Brotherhood of the Bomb

by Gregg Herken

  and suspicion of Oppenheimer

  visit to Los Alamos

  LaPlante, Bryan

  Latimer, Wendell

  and Oppenheimer hearing

  Lawrence, Carl

  Lawrence, Ernest Orlando

  advice to keep out of politics

  and army contracts

  and atomic bomb test

  background

  bomb project

  cable from Oppenheimer (1945)

  Calutrons

  civilian atomic power reactors

  and control of atom

  cyclotrons

  death of

  and disarmament panels

  and East Coast Rad Lab

  effect of Oppenheimer hearing on

  electromagnetic separation

  fear of radiation

  fund-raising

  health problems

  hired Frank Oppenheimer

  and Hiroshima bombing

  honorary membership in Soviet Academy of Sciences

  and inspection system

  invited Kurchatov to Rad Lab

  and Kamen firing

  letter of recommendation for Frank Oppenheimer

  at Livermore

  and Los Alamos lab

  and loyalty oath controversy at Berkeley

  MTA

  Nobel prize

  Oppenheimer and

  and Oppenheimer hearing

  and Oppenheimer reinvestigation

  optimism

  personal characteristics

  picture tube for color television

  portrait and bust of

  postwar research

  Rad Lab

  and radiological warfare

  recommendation for Oppenheimer

  relationship with brother

  scientific standing of

  and second lab

  security issues

  and Soviet bomb

  Soviet interest in

  and success of tests

  and the Super

  and test ban

  and test-ban talks

  tritium-producing reactors

  ulcerative colitis

  and use of atomic bomb

  and war effort

  Wheeler award

  Lawrence, John

  medical physics clinic

  Lawrence, Molly Blumer

  LeBaron, Robert

  Lehmann, Lloyd

  Lewis, Gilbert

  Lewis, W. K.

  Lewis, Warren

  Lewis Committee

  Libby, Willard

  Lilienthal, David

  AEC

  exoneration of

  and Fuchs spy scandal

  at GAC meeting on Super

  information requested on

  and Oppenheimer

  on Oppenheimer

  and Oppenheimer’s clearance

  and Oppenheimer’s reinvestigation

  and radiological warfare

  and Soviet bomb

  and the Super

  Limited Test-ban Treaty (1963)

  Linac

  linear implosion

  Little Boy

  “Little Edward”

  Livermore laboratory

  and clean bomb

  first H-bomb test

  Lawrence at

  miniature warhead (W-47)

  problems at

  rivalry with Los Alamos

  shifting focus from weapons work

  site for second lab

  Steering Committee

  super bombs

  and test ban

  Livingston, Stanley

  Lofgren, Edward

  Lomanitz, Giovanni Rossi

  drafted

  feared “framed” for his politics

  and Oppenheimer hearing

  Oppenheimer meeting with

  and spy hearings

  surveillance of

  Long, Earl

  Long-Range Detection Program

  Loomis, Alfred

  Loomis fund

  Loomis Institute for Scientific Research

  Los Alamos laboratory

  administration of

  AEC and

  army contracts

  clean bombs

  Communists at

  contract for Atlas warhead

  cyclotroneers at

  enriched uranium shipped to

  H-bomb program

  and inspection system

  new weapons

  Oppenheimer director of

  Physics Division

  postwar administration of

  rivalry with Livermore

  scientific autonomy for

  and second nuclear weapons lab

  spies at

  and the Super

  “Super Handbook”

  Teller leaving

  Teller’s return to

  and test ban

  Theoretical Division

  Weapons Division

  weapons program/research

  “Los Alamos University”

  Lovett, Robert

  loyalty hearings

  loyalty oath

  see also Berkeley, loyalty oath controversy at

  Luce, Henry

  McCarthy, Joseph

  McCloy, John

  McCone, John

  McCormack, James

  McMahon, Brien

  death of

  and Fuchs spy scandal

  illness

  inevitability of war with Russians

  Joint Committee meeting on Super

  and MTA

  and second nuclear weapons lab

  and Soviet bomb

  and the Super

  McMahon Act

  McMillan, Edwin

  and atomic bomb test

  East Coast Rad Lab

  at Los Alamos

  phase stability

  Synchrotron

  war work

  Manhattan Engineer District (MED)

  Manhattan Project

  Lawrence and

  Oppenheimer’s grad students with

  personnel security records

  production facilities

  security and counterintelligence

  Soviet agents/spies in

  technical history of

  wartime clearances

  Manley, John

  resigned from GAC

  Mansfield, Ken

  Mark, Carson

  Mark I (MTA)

  Mark II (MTA)

