The Great Reformer

by Austen Ivereigh

  Father Bill Ryan, SJ, in Canada and Father Juan Ochagavía, SJ, in Chile responded to specific questions by e-mail and phone. I also conducted interviews relating to these chapters with the Peronist politician Julio Bárbaro, Professor Carlos Pauli at La Inmaculada school, Father Miguel de la Civita of Santa Fe Diocese, and with Peter Saunders, founder and chief executive of the British charity the National Association for People Abused in Childhood (NAPAC).

  I have indicated in the text where I have also drawn on interviews with Jesuits in Alejandro Bermúdez (ed., trans.), Pope Francis: Our Brother, Our Friend (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2013), Chris Lowney, Pope Francis: Why He Leads the Way He Leads (Chicago: Loyola Press, 2013), and the biographies listed below.

  The following Jesuits were also very helpful in clarifying Jesuitica as well as my understanding of complex issues, but cannot be blamed for my conclusions or misunderstandings (again, all “Father” and with “SJ” after their names): in Rome, Michael Czerny; in Canada, Bill Ryan; in the United States, Jack O’Callaghan; and in the UK, James Hanvey.

  CHAPTERS 6–9 AND EPILOGUE

  The following kindly gave me interviews: Cardinals: Francisco Errázuriz (emeritus, Santiago de Chile), Cormac Murphy-O’Connor (emeritus, Westminster). Argentine bishops: Jorge Casaretto (emeritus, San Isidro), Jorge Lozano (Gualeguaychú). Buenos Aires clergy: Carlos Accaputo, Guillermo Marcó, Carlos Galli, Fernando Giannetti, Gabriel Maronetti, Mariano Fazio, Lorenzo (“Toto”) de Vedia, Gustavo Carrara. Bergoglio lay collaborators: Federico Wals, Roberto Da Busti, Daniel Gassman, (in Rome) Professor Guzmán Carriquiry. Journalists: José María Poirier, Sergio Rubín, Mariano de Vedia, Evangelina Himitian, José Ignacio López, Enrique Cangas. Academics: Fortunato Mallimaci, Roberto Bosca. Ecumenical/interfaith: Pastor Jorge Himitian, Marco Gallo, Omar Abboud, Rabbi Abraham Skorka, Bishop Tony Palmer, Ricardo Elías. Senator Liliana Negre answered questions via e-mail.

  BY BERGOGLIO/FRANCIS

  1. WRITINGS

  As a Jesuit, Bergoglio wrote mostly in two Argentine Jesuit journals: Boletín de Espiritualidad and Stromata. His articles, together with his addresses and other meditations, are collected in three books: Meditaciones para Religiosos (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Diego de Torres, 1982), Reflexiones Espirituales sobre la Vida Apostólica (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Diego de Torres, 1987), and Reflexiones en Esperanza (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Universidad del Salvador, 1992).

  During his Córdoba exile Bergoglio wrote two long, detailed letters (dated October 20, 1990, and December 20, 1990) full of childhood memories to the Salesian historian, Don Cayetano Bruno. There is also an earlier letter to him (dated May 18, 1986) about vocations. All are available on the Internet.

  As coadjutor archbishop (see Chapter 6) he wrote a book about John Paul II’s Cuba visit: Diálogos entre Juan Pablo II y Fidel Castro (Buenos Aires: Editorial de Ciencia y Cultura, 1998). His 2006 retreat to the Spanish bishops (see Chapter 7) has been published in English as In Him Alone Is Our Hope (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2013).

  From 1998, his writings mainly come in the form of homilies, which are available (from 1999 to 2013) at the Archdiocese of Buenos Aires website, while other documents (letters, addresses, etc.) are at the website of AICA.org.ar. Editorial Claretiana in Buenos Aires has published a large number of anthologies: Educar: Testimonio de la Verdad (2013) contains his addresses to teachers between 2006 and 2012; ¡Salgan a Buscar Corazones! (Buenos Aires: Ed. Claretiana 2013), his messages to catechists and pilgrims; while his Te Deum addresses are collected in La Patria Es un Don, la Nación una Tarea (Buenos Aires: Ed. Claretiana 2013). An excellent anthology is Virginia Bonard, Nuestra Fe es Revolucionaria (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2013).

