Anonymous Soldiers

by Bruce Hoffman

  20. Niv (1975), 3:276–77, 4:17; Begin (1977a), 62, 77–87; DSO Intelligence Summary 44, June 1–30, 1943; Perlmutter (1987), 144; Sofer (1988), 63; Haber (1978), 99.

  21. Illegal Jewish Organisations, May 17, 1943, NA, FO 371/35034; PICME Paper 2, Nov. 8, 1944, NA, WO 169/15703; OSS Report 68179, March 30, 1944, RG 226, NARA; Pinkerton to Secretary of State, letter, Feb. 29, 1944, RG 165, box 3029, NARA; Niv (1975), 4:15; Perlmutter (1987), 141, 143, 145; Begin (1977a), 74.

  22. Markovitzki (2004), 68–69; Shindler (2010), 146; Perlmutter (1987), 141; Begin (1977a), 107; Pinkerton to Secretary of State, letter, Feb. 29, 1944, RG 59, 867N.00/661, NARA; Niv (1975), 3:277–81; Haber (1978), 104–7; Tavin and Alexander (1982), 259–62.

  23. PICME Intelligence Summary 21, Feb. 8, 1944, NA, PRO 169/15698; Niv (1975), 3:277, 4:11–12, 19–22; MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, Feb. 19, 1944; DSO Intelligence Summary 28, Feb. 1–29, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 397, col. 1430 (Emrys-Evans), March 1, 1944; SIME Intelligence Report 171, Feb. 1, 1944, NA, WO 208/1562; OSS, R&A Report 2612, Oct. 13, 1944, RG 226 097.3 Z1092, NARA; Samuel Katz (1968), 83.

  24. Niv (1975), 4:24; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 397, col. 1430, March 1, 1944.

  25. Pinkerton to Secretary of State, Feb. 29, 1944, RG 165, box 3029, NARA; Shindler (2010), 219.

  26. JICAME Report, April 12, 1944, RG 165, box 3025, Palestine 2710, NARA; Weekly Intelligence Review 37, Sept. 30, 1942, NA, WO 169/4334; Heller (1995a), 101, 103, 105, 107, 124; Brenner (1982), 118; CID, The Stern Group, May 4, 1942, 47/6, HA; Saunders to MacPherson, letter, June 18, 1942, CS 0/166/44, ISA; Third Infantry Division, intelligence review, Aug. 1946, NA, WO 275/57; Morton (1957), 149.

  27. Shamir (1994), 38–39, 41–42; instructions issued by Saunders, May 29, 1942, CS 0/166/44, ISA.

  28. JICAME Reports, March 4 and 23, 1944, RG 165, box 3031, Palestine 3810-4000, NARA; Palestine 2710, April 12, 1944, RG 165, box 3025, NARA; Shamir (1994), 38–44; Frank (1963), 124–25; Yalin-Mor (1974), 136–38; DSO Intelligence Summary 75, March 29, 1943, NA, WO 169/15851; Nov. 7 and 12, 1943, RG 226, box 31, folder 212, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; G-2 File Palestine 2710, Dec. 3, 1943, RG 165 Box 3025, NARA.

  29. DSO Monthly Intelligence Summary 22, Aug. 1–31, 1944, NA, WO 169/9029; JICAME Report, March 1944, RG 165, box 3028, Palestine 3700, NARA; OSS R&A Report 2717; Brenner (1982), 119–20; Heller (1995a), 91; Shamir (1994), 35–38; Yalin-Mor (1974), 138–39.

  30. DSO Monthly Intelligence Summary 28, Feb. 1–29, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; Frank (1963), 116–18, 155–57; Heller (1995a), 122; Morton (1957), 167–68.

  31. Heller (1995a), 104–5; interview with Professor Edward Ullendorff, Yarnton, England, Aug. 1987; Ullendorff (1988), 13, 117; Avriel (1975), 116–17; Bauer (1973), 244; Brenner (1982), 118; Frank (1963), 71, 110–11; Sherman (1997), 155–57; Wasserstein (1979), 143–57; DSO Intelligence Review 17, March 18, 1942, NA, WO 169/4334; J. S. Bennett and Sir A. Rucker, minutes, July 9, 1942, NA, FO 921/6; Bell (1977), 89–90.

  32. Feb. 6, 1944, RG 226, box 31, folder 212, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; OSS R&A Report 2717; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 397, col. 1430, March 1, 1944; Palestine Post, Feb. 8, 1944.

