, 376–82; and run-up to General Strike, 413–27; see also Cook, A. J.; Smith, Herbert
mining industry and strikes: background to General Strike, 366–82, 384–6; and General Strike, 429, 431, 440, 456–65; and General Strike aftermath, 466–8, 469; mine owners, 390–1; Samuel Commission, 379–82, 385–6; and run-up to General Strike, 411–27; Thomas and TUC’s attitude to, 405–15; Triple Alliance, 368, 369–70; wages, 376–82, 411–12, 417, 457–8, 468
Mist, Nathaniel, 257–8
Moleyns, Bishop Adam, 69
monarchy: 14th-century attitudes, 63; 15th-century attitudes, 85; 17th-century attitudes, 153–4, 165, 169, 196; 19th-century attitudes, 306; Charles I’s trial and execution, 191–2, 196; crypto-republicans among Jacobites, 255–6; and lack of revolution in Britain, 491–2, 494
monasteries, dissolution of, 89, 91, 125–6, 131, 141, 145
Mond, Sir Alfred, 385, 391, 474
Money, Leo Chiozza, 368
Monmouth’s rebellion (1685), 256
Moorhouse, Geoffrey, 136
More, Thomas, 89, 169
Morley, Sir Thomas, 44, 45–6
Morris, William, 52
Morrison, Herbert, 390, 398, 406, 465
Mortimer family, 71–2
Mosley, Oswald, 474
Muggletonians, 161–2
Murray, Lord George: background and character, 226; in Charles Edward’s council, 231, 232, 242–3; and Culloden, 247; at Derby meeting, 237–9; at Falkirk, 243–4; and invasion of England, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236–7; and Prestonpans, 228–9; relations with other Jacobites, 226–7; and retreat to Highlands, 244–5; and retreat to Scotland, 240–1
Murray of Broughton, Lord, 231, 232, 277
music, Protestantism’s impact, 147
Mussolini, Benito, 17, 455, 456, 480, 482
Nairne, Lord, 225, 231, 232, 236
Namier, Sir Lewis, 490–1
Napier, Major-General Sir Charles, 299–300, 303
Napoleon Bonaparte, 273, 481, 482
Napoleon III, French emperor, 337
Naseby, Battle of (1645), 158
National Charter Association (NCA), 305–6, 308, 309, 317, 323
National Complete Suffrage Union (NCSU), 308–9, 310, 311, 318
national debt: and Jacobites, 275–9
National Union of General and Municipal Workers, 368
National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), 418, 459, 466, 469
NATSOPA, 421–3, 425
NCA see National Charter Association
NCSU see National Complete Suffrage Union
Neale, Thomas, 258
Netherlands national strike (1903), 406
Neville, George, Archbishop of York, 62
Neville, Marmaduke, 134
Neville, Sir Robert, 103
New Lanark, 323
New Model Army: Agitators, 171; and Diggers, 198–201; formation, 158; Levellers driven out, 201–6; mutinies, 204–6; politics, 163–4, 171–86
Newark, 448
Newcastle, 233, 234, 263, 264–5, 448
Newcastle, Duke of (18th century), 229, 261
Newmarket, 171
Newport march (1839), 301–3
newspapers: during General Strike, 433–6; stamp duty, 292
Newton, Sir John, 13, 19
Niemeyer, Sir Otto, 374
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 360
Nimmo, Sir Adam, 381, 390–1
Nitti, Francesco, 480
Noailles, Duc de, 273
Norfolk, 44–6, 146–7
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of: background, 91; given command against Pilgrimage of Grace, 92; hatred of Cromwell, 91, 129, 130–1; later life, 144–5; size of force, 107; truce and meetings with Pilgrims, 109–15, 118–19, 122–5, 129, 130–2, 134, 136–7; ultimate threat of rebels, 137, 140–2
Norman, Montagu, 374, 375