  Marks, Herbert

  Marshall, George

  mass spectograph

  Russian interest in

  Materials Testing Accelerator (MTA)

  M.A.U.D. committee

  M.A.U.D. report

  May, Alan Nunn

  May, Kenneth

  May-Johnson bill

  Mayer, Maria Göppert

  opacity calculations

  mesons

  Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab)

  secrets of, passed to Moscow

  Mike (test)

  Mikhailov, Pavel (Molière)

  Military Liaison Committee (MLC)

  Military Policy Committee

  Miller, James Walter (Vague)

  Millikin, Eugene

  Mills, Mark

  missile defense

  missile defense shield (proposed)

  MIT

  radar lab

  Mitchell, William

  Molotov, Vyacheslav

  Morgan, Thomas

  Morse, Jack

  motion picture industry

  Communist infiltration of

  Mulliken, Robert

  Murray, James

  Murray, Philip

  Murray, Thomas E.

  and clean bomb

  and FBI investigation of Oppenheimer

  on Mike

  and second lab

  and superbomb

  and test-ban proposal

  and verdict in Oppenheimer hearing

  Murphy, Charles

  Nagasakir />
  National Academy of Sciences

  National Defense Research Committee (NDRC)

  National Research Council

  National Security Council (NSC)

  Nelson, Eldred

  Nelson, Steve (Stefan Mesarosh)

  death of

  investigation of

  spy charges against

  surveillance of

  neptunium

  neutron bomb

  neutrons

  Nevada Test Site

  Neylan, John Francis

  and loyalty oath

  oversight committee for Los Alamos

  resignation from regents

  Nichols, Kenneth

  and case against Oppenheimer

  and hydrogen bomb

  and Oppenheimer hearing

  and the Super

  Nichols, Louis

  Nier, Alfred

  Nixon, Richard

  NKVD/KGB

  and American Communists

  Nobel prize

  Norstad, Lauris

  nuclear arms race

  nuclear arsenals

  nuclear energy

  nuclear explosions

  nuclear freeze movement

  nuclear power plants

  nuclear standstill

  nuclear weapons

  morality of use of

  openness about

  second lab for

  tactical

  see also Livermore

  nuclear weapons policy

  nuclear weapons program

  Oak Ridge, Tennessee

  chemical processing plant

  cyclotroneers at

  gaseous diffusion plant

  U-235 production

  Office of Defense Mobilization

  Science Advisory Committee

  Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)

  Office of Strategic Services (OSS)

  Office of War Information (OWI)

  Oliphant, Marc

  Olive (test)

  opacity calculations

  Operation Argus

  “Operation Candor”

  Operation Castle

  Operation Crossroads

  Operation Greenhouse

  Operation Hardtack

  Operation Ivy

  Operation Redwing

  Oppenheimer, Frank

  and atomic bomb test

  banished from Rad Lab

  and Chevalier incident

  espionage

  Exploratorium

  FBI investigation of

  helping with Calutrons

  HUAC hearings

  at Los Alamos

  in Oppenheimer testimony

  politics of

  relationship with Oppenheimer

  security clearance

  wiretaps and mail cover on

  Oppenheimer, Jacquenette Quann (“Jackie”)

  Oppenheimer, Kathryn Puening (“Kitty”)

  Oppenheimer, Robert

  and AEC

  alleged Communist Party membership

  alleged delayed H-bomb

  alleged involvement in spy plot

  attacks on

  and bomb project

  Borden’s campaign against

  cable to Lawrence on Trinity test

  and Chevalier incident/investigation

  and control of atomic energy

  death of

  director, Los Alamos

  fame

  FBI and

  FBI file

  friends of

  and Fuchs spy scandal

  on GAC

  GAC meeting on Super

  HUAC hearings

  investigation of

  Joint Committee hearings

  knowledge of Soviet approaches to scientists

  and Lawrence

  leftwandering

  loyalty questioned

  new charges against

  personal characteristics

  political activism

  postwar disaffection

  postwar plans

  and postwar research

  reaction to success of atomic bomb

  recruiting physics students

  recipient of Enrico Fermi medal

  reinvestigation of

  relationship with brother

  and second lab

  security clearance

  security clearance stripped

  security file

  as security risk

  seminar on bomb physics (1942)

  and Soviet bomb

  and Soviet nuclear threat

  and Soviet recruitment efforts

  and Strauss

  and the Super

  surveillance of

  under suspicion

  and use of atomic bomb

  values of

  and verdict of hearing

  Oppenheimer hearing

  repercussions of

  transcript of

  verdict

  Osborn, Frederick

  Pan American Scientific Conference (1960)

  “Panel on Long-Range Objectives (1948)”

  Panofsky, Wolfgang (“Pief”)