  33. SIME Intelligence Report 171; JICAME Report, April 12, 1944, Palestine 2710; McConnel to War Office, telegram, London, Feb. 23, 1944, NA, FO 371/40125; OSS R&A Report 2717; Military Attaché Report, March 18, 1944, RG 165, box 3025, Palestine 2340, NARA; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 397, cols. 1117–18 (Emrys-Evans), Feb. 25, 1944; Debates, House of Commons, cols. 1430–31, March 1, 1944.

  34. MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, Feb. 25, 1944, NA, FO 921/147; Pinkerton to Secretary of State, letter, Feb. 29, 1944, 867N.00/661; SIME Intelligence Report 171; DSO Monthly Summary 28, Feb. 1–29, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; OSS Report, March 2, 1944, RG 165, box 3035, Palestine 5940-5990, NARA; Esco (1947), 2:1040.

  35. Pinkerton to Secretary of State, letter, Feb. 29, 1944, 867N.00/661; JICAME Report, March 29, 1944, RG 226, 67296, NARA; Wadsworth to Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., letter, June 29, 1939, RG 165, box 3028, Palestine 3800, NARA; Palestine Police Force Secret Report 59/1809/3/G.S., containing MacMichael to Moyne, telegram, Oct. 16, 1941, MSS Medit. S20 (210), Catling Papers; SIME Summary 2, Dec. 5, 1941, NA, WO 208/1560; DSO Intelligence Review 10, Jan. 28, 1942, NA, WO 169/4334.

  36. MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, Feb. 25, 1944, NA, CO 733/456/75156/143/43; DSO Intelligence Summary 28, Feb. 1–29, 1944.

  37. MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, March 24, 1944, NA, FO 371/40125 E1958/17/31; JICAME Report, March 4, 1944, RG 165, box 3031, Palestine 3810-4000, NARA.

  38. OSS R&A Report 2717.

  39. Thurston Clarke (1981), 28; minute of interview, Feb. 28, 1944, S 25/28, CZA.

  40. Table of Contents, Rymer-Jones Papers; Cahill (2009), 65; Philip Jones (1979), 691; minute of interview, March 3, 1944, S 25/6202, CZA.

  41. Minute of interview, March 9, 1944, S 25/6202, CZA.

  42. OSS Report, Feb. 29, 1944, RG 165, box 3035, Palestine 5940–5990, NARA.

  43. Ibid.

  44. Palestine Post, March 23, 1944.

  45. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 398, cols. 2017–18 (Stanley), April 5, 1944; JICAME Report, April 12, 1944, RG 165, box 3025, Palestine 2710, NARA.

  46. JICAME Report, April 12, 1944; Niv (1975), 4:28–29; “Terrorist Outrage in Palestine” (n.d.), Cannings Papers, 2/2; Palestine Post, March 24 and 26, 1944.

  47. JICAME Report, April 12, 1944; Niv (1975), 4:26–28; “Terrorist Outrage in Palestine”; Palestine Post, March 24 and 26, 1944.

  48. JICAME Report, April 12, 1944; OSS Report, April 5, 1944, RG 165, box 3025, Palestine 2340, NARA.

  49. JICAME Report, April 12, 1944.

  50. PICME Summary 2, April 18, 1944, NA, WO 169/15699; Intelligence Notes 2, March 25, 1944, NA, WO 169/15911; OSS Report 67296, JICAME Report, March 29, 1944, RG 226, NARA.

  51. OSS Report, March 2, 1944, RG 165, box 3025, Palestine 6000-6770, NARA; Nov. 12, 1943, RG 226, box 31, entry 120, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA.

  52. JICAME Report, April 12, 1944; Rymer-Jones Papers, 129; McConnel, Situation in Palestine, Jan. 11, 1944, NA, WO 169/15849; U.S. Army Intelligence (G-2), March 29, 1944, RG 165, box 3025, Palestine 2710, NARA; Sinclair (2006a), 108; Joseph and Rymer-Jones, minute of interview, March 9, 1944, S 25/6202, CZA; OSS Report, March 2, 1944, RG 165, box 3036, Palestine 6000-6770, NARA; OSS Report 67284, April 17, 1944, RG 226, NARA; Nov. 12, 1943, RG 226, box 31, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA.

  53. Pinkerton to Secretary of State, telegram, March 28, 1944, RG 59, 867 N.00/663, NARA; JICAME Report, April 12, 1944.

  54. Begin (1977a), 63.

  55. OSS Report 67296, March 29, 1944, RG 226, NARA.

  56. C. W. Baxter (Colonial Office) to W. G. Hayter (British embassy, Washington, D.C.), letter, April 13, 1944, NA, FO 371/40125; JICAME Report, April 12, 1944; Palestine Post, March 26, 1944; Esco (1947), 2:1040; JICAME Report, April 4, 1944, RG 165, box 3029, Palestine 3800-5940, NARA; L. C. Pinkerton (consul general, Jerusalem) to Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., letter, March 31, 1944, RG 59 867N.00/671, NARA; minute of interview, March 27, 1944, S 25/28, CZA.

