The Great Reformer

by Austen Ivereigh

  BERGOGLIO’S BOOKSHELF: A SELECTION

  THEOLOGIANS/SPIRITUAL WRITERS

  Congar, Yves. Vraie et Fausse Réforme dans l’Eglise (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1950), True and False Reform in the Church, trans. Paul Philibert OP (Collegeville, MD: Liturgical Press, 2011).

  De Lubac, Henri. Méditation sur l’Eglise (Paris: Aubier, 2nd ed., 1953), trans. The Splendor of the Church (London: Sheed & Ward, 1956).

  Gennari, Gianni. Teresa di Lisieux. Il Fascino della Santità. I Segreti di una “Dottrina” Ritrovata (Turin: Lindau, 2012).

  Guardini, Romano. Der Gegensatz (Mainz: Matthias-Grünewald, 1925); The Lord (London, New York: Longmans, Green, 1956); and The End of the Modern World (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1956).

  Kasper, Walter. Leadership in the Church (New York: Crossroad, 2003) and Mercy: The Essence of the Gospel and the Key to Christian Life (City: Paulist Press, 2014).

  Martini, Cardinal Carlo Maria (with Georg Sporschill), Night Conversations with Cardinal Martini: The Relevance of the Church for Tomorrow (Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2013).

  Quinn, John R. The Reform of the Papacy: The Costly Call to Christian Unity (New York: Crossroad 1999).

  Nguyen, Cardinal Van Thuan. Five Loaves and Two Fish (City: Publisher, 1969).

  Thérèse of the Child Jesus (Saint Thérèse of Lisieux), Story of a Soul (City: Publisher, 1925).

  LITERATURE

  Benson, Robert Hugh. The Lord of the World (1907).

  Borges, Jorge Luis. El Martín Fierro (1953), El Aleph (1949), Ficciones (1951).

  Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. The Brothers Karamazov (1880).

  Hernández, José. Martín Fierro (1879).

  Manzoni, Alessandro. I Promessi Sposi (1827), trans. The Betrothed (many editions).

  Marechal, Leopoldo. Adán Buenosayres (1948).

  POETS

  Friedrich Hölderlin, Rainer María Rilke, Gerard Manley Hopkins.

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  Many on both sides of the Atlantic have nurtured The Great Reformer.

  In Argentina, where I was lucky to have wise and well-connected friends, I am deeply in debt to Inés San Martín, now the Boston Globe’s reporter in Rome, for weeks of work transcribing the interviews and for boundless help and suggestions. Juan Pablo Cannata was an unfailing friend and opener of doors, as were Roberto Bosca and Federico Wals. The Criterio board (to which I am proud to belong) offered a home away from home, and its editor, another old friend, José María Poirier, shared his humor, insights, contacts, and stories. Father Carlos Galli in more than one meeting got my head around the teología del pueblo, while Fathers Ignacio Pérez del Viso, SJ, Alfonso Gómez, SJ, Fernando Cervera, SJ, Juan Carlos Scannone, SJ, Leonardo Nárdin, SJ, and Rafael Velasco, SJ, helped with materials, interviews, and further clarifications. I am indebted also to the photographer Enrique Cangas for taking me to Villa 21 on my first day, to Marco Gallo of Sant’Egidio for helping me with the interreligious dimension, Daniel Gassman of Caritas for valuable insights into the world of the poor, Evangelina Himitian for being a bridge to evangelicals, and Jorge Milia in Salta and Ana and Walter Albornoz in Santa Fe, for help in a number of ways. For furnishing materials and statistics, thanks to the CONICET library and the Jesuit provincial curia, to Gustavo Vittori of El Litoral for excavating an old article, and to Jorge González Mament for letting me use his unpublished memoir, and to Andrés Esteban Bayo for help with photos.

