Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution

by Nathaniel Philbrick

as surgeon general, 244

  Clarke, John, 222

  Clarke parsonage, 112, 119, 122, 324n

  Clarke, Rev. Jonas, 120, 325n

  Clinton, Henry, 189–91, 199–200, 203, 206, 234, 266, 271, 338n, 340n

  Cobble Hill, 63–64, 254, 258, 275–76, 279, 353n

  Coercive Acts, 53, 55, 57–58, 74–75, 95, 120

  Coffin, Nathaniel, Sr., 304n

  comet, 8, 304n

  commissions

  and British army, 192, 201, 238–39

  of loyalists, 60

  and provincial army, 39, 192–93, 243–45

  Committee of Correspondence

  and “Boston Declaration,” 35–36

  and boycott of British goods, 37, 41–42, 44

  correspondence of, 34–36, 52, 54

  and Gage’s actions, 79, 84, 103

  leaders of, 34, 66–67

  meetings of, 58, 69, 103, 310n

  members of, 34, 39, 53, 72, 82, 316n

  and Solemn League and Covenant, 47–49

  Committee of Donations, 52, 54

  Committee of Safety, 109–10, 118–19, 121, 123, 126, 150, 176, 331n, 334n

  and Battle of Bunker Hill, 195, 198, 204, 208, 215, 337n, 338n, 339n, 342n

  and Battle Road, 154

  duties of, 88, 104, 204

  and Fort Ticonderoga, 173–74

  headquarters of, 175, 195

  leaders of, 191–92, 236, 336n

  meets in Cambridge, 163–64, 166, 175

  and provincial army, 164, 179–80

  Committee of Supplies, 204

  Conciliatory Proposition, 95

  Concord, Mass., 62, 75, 81, 88, 91, 96, 109, 111, 113

  battle at North Bridge, 133–47, 151, 160, 162, 326n, 327n, 342n, 343n

  and Battle Road, 152–54

  British expedition to, 114–19, 122–24, 129–30

  liberty pole of, 133–35, 139

  militia of, 134–36, 141–42

  war begins at, 140–43, 145, 189

  Concord fight, 132–47, 163, 168, 171, 188–89, 206, 323n

  Concord Hill, 148, 153, 328n

  Concord River, 133–34, 137, 139–41, 144

  Congregational Church, 11, 19, 53, 169

  Connecticut, 57, 167, 214, 241, 243, 253, 266, 288

  delegates of, 74

  and gunpowder, 204

  militia/army of, 65, 165, 197, 208, 211, 223, 259–60, 268

  supports Massachusetts, 52, 173–75

  Continental army, 214, 236, 249, 258

  ammunition/artillery for, 268–72

  and cowardice, 277–78

  devoid of Bostonians, 289

  and free African Americans, 251, 262–63

  generals/officers of, 262, 270–74

  and the King’s Speech, 264–65

  and reenlistment crisis, 267, 271–72

  winter mobility of, 259, 266, 271–72

  Continental Congress. See First Continental Congress; Second Continental Congress