‘Norman yoke’, 34, 43, 198, 199
Norris, Admiral Sir John, 219, 220
Northampton, Marquis of (16th century), 147
Northern Star, 294, 298, 317, 326, 343, 354
Northumberland, 141, 277, 451
Northumberland, Duke of (20th century), 380, 385
Northumberland, Henry Percy, Earl of, 47–8
Northumberland, Henry Algernon Percy, 6th Earl of, 103–4, 144
Northumberland, Earl of (15th century), 74
Norwich, 44, 45–6, 150, 263
Norwich, Battle of (1549), 147
Nottingham, 310–11, 448
NUR see National Union of Railwaymen
nutgeld, 127
Oakeshott, Michael, 479, 493
O’Brien, David, 260
O’Brien, James Bronterre: attitude to corn laws repeal, 320–1; attitude to O’Connor, 294, 316–17; background and character, 286, 292–3; and Chartist activities, 296, 308
, 310; jailed, 303; and Kennington Common march, 336; and land reform, 321, 326, 327; later life, 311, 345
O’Connell, Daniel: and Chartists, 297, 309; death, 331–2; Lovett on, 288; his politics, 289–90, 299; on Tolpuddle martyrs, 284
O’Connor, Feargus: and 1842 crisis, 313–15; acquitted of sedition, 315, 317; background and character, 289–92; elected MP in 1847 election, 331; imprisoned, 302, 303, 307–8; and Kennington Common march, 336, 338, 339–40; and land reform, 321–30; later life, 342, 343, 345, 354; and Leeds Chartism, 307–8; Lovett’s relations with, 288, 294; and Marylebone Radical Association, 286; Napier’s attitude to, 299; and NCSU, 308–9; and Newport march, 301, 304–5; O’Brien and Harney’s attitude to, 294, 316–17; preferred methods, 295, 296, 298, 300, 339–40; relations with Cobden and ACLL, 319–20, 321–2; and Teetotal Chartism, 306; withdrawal from Chartist movement, 340, 341
Ogilvy, Lord, 226, 231, 232, 248
O’Heguerty, Pierre André, 273
Oldcastle, Sir John, 65
Oliphant of Gask, 226, 235
Oman, Charles, 7
Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies (OMS), 388–9, 428
Orry, Philibert, 230
Orwell, George, 478, 479
Ostend Company, 272
O’Sullivan, John William, 225, 226, 227, 231, 232, 247
Otterburn, Battle of (1388), 5
Ottoman Empire, 150
Overton, Richard: background, politics and works, 168, 169–70; conflict with Cromwell, 172, 174, 202–3, 206; later life, 207, 208
Owen, Robert, 285, 322, 323–4, 325, 356
Oxford, 205, 206, 263
Oxford, Earl of (15th century), 74
Page Arnot, Robin, 451
Paine, Tom, 53, 271, 286, 493
Palmerston, Lord, 340, 341
pardoners, 59–60
Paris Commune (1871), 487
Parliament: in 17th century, 151–8, 163–4, 165, 166, 167, 169, 171–3, 188–9, 190–1, 201; assumption of most royal prerogatives, 275–6; Barebones Parliament, 207, 212; Council of State appointed, 201; consequences of Peasants’ Revolt for, 49–50; and Henry VI, 69; House of Lords’ power curbed, 365; and John of Gaunt, 5–6; Leveller desired reforms, 173, 178–82, 191, 203; Long Parliament, 154–7, 167; November 1381, 47; Pilgrimage of Grace’s demand for extension, 126–7, 135; and the Poll Tax, 8–9; Rump Parliament, 190–1, 207; Short Parliament, 154; see also electoral reform
Parmynter, William, 80
Parr, Catherine, 115
Parsons, Talcott, 509
Paton, John, 371
Paul, St, 161
Paul III, Pope, 120–1
peasantry: destruction of English, 494–5; role in revolution, 510–12, 516–17