  57. JICAME Report, April 12, 1944; MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, March 24, 1944; MacMichael to Stanley, telegrams, April 26 and 27, 1944, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A pt. I; PICME Summary 1, April 4, 1944, NA, WO 169/15699; JICAME Report 3564, March 4, 1944, RG 218, NARA.

  58. Meeting at Colonial Office, March 30, 1944, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A; Churchill to Attlee and Eden, note, Jan. 12, 1944, NA, PREM 4 52/5; Gilbert (2007), 164, 167, 203; Makovsky (2007), 184–200; MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, April 27, 1944, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A pt. I; Bauer (1973), 321–22; Michael J. Cohen (1979), 359.

  59. Note on Stern Group/Revisionists, April 11, 1944, Z 4/15297, CZA; “Labour Leader Demands Outlawing of Terrorists,” Palestine Post, April 7, 1944. Identical criticism of the police had been made by Shertok at the above-mentioned meeting at the C
olonial Office on March 30 (see extract of meeting at Colonial Office, March 30, 1944, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A) and by the Jewish Agency in 1942 and 1943. A pamphlet published in January 1942 in connection with Stern Group violence, for instance, argued that it was “the authorities who do not execute their duty [to] put an end to this terror either from fear or from a desire to divide the Jewish population [and therefore] are accountable for the innocent blood being shed.” Quoted in DSO Intelligence Review 10, Jan. 28, 1942, NA, WO 169/4334; Weizmann to Martin, letter, April 12, 1944, NA, PREM 4/52/3; note on Stern Group/Revisionists, April 11, 1944; DSO Intelligence Summary 76, April 12, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; PICME Summary 4, May 16, 1944, NA, WO 169/15700; OSS R&A Report 2717; Pinkerton to Secretary of State, letter, Aug. 18, 1944, RG 59 867N.00/8-1844, NARA.

  60. McConnel to War Office, telegram, May 8, 1944, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A pt. I; SIME Security Summary 181, May 11, 1944, NA, WO 208/1562; McConnel to War Office, telegram, May 9, 1944, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A pt. I.

  61. Memorandum of conversation between Dr. Nahum Goldmann, Dr. Bernard Joseph, and Messrs. Murray, Merriam, and Wilson, Nov. 24, 1944, RG 59 867N.001/11–2442, NARA.

  62. Robert Scott (Chief Secretary’s Office, Jerusalem) to Bennett, letter, July 6, 1944, NA, FO 921/6.

  63. DSO Intelligence Summary 83, July 16, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; OSS Report 86556, July 20, 1944, RG 226, NARA; DSO Intelligence Summary 32, June 1–30, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; OSS Report L39462, June 30, 1944, RG 226, NARA.

  64. Office of the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC), Beirut, Lebanon, July 10, 1944, RG 226, box 3D, folder 6, entry 120, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; OSS Report 86556.

  65. CIC, Beirut, Lebanon, July 20, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 3, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Lieutenant Nicholas Andronovitch (military intelligence, liaison officer, American consulate, Jerusalem) to Assistant Chief of Staff (G-2 USAFIME), memorandum, July 21, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 3, NARA; MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, July 27, 1944, NA, FO 921/147; Palestine Post, April 18, 1944; OSS Report 67296.

  66. Begin (1977a), 121.

  CHAPTER 8: CONSCRIPTED FOR LIFE

  1. CIC, Beirut, Lebanon, July 10, 1944, RG 226, box 31, folder 6, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Lieutenant Nicholas Andronovitch to Major E. M. Wright (JICAME), letter, June 23, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, NARA.

  2. “Bergson Group”; Baumel (2005), 36–206; Lankin (1992) 64; Zaar (1954), 103–12.

  3. OSS R&A Report 2612, Oct. 13, 1944, RG 226, NARA; Palestine Statehood Committee Records, 1939–1949; Baumel (2005), 200–206; “Hillel Kook (a.k.a. Peter Bergson) (1915–2001).”

  4. April 2, 1944, RG 165, box 3031, Palestine 3810-4000, NARA; Baumel (2005), 17, 88–89; Hecht (1954), 523–37; Zaar (1954), 104.