  Cooper, Rev. Samuel, 33, 46, 96, 100, 111, 308n, 321n

  Cooper, William, 42, 96

  Cooper’s Tavern, 153, 158

  Copley, John Singleton, 22–23, 37, 46–47, 68, 306n

  Copp’s Hill, 14, 15, 21, 168, 196, 198, 202, 206, 210, 217, 254, 340n

  Cornhill, 19, 97, 320n, 321n, 339n

  council of war, 195, 250–51, 267, 271–75, 277, 282

  county conventions, 74–75, 77, 79

  couriers/messengers, 54, 75, 204, 322n. See also Revere, Paul

  courts-martial, 243–44, 251–53, 257

  Crafts, Thomas, 271, 290

  Crocker, Hannah Mather, 87–88

  Cromwell, Oliver, 178–79

  Cromwell’s Head Tavern, 56, 312n

  Cushing, Thomas, 48, 55–56, 104

  customs/customs officers, 7, 14, 16–19, 21, 68, 70, 247, 256, 284, 303–4n, 315n

  Daily Atlas, 292

  Danforth, Samuel, 69, 72, 314–15n

  Danvers, Mass., 40, 58–59, 76, 156–57

  Dartmouth, 9

  Dartmouth, Lord, 23, 72, 94, 259

  and account of Concord/Lexington, 188–89

  Gage reports to, 31, 49, 59, 80, 85, 316n

  orders of, 104, 114–15

  and Port Act, 31

  Davis, Ezekiel, 141–42

  Davis, Isaac, 137–43, 147, 327n

  Davis, William, 276

  Dawes, William, 78, 118–19, 123

  Deane, Silas, 74

  Dearborn, Henry, 212, 218, 222, 227

  Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker’s Hill (Trumbull), 294

  DeBerniere, Henry, 135, 148

  Declaration of Independence, 5, 290, 294–95, 349n

  Dedham, Mass., 101–2, 112, 177, 215–16, 340n

  Deming, Sarah Winslow, 161–62, 164, 169, 331n

  Derby, John, 171–72, 188

  desertion

  in British army, 50, 80, 311n

  in British navy, 258

  in provincial army, 202, 205

  Devens, Richard, 205, 338n

  Diana, 170, 184–86, 207, 217, 265

  Dinwiddie, Gov. Robert, 239

  Ditson, Thomas, 99, 145, 319n

  Dock Square, 11, 15, 31, 183

  Doolittle, Amos, 323n, 325n, 327n

  Doolittle, Ephraim, 86

  Dorchester Heights, 12, 14, 15, 63, 191, 195, 204, 234, 251, 254, 272–83, 287, 354n, 355n