  With Rabbi Abraham Skorka he published Sobre el Cielo y la Tierra (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 2011), trans. On Heaven and Earth (London: Bloomsbury, 2013). With Skorka and Pastor Marcelo Figueroa he published Biblia, Diálogo Vigente: la Fe en Tiempos Modernos (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2013). He also wrote a large number of prologues.

  As Pope Francis, a steady stream of anthologies of his homilies and writings has appeared, among the best of which are Open Mind, Faithful Heart: Reflections on Following Jesus, trans. Joseph V. Owens (New York: Crossroad, 2013), and A Church of Mercy (London: Darton, Longman & Todd, 2014). His main work has been his apostolic exhortation, Evangelii Gaudium (November 2013, various editions). His daily Santa Marta homilies transcribed by Vatican Radio have been collected in Papa Francesco, La Verità è un Incontro (Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2014).

  2. INTERVIEWS

  BERGOGLIO

  The book-length interview (see Chapter 8) by Sergio Rubín and Francesca Ambrogetti, El Jesuita (Barcelona: Vergara, Grupo Zeta, 2010), published in English as Pope Francis: The Authorized Biography (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2013), remains the most comprehensive pre-papal source, and contains primary documents he shared with them. He gave no interviews before he became cardinal in 2001, and, apart from one to Radio María in September 2008, before 2010 gave interviews only in Rome: to La Nación (February 18, 2001), and various to Gianni Valente in 30 Giorni collected in Francesco: Un Papa dalla Fine del Mondo (Bologna: EMI, 2013). In 2011 he gave an interview to the Agencia Informativa Católica Argentina (AICA); in 2012, he gave three: in February to Andrea Tornielli (Vatican Insider, February 24), in November to EWTN Spanish, and in December to the Villa 21 community radio, La 96 Voz de Caacupé.

  FRANCIS

  As pope, the most significant interview (see Chapter 5) was by Father Antonio Spadaro for Civiltà Cattolica, published in the United States by America magazine as “A Big Heart Open to God” (September 30, 2013), and as a book by Spadaro (with extra material) as My Door Is Always Open: A Conversation on Faith, Hope and the Church in a Time of Change (New York: HarperOne, 2013). Spadaro also recorded an exchange Francis had with religious men and women, available on the Civiltà Cattolica website as “Wake Up the World” (November 2013). Other interviews include with Brazilian TV Globo (July 28, 2013), La Stampa (December 14, 2013), Corriere della Sera/La Nación (March 5, 2014), La Vanguardia (June 12, 2014), and Il Messagero (June 29, 2014). Although not technically interviews, despite his putting words in Francis’s mouth, Eugenio Scalfari has twice written about meetings with Pope Francis in La Repubblica (October 1, 2013, and July 13, 2014). Francis has also done two long press conferences onboard the papal plane returning from Rio de Janeiro (July 28, 2013), from Tel Aviv (May 27, 2014), and from Seoul (August 18, 2014).