  5. Berlin (1972), 9; Philip Jones (1979), 13; Eyres and Hankey, minutes, March 28 and 29 and April 4 and 6, 1944, NA, FO 371/40125.

  6. Pinkerton to Secretary of State, letter, March 30, 1944, RG 59 867N.00/668, NARA.

  7. Frank (1963), 154–55; Heller (1995a), 122–25; Marton (1994); 52; Shamir (1994), 86; Sofer (1988), 66.

  8. MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, March 26, 1944, NA, FO 921/153; JICAME Report, April 12, 1944.

  9. PICME Paper 2, Nov. 8, 1944, NA, WO 169/15703; Shaw to E. B. Boyd, letter, May 22, 1944, NA, CO 733/466/75969/1; OSS R&A Report 2717; OSS R&A Report 2612, Oct. 13, 1944; Palestine Post, March 26, 1944.

  10. OSS Report 67296; OSS R&A Report 2717; Heller (1995a), 131–32; Frank (1963), 35, 130–31; Brenner (1982), 133.

  11. Heller (1995a), 122, 132–33; Yalin-Mor (1974), 189–93; Frank (1963), 131, 161–64; June 20, 1944, RG 226, box 31, folder 6, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA.

  12. European Unit, MID Branch, Subject, March 30, 1944, RG 165, box 3025, NARA; Hull to Kirk, telegram, April 5, 1944, in FRUS, 1944, Vol. 5 (1965), 867N.01/2299; Frank (1963), 123; Yalin-Mor (1974), 190–94.

  13. Yalin-Mor (1974), 190–94.

  14. Ibid.; Ben-Gurion to MacMichael, letter, Aug. 9, 1944, S 25/6828, CZA; OSS R&A Report 2717; Bell (1977), 90–91; Frank (1963), 161–69.

  15. Aug. 10 and 24, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Andronovitch to Assistant Chief of Staff, reports, Aug. 17 and 18, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, NARA; OSS Report 92897, Sept. 18, 1944, RG 226, NARA; MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, Aug. 12, 1944, NA, CO 733/457/75156/151 C.

  16. OSS Report, Feb. 14, 1944, RG 165, box 3030, NARA; MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, April 26, 1944, NA, FO 921/147; PICME Paper 41, Sept. 2, 1944, NA, WO 169/15703; Boyd, minute, Feb. 21, 1944, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151A pt. 1; DSO Intelligence Summary 31, May 1–31, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; SIME Intelligence Summary 185, June 7, 1944, NA, WO 208/1562; DSO Intelligence Summary 34, Aug. 1–31, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; Pinkerton to Gordon Merriam (chief, Division of Near Eastern Affairs, Department of State, Washington, D.C.), letter, Sept. 29, 1944, RG 59 867N.00/9-Part 2944, NARA; Oct. 6, 1944, RG 226, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; JICAME Report, Feb. 14, 1944, RG 165, box 3030, NARA; DSO Intelligence Summary 83, July 16, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; PICME Summary 11, Aug. 22, 1944, NA, WO 169/15702.

  17. MacMichael to Stanley, telegram, Aug. 29, 1944, NA, CO 733/457/75156/151C; PICME Paper 41, Sept. 2, 1944, NA, FO 921/147; copy of paper prepared for HM King Farouk, Aug. 1, 1944, NA, FO 141/981 727/18/44; King Abdullah to Tewfiq Pasha, letter, Aug. 11, 1944, NA, CO 733/461/75872/18A.

  18. Second World War (1972), 9–10; Sykes (1965), 301, 304; Reich (1996), 357; James (1967), 396; Moyne to Foreign Office, telegram, Aug. 18, 1944, NA, CO 733/457/75156/151D.

  19. MacMichael to Stanley, letter, Aug. 21, 1944, NA, CO 733/457/75156/151 C; Aug. 22 and 24, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 6, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; John R. Appleton (SACI-CIC Levant) to Chief (CIC, USAFIME, Cairo), Sept. 8, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 6, NARA; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 403, cols. 226–27 (Stanley), Sept. 27, 1944; Palestine Post, Sept. 29, 1944; PICME Intelligence Summary 11, Aug. 22, 1944, NA, WO 169/15702.