  In Rio de Janeiro, my old friend Einardo Bingemer put me up when Francis came to town and opened Jesuit doors in his native Argentina. In Santiago de Chile, Sofia Wulf of Voces Católicas and Father Antonio Delfau, SJ, of Mensaje were kind and helpful, as was Juan Valdes, SJ.

  To you all, and to those who did not want to be mentioned, a warm creole abrazo of thanks.

  In Rome, I owe a big grazie to a friend, Father Michael Czerny, SJ, for his patient help and invaluable counsel; to María Lia Zerviño for her Bergoglio stories; to Paolo Rodari for clarifying the Curia; to Father Federico Lombardi and the staff of the Vatican press office; to Father Thomas Rosica of Salt & Light, as well as Marco Carroggio and the Santa Croce communications department; and not least to Greg Burke in the secretariat of state. I am in debt, as the text makes clear, to many tireless Vatican news gatherers and analysts who are always helpful when I am in Rome, among them John Allen, Cindy Wooden, Frank Rocca, Philip Pulella, Nicole Winfield, Andrea Tornielli, Robert Mickens, Gerard O’Connell, and Alessandro Speciale.

  In New York, my indefatigable agent Bill Barry opened the path to Henry Holt, where Steve Rubin, publisher, and Serena Jones, editor, run a writer’s dream team. In Washington, hearty thanks to George Weigel, Kathryn Lopez, and Paul Elie.

  And so to England, where warmest thanks go to Father James Hanvey, SJ, Master of Campion Hall, Oxford, for his suggestions, wise guidance, hospitality, and use of the library. Thanks also to the library staff of the Bodleian and the Latin-American Centre in Oxford. And special thanks to my colleagues and the board of Catholic Voices for bearing the extra burden my time away put on them, especially to Jack Valero, Kathleen Griffin, Eileen Cole, Christopher Morgan, and Isabel Errington. But my greatest debt is to my wife, Linda, who lovingly supplied me with everything I could possibly need, got me out of bed at dawn, kept me to deadlines, and once it was over put me on a ferocious diet. Neither she nor the dogs ever once complained about sharing our cottage for so long with an Argentine pope.

  Lastly, merci beaucoup and muchísimas gracias to my desk companions, Saint Thérèse of Lisieux and María Desatanudos, for the extra help only we know about.

  Oxfordshire, England

  July 2014

  INDEX

  The index that appears in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  Abbas, Mahmoud

  Abboud, Omar

  Abipone people

  abortion

  Abril y Castelló, Cardinal Santos

  absolutism

  Accaputo, Father Carlos

  Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See (APSA)

  adolescent progressivism

  Adrian, Pope

  Adur, Father Jorge

  Advocate

  African slaves

  Agosti, Brig. Orlando

  Aguer, Archbishop Héctor

  AIDS

  Albanesi, (victim of dirty war)

  Alberdi, Juan

  Albistur, Father Fernando

  Albisú, María Soledad

  Alcón, José Bonet

  Alemany, Jesús María

  Alfonsín, Raúl

  Alfonso, Brother

  Allen, John

  Allende, Father Joaquín

  Allende, Salvador

  Alliance government (1999)

  Amato, Cardinal Angelo

  Ambrogetti, Francesca

  America magazine

  American cardinals

  AMIA. See Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association

  Amnesty International

  amnesty laws

  Angelelli, Bishop Enrique

  murder of

  Anglican evangelicals

  Anglicans

  Antico, Gustavo

  anti-ideological principles. See also ideology

  anti-Semitism

  Anuario Pontificio (annual Vatican directory)

  Aparecida shrine

  Aparecida General Assembly (2007)

  CELAM document (2007)

  apostolic action, criteria for

  APSA. See Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See

  Apuesta por América Latina, Una (“Betting on Latin America,” Carraquiry)