  ON BERGOGLIO/FRANCIS

  BIOGRAPHIES

  There have been five biographies by Argentine journalists. The first two, produced within weeks of Francis’s election, were by La Nación reporters: Mariano de Vedia, Francisco: El Papa del Pueblo (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2013), and Evangelina Himitian, Francisco: El Papa de la Gente (Buenos Aires: Aguilar, 2013). Later in the year came Clarín reporter Marcelo Larraquy’s Recen por Él (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2013) and Francisco: Vida y Revolución (Buenos Aires: El Ateneo, 2013) by La Nación’s correspondent in Rome, Elisabetta Piqué. In 2014 Armando Rubén Puente published La Vida Oculta de Bergoglio (Madrid: Libros Libres, 2014). Among the noteworthy biographical books by non-Argentines are those by Andrea Tornielli, Francis: Pope of a New World (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2013), The Staff of the Wall Street Journal, Pope Francis: From the End of the Earth to Rome (New York: HarperCollins, 2013), Paul Vallely, Pope Francis: Untying the Knots (London; New York: Bloomsbury, 2013), and Marcelo López Cambronero and Feliciana Merino Escalera, Francisco: El Papa Manso (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2013).

  MEMOIRS

  Bergoglio’s fellow Jesuit novice/scholastic Jorge González Mament (“Goma”) has two memoirs of his Jesuit days: Jesuitas Éramos Los de Antes: Impresiones de un Novicio de los Años ’50 (Buenos Aires: Ed. Dunken, 2012) and his unpublished Bergoglio y Yo: Vidas Casi Paralelas (2013). Jorge Milia’s schooldays memoir of Bergoglio the teacher, De la Edad Feliz (Salta: Ed. Maktub, 2006), with a prologue by Bergoglio, has been pu
blished in Italian as Maestro Francesco: Gli Allievi del Papa Ricordano Il Loro Professore (Milan: Mondadori, 2014). Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan, Praying in Rome: Reflections on the Conclave and Electing Pope Francis (New York: Image Books, 2013) is a very useful conclave memoir.

  OTHER

  Chris Lowney, Pope Francis: Why He Leads the Way He Leads (Chicago: Loyola Press, 2013), links Francis’s leadership to his Jesuit formation and spirituality; Robert Moynihan, Pray for Me: The Life and Spiritual Vision of Pope Francis (New York: Random House, 2013), is an account of his first days as pope; Andrea Riccardi, La Sorpresa di Papa Francesco: Crisi e Futuro della Chiesa (Milan: Mondadori, 2013), is an analysis of Francis’s election and its historic significance; and Mariano Fazio, Pope Francis: Keys to His Thought (New York: Scepter, 2013), is an introduction to his most important ideas.

  Four documentaries contain valuable interviews: Juan Martín Ezratty (dir.), Francis: The People’s Pope (Rome Reports, 2013); Music Brokers (dir.), Pope Francis: A Pope for Everyone (2013); Knights of Columbus, Francis: The Pope from the New World (2014); Salt & Light TV, The Francis Effect (2014).

  BACKGROUND SOURCES

  JESUITS

  I have used the translation by Michael Ivens, SJ, The Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Leominster, UK: Gracewing, 2004).

  The best introduction to the Jesuits is James Martin, SJ, The Jesuit Guide to (Almost) Everything: A Spirituality for Real Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2010). I made use of Philip Caraman’s biography, Ignatius Loyola (New York: Collins, 1990), as well as Jean Lacouture, Jesuits: A Multibiography (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1995), Malachi Martin, The Jesuits (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), and Alain Woodrow, The Jesuits: A Story of Power (London; New York: Geoffrey Chapman 1995).

  On eighteenth-century Argentine Jesuit history, I have drawn on many books and articles by Guillermo Furlong, SJ, especially Los Jesuitas y la Cultura Rioplatense (Buenos Aires: Ed. Huarpes, 1946) and Nacimiento y Desarrollo de la Filosofía en el Río de la Plata (Buenos Aires: Ed. Kraft, 1952). Also William Bangert, A History of the Society of Jesus (St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986), Philip Caraman, The Lost Paradise: The Jesuit Republic in South America (New York: Seabury Press, 1976), and Magnus Mörner (ed.), The Expulsion of the Jesuits from Latin America (New York: Knopf, 1965).