  20. Moyne to Stanley, telegram, Aug. 26, 1944, NA, FO 921/153.

  21. Brigadier Sir Iltyd Clayton (adviser on Arab affairs, Minister Resident’s Office, Cairo), memorandum, Nov. 14, 1944, NA, FO 141/1001 1546/12/44G; C. G. Eastwood, minute, Aug. 29, 1944, NA, CO 733/457/75156/151 D; DSO Intelligence Summary 34, Aug. 1–31, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851; PICME Intelligence Summary 12, Sept. 5, 1944, NA, WO 169/15703; Aug. 22 and 18, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Who’s Who of Palestine, 147; Aug. 17, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; OSS Report 92746, Pinkerton to Secretary of State, letter, Aug. 18, 1944, RG 226, NARA; Carl Devoe (chief, Labor Section) to S. B. L. Penrose Jr. (chief SI), letter, Sept. 16, 1944, RG 226, box 73, NARA.

  22. Andronovitch to Assistant Chief of Staff, Oct. 7, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; DSO Intelligence Summary 34, Aug. 1–31, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851.

  23. Rymer-Jones Papers, 114, 134; Palestine Post, Aug. 30 and Sept. 1, 1944; Andronovitch to Assistant Chief of Staff, Sept. 1, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA.

  24. Rymer-Jones Papers, 129, 135; Major E. M. Wright, report, March 29, 1944, RG 165, G-2, box 3025, NARA; OSS Report L45127, Aug. 31, 1944, RG 226, NARA; Martin (2007), 153; Liddell Diary, vol. 11, Sept. 7 and 8, 1944, 30, 37–38, NA, KV 4/195; Wagner (2010), 45, 48; Kollek (1978), 38.

  25. DSO Intelligence Summary 35, Sept. 1–30, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851.

  26. Edward Horne (1982), 513–17, 596; Colonial Office, memorandum, Sept. 15, 1944, NA, CO 733/75015/55B/44; Rymer-Jones Papers, 124; OSS Report 67284, April 17, 1944, RG 226, NARA; Sinclair (2006b), 55–56; Begin (1977a), 117–19.

  27. Shaw to Stanley, telegram, Sept. 2, 1944, NA, CO 733/477/75156/151C; PICME Intelligence Summary 13, Sept. 19, 1944, NA, WO 169/15703; Oct. 24, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA.

  28. DSO Intelligence Summary 35, Sept. 1–30, 1944, NA, WO 169/15851. />
  29. Ibid.; Palestine Post, Sept. 29, 1944.

  30. Morton (1957), 118, 152–53, 173; DSO Intelligence Summary 35; Oct. 6, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; OSS R&A Report 2717; Palestine Post, Oct. 1, 1944; Bell (1977), 99; Thurston Clarke (1981), 26.

  31. Oct. 6, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA.

  32. Thurston Clarke (1981), 25, 27–28.

  33. Ibid.; Philip Jones (1979), 115; “Collection Level Description: Papers of Sir John Valentine W. Shaw”; Rymer-Jones Papers, 132.

  34. Shaw to Stanley, telegram, Sept. 29, 1944, NA, CO 733/457/75156/151 F pt. 1.

  35. Hankey, minute, Oct. 5, 1944, NA, FO 371/40127; Shaw to Stanley, telegram, Sept. 29, 1944, NA, CO 733/457/75156/151 F pt. 1; Oct. 24, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; William Boyd, minute, April 4, 1944, NA, CO 733/466/75969/1; General Sir Bernard Paget (commander in chief Middle East) to War Office, telegram, Oct. 3, 1944, NA, CO 733/466/75969/1; Sept. 15, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Stanley to Shaw, Oct. 5, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, NARA.

  36. WP (44) 559, Oct. 7, 1944, NA, CAB 66/56/9; WM 134 (44), Oct. 9, 1944, NA, CAB 65/44; Oct. 24, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; OSS Report L51004, Dec. 24, 1944, RG 218, NARA.

  37. Oct. 24, 1944, RG 226, box 32, folder 2, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA.

  38. Shaw to Stanley, telegram, Oct. 2, 1944, NA, WO 208/1705.

  39. Ibid.; Stanley to Shaw, telegram, Oct. 13, 1944, NA, FO 921/153; Shaw to Stanley, telegram, Oct. 18, 1944, NA, FO 371/40127 E6485/17/31.

  40. PICME Fortnightly Summary 15, Oct. 17, 1944, NA, WO 169/15703; Palestine Post, Oct. 12, 1944.

  41. Gilbert (2007), 164, 167, 203, 222; Vera Weizmann (1967), 194; Gilbert (1986), 744; Berlin (1972), 23, 37, 53, 57, 63; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 347, cols. 2168–69, May 23, 1939; Makovsky (2007), 184–85, 191, 200, 202–10; Ignatieff (1998), 118–19; Michael J. Cohen (1978), 162; WP (43) 178, April 28, 1943, NA, CAB 66/36.