  Aramburu, Cardinal Juan Carlos

  Aramburu, Gen. Pedro Eugenio

  Arancedo, Archbishop Jose María

  Araucanian people

  Argentina. See also specific leaders />
  church-state relations in

  coup of 1930

  coup of 1943

  coup of 1955

  coup of 1976

  early history of

  history of Jesuits in

  independence of 1810

  junta of 1976–83

  migration of Bergoglio family to

  uprising of 1956

  Argentine armed forces. See also dirty war; military junta; and specific individuals

  Bergoglio and

  dirty war and

  Falklands/Malvinas war and

  human-rights-abuse trials and

  Jesuit chaplains and

  officer rebellions of 1987

  Peronism banned by

  Argentine bishops

  Bergoglio and, as Jesuit provincial

  civil unions and

  junta and dirty war and

  liberationists and

  Menem and

  pastoral letters and crisis of 1954–55

  Perón and

  salaries paid by state

  Vatican II reforms resisted by

  Yorio group and

  Argentine Central Bank

  Argentine Congress

  Argentine Constitution

  Argentine elections

  1880

  1930s

  1946

  1952

  1958

  1973

  1983

  1989

  1996

  1997

  2003

  2005

  2006

  2007

  2011

  Peronism and

  Argentine intelligence service

  Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association (AMIA)

  Arroyo, Father Rodolfo

  Arrupe, Father Pedro

  Angelelli and

  Bergoglio as provincial and

  Bergoglio’s “filial homage” to

  contact with poor and

  Francis visits tomb of

  GC32 and ultras vs.

  Japan and

  Jesuit renewal led by

  John Paul II and

  “man for other” notion and

  retirement of

  Yorio and Jalics and

  Arturo Illia freeway

  priests’ hunger strike vs.

  Asian Church

  Astiz, Lt. Col. Alfredo (“Gustavo Niño”)

  atheists

  Augustine, Saint

  Autobiography (St. Ignatius)

  avant-gardism

  “Ave María” (Morricone)

  Avilés, Father

  Bajo Flores Jesuit community

  Baldisseri, Cardinal Lorenzo

  Ballestrino, Ana María

  Ballestrino, Mabel

  Ballestrino de Careaga, Esther

  Balthasar, Hans Urs Von

  Banco de Crédito Provincial (BCP)

  Bangert, William

  baptism of children born out of wedlock

  Bárbaro, Julio

  Barbich, José

  Barletta, Leónidas

  Barletti, Emilio

  Barmherzigkeit (La Misericordia, Kasper)

  Barriga, Father Claudio

  Bartholomew, Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople

  Baum, Cardinal William

  Bede, Venerable Saint

  Benedict, Saint

  Benedict XVI. See also Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph

  Anglicans and

  Bergoglio meets

  Caritas in Veritate and

  CELAM and

  election of

  evangelization and

  future funeral of

  leadership style of

  Light of the World interview with

  media and

  papal election rules and

  Regensburg speech by

  retirement of

  same-sex unions and

  sex abuse scandals and

  synod of 2005 and

  Vatican scandal and

  Vatican II and

  World Youth Day and

  Benei Tikva synagogue

  Benítez, Father Hernán

  Bergman, Ingmar

  Bergman, Rabbi Sergio

  Bergoglio, Alberto (brother)

  death of

  Bergoglio’s ordination and

  Bergoglio, Giovanni Angelo (grandfather)

  Bergoglio, Giovanni Lorenzo (great-uncle)

  Bergoglio, Jorge Mario. See also Catholic Church; Francis, Pope; Jesuits; and specific concepts; events; individuals; and institutions

  appointments of bishops by, as cardinal

  as archbishop

  Argentine bicentenary and new “country project”

  Argentine provincial appointment and

  audit of Buenos Aires archdiocesan finances

  austerity and low profile of, as cardinal

  auxiliary bishops and, as archbishop

  baptism of

  baptism of children born out of wedlock and

  Benedict XVI and

  bergoglismos and

  biographies of

  birth of

  as bishop

  as bishop, path to becoming

  as bishops’ conference president in 2005

  bishops’ synod of 2001 and

  bishops’ synod of 2005, on Eucharist and

  bishops’ synod of 2012, on “new evangelization”