  Jeffrey Klaiber, The Jesuits in Latin America, 1549–2000: 450 Years of Inculturation, Defense of Human Rights, and Prophetic Witness (St. Louis, MO: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2009), presents the anti-Bergoglio case. On the 1974 General Congregation, see Peter Hebblethwaite, Paul VI: The First Modern Pope (New York: HarperCollins, 1993). On (Saint) Peter Faber: Mary Purcell, The Quiet Companion (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1970).

  ARGENTINE HISTORY PRE-1960S

  For the early chapters I have drawn on my Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810–1960 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995) as well as my essay on the 1880s Catholic-secularist battle over education in Ivereigh (ed.), The Politics of Religion in an Age of Revival (London: ILAS, 2000). The indispensable Argentine church history is Roberto Di Stefano and Loris Zanatta, Historia de la Iglesia Argentina (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2009). On Church and state, see M. A. Burdick, For God and the Fatherland: Religion and Politics in Argentina (Albany: State University of New York, 1995), G. T. Farrell, Iglesia y Pueblo en la Argentina: Cien años de pastoral, 1860–1974 (Buenos Aires: Patria Grande, 1976), and Lila Caimari, Perón y la Iglesia Católica: Religión, Estado y Sociedad en la Argentina, 1943–1955 (Buenos Aires: Ariel, 1995).

  Professor John Lynch has many fine books on nineteenth-century Argentina, including Argentine Dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1829–1852 (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1981) and Massacre in the Pampas, 1872: Britain and Argentina in the Age of Migration (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998). Among many histories of Argentina in the twentieth century, it is worth mentioning José Luis Romero, Breve Historia de la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Huemel, 1978), Tulio Halperín Donghi, Argentina en el Callejón (Montevideo: ARCA, 1964), and Daniel James, Resistance and Integration: Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1946–1976 (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press 1988).

  1970S–1980S

  Three indispensable books: Donald C. Hodges, Argentina’s “Dirty War”: An Intellectual Biography (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991), Richard Gillespie, Soldiers of Perón—Argentina’s Montoneros (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), and María José Moyano, Argentina’s Lost Patrol: Armed Struggle, 1969–1979 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995).

  Gustavo Morello, Cristianismo y Revolución: Los Orígenes Intelectuales de la Guerrilla Argentina (Córdoba: EDUCC, 2003), charts the route of young Catholics into violence. See also Carlos Mugica, Peronismo y Cristianismo (1973, many editions). The Third World Priests Movement (MSTM) has a copious online archive, and I could access early 1970s copies of the Jesuit theology journal Stromata in the Latin-American Centre Library in Oxford.

  On the Church and the dirty war of the 1970s: Martín Obregón, Entre la Cruz y la Espada: La Iglesia Católica durante los Primeros Años del “Proceso” (Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 2005), is a balanced, document-based analysis of Church-state relations in the first years of the junta. Emilio Mignone’s Iglesia y Dictadura (Buenos Aires: Ediciones del Pensamiento Nacional, 1986) is published in English as Witness to the Truth: The Complicity of Church and Dictatorship in Argentina, 1976–1983 (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1988). A balanced view of Mignone and the book is offered by his son-in-law Mario Carril, La Vida de Emilio Mignone: Justicia, Catolicismo y Derechos Humanos (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 2011).

  Horacio Verbitsky, El Silencio: de Pablo VI a Bergoglio: Las Relaciones Secretas de la Iglesia con ESMA (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2005) is an attempt to substantiate the Mignone allegations, and his Doble Juego: La Argentina Católica y Militar (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 2006) is a Marxist but comprehensively documented attempt to do the same. Olga Wornat, Nuestra Santa Madre: Historia Pública y Privada de la Iglesia Católica Argentina (Barcelona: Ediciones B, 2002), is useful for the Yorio/Jalics controversy, and Francisco Jalics recalls their abduction and torture in El Camino de la Contemplación (Buenos Aires: Paulinas, 2006). A copy of Yorio’s twenty-seven-page letter to the Jesuit curia is in the library of CONICET in Buenos Aires.