  drummers. See fifers and drummers

  Dunbar, Jesse, 84–85

  dysentery, 243, 255

  East India Company tea, 3–4, 8–9, 11, 37, 52

  Edwards, Rev. Jonathan, 59

  Edwards, Sally, 101–3, 112, 177, 191–92, 216, 319n, 320n, 340n

  Eliot, John, 181, 235

  Eliot, Rev. Andrew, 169–70, 181, 206, 332n

  Eliot, Samuel, 48–49

  Emerson, Rev. William, 133–34, 142, 144, 241, 243, 327n

  English

  Civil War, 42, 137, 341n

  patronage system, 193

  political system, 94

  Revolution, 4–5, 178

  settlers, 18, 61, 120, 137

  Enlightenment, 20, 32, 34, 289

  entrenching tools, 205–6, 214

  Estabrook, Benjamin, 121

  Estabrook, Prince, 121, 128

  Eustis, William, 68, 110, 150, 314n, 320n, 328n, 340n

  Evacuation Day, 285

  Fairfax, Sally, 239

  Falcon, 196, 203

  Falmouth (Portland, Maine), 16, 257, 349n

  Faneuil Hall, 15, 31–32, 36, 39, 48, 103, 168, 256, 259, 265–66

  farmers, 41, 70, 77, 120, 126, 142, 165, 197, 208, 241–42, 289, 309n

  Farnsworth, Amos, 179, 185–86, 199, 334n, 337n

  Faulkner, Francis, 151–52

  fieldpieces, 76, 78, 88, 154, 197, 205–6, 209–11, 218, 223. See also artillery

  fifers and drummers, 124, 128, 132, 138, 146, 149, 289

  fire boats, 170

  firefighters, 17, 292, 305n

  First Continental Congress, 47, 75, 96, 110, 247, 253

  and African Americans, 351n

  and army/militia, 181, 236, 241–42, 267

  and civil government, 178, 181, 236

  delegates of, 44–46, 55, 74, 82, 130, 294, 309n, 312n

  grants commissions, 243–44

  issues paper currency, 250

  militant start of, 76

  replaces Gridley, 270

  resolves of, 82–83, 85

  and Samuel Adams, 73–74, 130

  and Washington, 237, 241, 250–51, 261–63, 274, 3
51n

  First Meeting, 15, 40

  fishery/fishermen, 95, 246, 256, 313n

  flags, 30, 137, 192, 264–65, 283, 317n, 326n, 351n

  flank guards, 145–48, 153, 156, 158, 160, 209

  fleches, 223, 225

  Flucker, Lucy. See Knox, Lucy Flucker

  Flucker, Thomas, 38, 68, 89, 246, 255

  Forbes, John, 239

  Ford, John, 147–48, 223

  Fort Duquesne, 238–39

  Fort George, 268–70

  Fort Ticonderoga, 26–27, 173–74, 190, 245, 268–69, 271, 276, 332n

  Fort William and Mary, 84, 99, 140, 316n, 317n

  fortifications, 248, 265

  abatis lines of, 264, 277

  of Boston, 10, 78, 82, 86, 177, 183, 249–50, 254, 351n

  at Boston Neck, 15, 76–77, 93, 164, 317n

  on Breed’s Hill, 118, 197–205, 209, 224

  on Bunker Hill, 213–14, 286

  at the Castle, 30, 286–87

  components of, 199, 273, 275–77, 280, 353n

  on Dorchester Heights, 275–76, 280, 282–83

  at Lechmere Point, 271–72, 274

  Foster, Edmund, 146

  Foster, Gideon, 156

  Framingham, Mass., 93, 159, 268–69

  France, 5, 221, 238–39, 289. See also French and Indian War

  Francis, 284

  Franklin, Benjamin, 23, 28–29, 36, 53, 64, 93–96, 111, 158, 171, 251, 314n, 315n

  freedom, 20, 23, 35, 111, 120–21, 293, 324n

  French and Indian War, 38, 60, 194, 315n

  and British soldiers, 61, 132, 190, 212, 239

  and colonial soldiers, 61, 78, 229

  history of, 6, 26–27, 239

  veterans of, 16, 56–57, 67, 70, 85, 120, 134, 154–55, 164–65, 180, 201, 205, 212, 274, 329n

  Washington’s role in, 238–39

  and “Yankee Doodle,” 149

  Furbush, Charles, 147–48

  Gage, Margaret Kemble, 27, 30, 50, 86–87, 117, 234–35, 253, 317n, 322n, 345n

  Gage, Thomas, 29, 60, 109, 162, 164, 237, 250, 311n

  account of Lexington/Concord, 168, 171, 188–89

  army of, 49–51, 73, 79–80, 85–86, 170, 249

  background/family of, 26–28, 38, 50, 86–87, 238, 322n

  and Battle of Bunker Hill, 195, 197–98, 200, 203–4, 216, 233–35

  and Coercive Acts, 57–58

  criticism of, 86–87, 189–90, 317n

  description of, 318n, 333n

  dismisses General Court, 46, 75

  fortifies Boston, 76–80, 82

  and gunpowder supplies, 62, 65, 71–72, 84

  issues martial law, 190

  leads Concord expedition, 115–19, 122–23, 129, 321n, 322n

  and Mass. Government Act, 52–53

  and Massacre Day Oration, 96, 99

  misleads Bostonians, 168–69, 175, 177

  as new governor, 26–27, 30–31, 37–40

  and patriots, 49, 111–12, 121

  and provincial army, 163–64, 166–67, 174–75, 320n

  replacement of, 253, 255–56, 258

  reports to Lord Dartmouth, 31, 49, 59, 80, 85, 316n

  sends regulars to countryside, 102–5

  sends regulars to Lexington, 148–49

  sends sloops to Grape Island, 183

  uses spies, 90–93, 101, 105, 113, 115–16, 135, 173, 176, 180, 182, 192, 318n, 321n

  gallows, 15, 20–21

  Gaspée, 140

  Gates, Horatio, 242, 250, 272–73, 277

  General Court, 24, 35, 38–41, 44–46, 75, 81, 164, 236, 247, 253, 288

  George III, King, 25, 41, 50, 52, 60, 94, 103, 190, 252

  1775 speech of, 264–65

  independence from, 262

  and crisis in colonies, 112–15

  loyalty to, 29

  confidence in, 112

  royal authority ends, 291

  and war with colonies, 216, 257, 264, 321n

  Gerry, Elbridge, 123, 150, 173, 215, 339n

  Gibbon, Edward, 188

  Glasgow, 184, 196, 203

  Gordon, Rev. William, 119, 130, 142, 147, 150, 162, 260, 266, 272–73, 280–81, 322n, 323n, 327n, 328n, 354n