  Borges and

  Buenos Aires nightclub fire and

  Buenos Aires poor districts favored by

  as cardinal

  as cardinal, appointment of

  Catholic Action and

  CELAM and, Aparecida

  CELAM and, bond with Quarracino

  CELAM and, Lima 50th anniversary

  CELAM and, Medellín

  CELAM and, Puebla

  CELAM and, Santo Domingo

  charismatic renewal and

  childhood of

  childhood priest, Don Enrico, and

  CIAS and opposition to

  civil society and Diálogo Argentino

  coadjutor archbishop appointment of, and right of succession

  coat of arms of

  Colegio Máximo and, as provincial

  collegiality and

  consistories of 2001 and

  consultor appointment

  corruption uncovered by, as archbishop

  on corruption vs. sin

  critique of power by

  death of brother Alberto and

  death of father and

  death of Father Pozzoli and

  death of grandmother Rosa and

  death of John Paul II and Mass for

  death of Kirchner and

  death of Perón and

  death of Quarracino and

  death of Sister Dolores Tortolo and

  Decree Four and

  dirty war and desaparecidos and

  on disenchanted Church

  early friendships of, as youth

  early Jesuits, as model for reform

  early jobs of

  early life of, and Argentine Church

  early religious vocation of

  economic crisis of 2001–2 and

  education of

  education of, at Colegio Máximo

  education of, at Salesian boarding school

  education of, at secondary school as chemist

  education of, at seminary in Villa Devoto

  Enlightenment rejected by

  evangelicals and

  evangelization of culture conference and

  exile in Córdoba, and desolation of

  Falklands war and

  family background of

  farm of, at Colegio Máximo

  feet-washing ceremonies and

  final vows of, as Jesuit

  final vows of, as priest

  First Communion

  first Mass of 1969

  gambling opposed by

  German sabbatical of 1986 and Guardini studies

  “God’s holy fai
thful people” phrase and

  Guardia de Hierro and

  health problems of, as young seminarian

  health problems of, Chinese medicine

  health problems of, damaged lung

  health problems of, gangrenous cholecystitis

  health problems of, sciatica

  human trafficking fought by

  Ignatian retreat for Spanish bishops of 2006 and

  influence of Esther Ballestrino de Careaga on

  influence of grandmother Rosa on

  influence of Sister Dolores on

  insertion communities closed by

  intense faith of, in school

  interreligious dialogue and

  interviews of

  Jalics’s reconciliation with

  Jesuit minor orders received in 1973

  Jesuit application by

  Jesuit formation of

  Jesuit formation reforms of, as provincial

  Jesuit formation reforms of, as rector at Máximo

  Jesuit GC32 and

  Jesuit GC33 and

  Jesuit juniorate of, in Chile

  Jesuit life left by, and estrangement of

  Jesuit mistrust of, on election as Pope

  as Jesuit novice in Córdoba

  as Jesuit novice master

  as Jesuit provincial

  Jesuit reform program of, as provincial

  Jesuit renewal post-Vatican II and

  Jesuits and decision to join

  Jesuits at Metropolitan Seminary and

  Jesuits close to, sent abroad in 1990

  Jesuit tertianship in Spain

  Jesuit vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience taken

  Jewish relations and

  John Paul II and

  Kirchner and

  Kolvenbach and

  languages and

  La Plata retreats of 1990

  on Latin-American Church as patria grande and source

  leadership style of, as cardinal and archbishop

  leadership style of, as provincial

  leadership style of, as rector at Máximo

  leadership style of, personal approach

  letter-writing and

  love of literature

  love of music

  love of soccer 17–18

  Manzoni’s influence on

  María Desatanudos and

  media and

  Menem and

  mercy as key principle of

  Methol Ferré and

  mission of, as “man for others”