  Originally published in Italian, Nello Scavo, La Lista de Bergoglio: Los Salvados por Francisco durante la Dictadura (Madrid: Ed Claretiana, 2013), collects the stories of the people Bergoglio as provincial rescued from the dictatorship. Bergoglio’s own recollections of the dirty war can be found in El Jesuita as well as in his 2010 testimony to the ESMA inquiry, on the Internet as “Bergoglio Declara ante el TOF” at the www.abuelas.org.ar site.

  A good portrait of Argentina in the 1980s is Jimmy Burns, The Land That Lost Its Heroes: How Argentina Lost the Falklands War (London: Bloomsbury, 1987).

  1990S–2000S

  Luis Alberto Romero, A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), and La Larga Crisis Argentina: Del Siglo XX al Siglo XXI (Buenos Aires: Siglo 21, 2013) are useful analyses, as is Jill Hedges, Argentina: A Modern History (London: IB Tauris, 2011).

  Silvina Premat’s book on the shantytown priests and her biography of Padre Pepe Di Paola are full of stories: Curas Villeros: de Mugica al Padre Pepe (Buenos Aires: Random House Mondadori, 2012) and Pepe: El Cura de la Villa (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2013).

  On John Paul II and the 2005 conclave: George Weigel, Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (London: HarperCollins, 2001); John Cornwell, The Pope in Winter: The Dark Face of John Paul II’s Papacy (London: Viking, 2005); John L. Allen, The Rise of Benedict XVI: The Inside Story of How the Pope Was Elected (London: Penguin, 2005). For background on conclaves: Francis A. Burkle-Young, Passing the Keys: Modern Cardinals, Conclaves and the Election of th
e Next Pope (New York: Madison Books 1999).

  On Methol Ferré and the future of the Church in Latin America (Chapters 7 and 8): Alberto Methol Ferré and Alver Metalli, El Papa y el Filósofo (Buenos Aires: Editorial Biblios, 2013); plus Guzmán Carriquiry Lecour: Una Apuesta por América Latina (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2005); En Camino Hacia La V Conferencia de la Iglesia Latinoamericana: Memoria de los 50 años del CELAM (Buenos Aires: Claretiana, 2006); (prol. Bergoglio), El Bicentenario de la Independencia de Los Países Latinoamericanos (Madrid: Encuentro, 2011).

  The archives of La Nación, Clarín, and Página 12 have been indispensable for Chapters 7 and 8.

  CONCLAVE OF 2013 AND FRANCIS PAPACY

  There is good background in Massimo Franco, La Crisi dell’Impero Vaticano (Rome: Mondadori, 2013), Various, Benedict XVI: The Resignation of a Pope (Rome: La Stampa, 2013); and Andrea Tornielli, Francis: Pope of a New World (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2013).

  The following sources of news and analysis have been invaluable. Specialist: Catholic News Service, Religion News Service, Vatican Radio, La Stampa’s Vatican Insider, National Catholic Reporter, National Catholic Register, America magazine, Our Sunday Visitor, The Tablet, Catholic Herald, La Croix, Criterio, Terre d’America, Religión Digital, National Review Online, First Things, Aleteia, LifeSite News, Zenit, ABC Religion & Ethics, Salt & Light TV, EWTN, Rome Reports. Blogs: John Thavis, Sandro Magister (Chiesa), Catholic Voices Comment. Newspapers: (U.S.) Boston Globe, Washington Post, New York Times, Time magazine, USA Today, Atlantic Monthly, Christian Science Monitor, New York Review of Books; (UK) Guardian, Times, Financial Times, Economist; Daily Telegraph; (Argentina) La Nación, Clarín, Página 12; (Spain) La Vanguardia, La Razón, ABC; (Italy) La Repubblica, La Stampa, Corriere della Sera, Il Messagero. Agencies: Reuters, Associated Press, Agence France Presse.