Peasants’ Revolt (1381), 1–53; aftermath, 39–41, 46–8; Blackheath meeting, 19–20; collapse, 35–9; consequences, 49–50; in context, 54–64; death toll, 46; events, 11–46; executions at the Tower, 31–2; and feudalism, 24, 29–31, 41; impact on literature, 50–3; leadership, 17–18; master–apprentice element, 24; Mile End meeting, 28–31; nature of, 477; number of rebels, 16; origins and causation, 1–11, 49; overview, 1; parallels with Cade’s rebellion, 80; punishments, 46–7; rebel aims, 34–5; risings beyond Home Counties, 41–6; Smithfield meeting, 35–8; targets, 14; xenophobic element, 24, 33
Peel, Sir Robert, 285, 308, 321, 349
Pelham, Henry, 261
Percy, Sir Ingram, 104, 144
Percy, John, 80
Percy, Lord Thomas, 41
Percy, Sir Thomas, 103, 104, 106, 144
Percy family, 103–4, 127, 144
Perkins, Corporal, 205
Perth, 226
Perth, Duke of (18th century), 226–7, 231, 232, 237
Peruzzi banking house, 57
Peterborough, 45
Peterloo massacre (1819), 281–2
Peters, Hugh, 182, 202
Petty, Maximilian, 174
philosophy: British vs continental, 493–4
Philpot, Sir John, 28, 38, 39
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536–37), 86–148; aims, 90–1, 97, 101–2, 112, 125–9; banner badge, 146; Doncaster truce and meetings, 108–16, 130–1; events, 89–134; funding, 106; Lincolnshire rising, 89–94; oath, 99; origins, 88–9, 95–7; origins of name, 99; Pontefract meetings, 102, 103–6, 125; potential foreign intervention, 119–21; reasons for failure, 86; rebel numbers, 102; renewed violence under Hallam and Bigod, 138–9; tension between common and gentlemen rebels, 90, 92–3, 102, 109, 110–11, 123, 133, 135, 138; terms of agreement with Henry VIII, 132–4; treatment of rebels, 134–8, 139–44; York meeting, 121–2
pirates, 258–9
Pitsligo, Lord, 231, 232
Pitt the Elder, William, 266
Pitt the Younger, William, 281, 283
Pius XI, Pope, 455–6
Place, Francis, 283, 284
plague see Black Death
Plevington, Sir John, 20
Plug Riots (1842), 313–14, 318
Plymouth, 447, 448
poachers, 261–2
Pol Pot, 194–5
Poland, 372
Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 120–1, 144
Pole family, 120–1, 144
police: in 19th century, 337–8, 343, 346–7; and General Strike, 428, 447, 448, 449–51, 454; strikes, 365; and Tonypandy riots, 393
Poll Tax (1377, 1379, 1380), 7–11, 49
Pontefract, 102, 103–6, 125–9
Pontefract Castle, 99, 100–1, 138, 140, 190
Poole customs house raid (1747), 260–1
poor relief, 169, 283
Pope, Alexander, 177
population: 14th-century losses, 1–4, 55–6; in 17th century, 150; overpopulation and revolution, 480, 513–14
Portman, Henry, 254
Portsmouth, 69–70
Portugal, 516
Poulton, Edward, 405, 409
Poynings, Robert, 72
praemunire, 88, 273
Presbyterians, 158, 159, 163–4
Preston, 236, 240, 448
Preston, Battle of (1648), 187
Preston, Battle of (1715), 216
Preston, John, 42–3
Prestonpans, Battle of (1745), 228–9
prices: 14th-century price-fixing, 3–4; 19th-century food, 348
Pride, Colonel, 191
Priestley, J. B., 478
Prince, Thomas, 202–3, 206
Prince Charles (French ship), 246
property: Digger attitude, 194–8; Jacobite attitude, 257–8; Leveller attitude, 178–84, 189, 204; and right to vote, 178–84; theories of private, 25, 34, 162
Protestantism see religion
Pugh, Arthur: background, 405, 414; and General Strike, 447, 457, 461, 463; later life, 474; and run-up to General Strike, 409, 410, 411, 412, 414, 417, 421, 423