  Parsons, William “Deke”

  particle accelerators

  Pash, Boris

  Oppenheimer and

  and Project Alsos

  Patterson, Robert

  Pearl Harbor, attack on

  Pearson, Drew

  Peierls, Rudolf

  Pentagon

  and disarmament

  Joint Research and Development Board

  and radiological warfare

  and second lab

  and standstill idea

  Teller’s briefing on H-bomb

  Persian Gulf War (1991)

  Pervukhin, Mikhail

  Peters, Bernard

  phase stability (cyclotrons)

  Phelps Dodge Corporation

  Phillips, Melba

  physicists

  experimentalists

  letter to Roosevelt

  theoretical

  physics

  cyclotron

  high-energy

  particle

  theoretical

  Pieper, N. J. L. “Nat”

  Pike, Sumner

  Pinon (test)

  Pinsky, Paul

  Pitzer, Kenneth

  and Oppenheimer hearing

  plutonium

  critical mass

  denaturing

  production of

  reactor-produced

  Russian interest in

  shipped to Los Alamos

  spontaneous fission possibility

  in superbomb

  plutonium bomb

  Polaris missile

  see also W-47

  President’s Science Advisory Committee (PSAC)

  Presidio

  Investigations Division

  Project Alpine

  Project Alsos

  Project Lexington

  Project Vista

  Project Whitney

  Rabi, Isidor

  on GAC

  and Oppenheimer hearing

  opposition to Bevatron

  plans for missile shield

  proposed deal for Oppenheimer

  and second lab

  and the Super

  racetracks

  radar

  radiation

  biological effects of

  created in atomic bomb

  see also fallout; opacity calculations

  radiation implosion

  Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab)

  alumni recalled for war effort

  army contracts/projects at

  basic research

  on black list

  bomb project at

  budget

  Calutrons

  Communists with connections to

  cooling of political passion at

  cyclotroneers returning to

  East Coast (MIT)

  FAECT local at

  file o
n employees of questionable loyalty

  Frank Oppenheimer at

  funding for

  Lawrence director of

  Lewis Committee tour of

  Livermore outgrew

  location of

  and loyalty oath

  mass spectograph

  and medical research

  military project at

  MTA

  official history of

  Oppenheimer and

  plutonium production

  postwar

  problems for, in FBI proceedings

  radioactivity, concern with

  Russian knowledge of

  security issues

  in Soviet espionage

  Soviet physicists touring

  spy hearings

  suspect scientists fired from

  transition from army to AEC

  uranium experiments

  uranium metal (stockpile)

  Veksler invited to visit

  war work at

  workforce reduction

  radiation sickness

  Radin, Max

  Radin, Paul

  radioactivity

  induced (artificial)

  radiological warfare (rad war)

  radioisotopes

  medical uses of

  Ramrod

  Ramsey, Norman

  Reagan, Ronald

  Report to Our Colleagues

  Reynolds, Wallace

  Rickover, Hyman

  Robb, Roger

  Rockefeller Foundation

  Rolander, Arthur

  Roosevelt, Franklin D.

  physicists’ letter to

  Rosen, Arthur

  Rowe, Hartley

  Ruben, Sam

  Russell, Louis

  Ruth (test)

  Rutherford, Lord

  S-1 Committee

  S-1 Project

  “Sausage, the”

  Schneiderman, William

  Scientific Panel (Interim Committee)

  Seaborg, Glenn

  on GAC

  radiochemistry lab at Berkeley

  and the Super

  Second World War

  effect on Berkeley

  scientists and

  security

  AEC

  atomic secrets

  Berkeley

  bomb project

  Manhattan Project

  Oppenheimer’s politics and

  Rad Lab

  S-1 Project

  Y-12

  Segré, Emilio

  Semenov, Nicholai

  Serber, Charlotte

  Serber, Robert

  and atomic bomb test

  at GAC meeting on Super

  leaves Berkeley

  at Los Alamos

  loyalty hearing

  and MTA

  and new lab

  postwar work

  and the Super

  Sewell, Duane

  Site X

  Site Y

  Sloan, David

  Smith, Cyril

  Smyth, Henry DeWolf

  electromagnetic separation (Isotron)

  technical history of Manhattan Project (Smyth Report)

  and Oppenheimer hearing

  and the Super

  Solvay Congress

  Somervell, Brehon

  Souers, Sidney

  Soviet Academy of Sciences

  Soviet Union

  arms race

  atomic bomb

  bomb tests

  consulates used for spying

  and control of atomic energy

  espionage

  German invasion of

  information passed to

  and inspection plan

  learning of bomb project

  nuclear capabilities

  nuclear testing