Purcell, Alfred, 397, 405, 422, 438
Puritanism: background and rise, 151; and English Civil War, 152, 156; see also religion
purveyance, 63
Putney Debates (1647), 168, 174–83
Pym, John, 154, 155, 156–7, 163
Pytheas of Massilia, 485
Quakers, 161
Queen Elizabeth (liner), 486
Queen Mary (liner), 486
Queensborough Castle, 79
Quiberon, Battle of (1759), 249, 264
railways: in 19th century, 336; General Strike, 429, 433, 448–9, 459, 466, 469; strikes, 366; Triple Alliance, 368, 369–70
Rainsborough, Thomas: death, 190; links with Levellers, 170; at Putney Debates, 174–5, 176, 177, 178, 179–82, 185
Rainsborough, Major William, 181
Ramsay, Chevalier, 258
Ranters, 162, 201
Raynes, Dr, 90
Reading, Lord, 446
Rebecca riots, 350
Red Friday (1925), 377–8, 384, 397, 466
Reform Act (1832), 282–3
regime change, xi
Reith, John, Lord, 389, 441–2, 442–3, 444
relative dep
rivation, 506–7
religion: 14th-century problems, 58–60; Act of Settlement, 275; Adamites, 162; Amish, 161; Anabaptists, 151, 160–1; Ball’s views, 17, 24–5; Catholic emancipation, 281, 282; Church leaders and General Strike, 440–1, 442, 443, 455–6, 467; Congregationalists, 163–4; Diggers, 192–201, 206; and English Civil War and Interregnum, 152, 154, 155–7, 163–4; English Reformation, 87–9; Feast of Corpus Christi, 20; feudal town–Church conflict, 30; Fifth Monarchy Men, 162; fracture of Protestantism in 1640s, 159–62; and Gordon riots, 280; Hutterites, 161; Jacobite religious persuasions, 265; and lack of revolution in Britain, 498–500, 501; Lollards, 25–6, 50, 58, 59, 65–6, 151; Mennonites, 161; Methodism, 498–500; Muggletonians, 161–2; and Peasants’ Revolt, 15, 18, 20, 25–6, 30, 34; Pilgrimage of Grace as religious rebellion, 88–148; Presbyterians, 158, 159, 163–4; Protestant hatred of devotional art, 147; Protestantism and rise of capitalism, 159–60; Puritanism’s rise, 151; Quakers, 161; Ranters, 162, 201; Seekers, 162; Western Schism, 57–8; see also Levellers
Rettenden, 41
revolution: causation theories, 49; consequences, xii–xiv, 517–19; as distinct from revolution, civil war or coup, 515–16; European overview, 479–80; precipitants and preconditions, xii, 480–8; reasons for lack of British, 280–1, 477–503; theories of, 505–19
Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792– 1815), 281, 485
Rhodesia, 488
Rich, Sir Richard, 91, 126, 131
Richard II, King of England: background, 5; end of reign, 50, 65; and Peasants’ Revolt, 15, 19–20, 27–32, 35–41; punishments for rebels, 46–7; relationship with John of Gaunt, 48
Richelieu, Duc de, 231, 242
Richmond, Duke of (18th century), 261
Richmondshire, 101–2, 106, 109, 113, 127
rioting: in 18th century, 262–5
Rivers, Lord, 75
Robertson of Struan, Duncan, 226, 260
Rochester, ‘siege’ of (1381), 13
Rocroi, Battle of (1643), 272
Roquefeuil, Admiral, 219, 220
Roses, Wars of the, 81, 84
Rouen, 69
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 198
Royal Navy, 484, 485, 486, 487
Rudé, George, 252
Rump Parliament, 190–1, 207
Russell, Bertrand, 502
Russell, Lord John, 296–7, 335, 336–7, 338, 341, 349
Russia: and Caesarism, 481; precipitants of revolution, 486–7, 489, 495; reliance on military, 488; revolutions in, 480, 510; see also Soviet Union
Russian Revolution (1905), 486