  Gorham, Mass., 35, 41

  Government Act. See Massachusetts Government Act

  Governors Island, 12, 63, 283

  Grand American Army, 181

  Grape Island, 13, 183, 191, 336n

  Graves, Samuel, 51, 79, 217–18

  abilities of, 349n

  and Battle of Chelsea Creek, 185–86

  criticism of, 256–58, 317n

  and Fort William and Mary, 84

  and Gage, 87, 162, 170, 198

  orders of, 87, 167–68

  promotion of, 185–86

  ships of, 161, 167, 170, 203

  Graves, Thomas, 170, 185–86

  Gray, Harrison, 4, 48, 284, 321n

  Great Britain

  America’s connection to, 34, 55, 74–75, 93–94, 181, 285

  bans gunpowder export, 62

  defends colonies, 5

  economic prosperity of, 255–56

  loyalty to, 60, 252

  military strength of, 3–5, 93

  opposition to, 54, 58–59, 112, 140, 190, 257

  reconciliation with, 74, 91, 172, 182, 262, 264

  right to search premises, 7, 32

  and rights of colonies, 33–34, 44, 55, 134

  Green Dragon Tavern, 15, 68, 90, 192, 256, 318n

  Greene, Nathanael, 236, 246, 250–51, 260, 274, 282, 347n, 348n

  Greene, Rufus, 233

  Greenleaf, John, 89, 318n

  Greenleaf, William, 290

  Greenwood, John, 8

  Gridley, Richard, 172–73, 197–99, 201–2, 205, 210, 244, 270, 276, 337n

  Griffin’s Wharf, 3, 9–10, 15

  Groton militiamen, 138

  gunboats, 196, 212, 217

  gunpowder, 125, 313n, 318n

  of British army, 62, 64–65, 124

  for cannons, 209–10

  explanation of, 62, 64

  lack of, 234, 249–50, 267, 272, 276–77

  needed by provincial army, 78, 173, 198, 204, 210, 245

  stolen by patriots, 62, 140

  supplies of, 62, 128, 130, 180, 195, 220–21, 224, 226, 228, 244–45

  See also Powder Alarm

  guns, 78, 122, 186, 228, 343n

  Haldimand, Frederick, 27, 86, 93, 324n

  Halifax, Nova Scotia, 283–85, 287, 290, 355n

  Hallowell, Benjamin, 63, 68, 70–71, 256–57, 284, 315n

  Hallowell, Mary Boylston, 70

  Hancock, John, 22, 24, 33, 79–81, 86, 163, 168, 199, 323n

  alerted by Revere, 123

  chairman of Committee of Safety, 88, 121

  flees to Lexington, 111–12, 116, 118–19, 122

  and Gen. Gage, 38–40

  as leading politician, 121–22

  and Lexington fight, 130, 325n

  and martial law, 190

  and Massacre Day Oration, 96, 100

  and Mercy Scollay, 247

  official papers of, 125

  personality of, 130

  and secret patriot committee, 90

  vessel seized by British, 7, 18

  and Washington, 274, 351n

  and whale oil market, 9

  Handley, Charles, 138

  Harrington, Jonathan, 119, 127, 323n

  Harris, George, 177, 227, 309n

  Hartwell, Mary, 132, 134, 147, 153

  Harvard College, 11, 40, 63, 67, 97, 178, 197, 253, 294

  Has
tings House (Cambridge), 175, 195, 204, 208, 215–16, 339n, 340n

  Hawley, Joseph, 33, 59, 104, 118, 307n

  hay, 170–71, 183, 185–86, 214, 219, 256, 276, 280, 285

  Hayward, James, 147

  Heath, William, 130, 159–60, 243, 258, 276, 329n

  background of, 150

  and building fortifications, 275, 353n

  at council of war, 248

  tactical leadership of, 151–52, 154–55, 158, 330n

  and Joseph Warren, 151–52, 194, 273, 336n

  Hewes, George, 15, 16–17, 21, 247, 305n

  History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 188

  Hog Island, 12, 63, 183–85, 254

  Hollis Street Meeting, 15, 288

  Hooten, Elizabeth. See Warren, Elizabeth Hooten

  horses, 127–28, 140, 150, 152, 154–55, 173, 204–5, 285

  Hosmer, Abner, 142

  Hosmer, Joseph, 136, 139, 326n

  hospitals, 152, 244, 252, 255–56, 312n

  Howe, William, 189, 338n

  ambivalence of, 258–59, 350n

  army of, 206, 209, 218–19, 271, 273

  background of, 190, 216, 259

  and Battle of Bunker Hill, 196, 221–25, 230, 234, 259

  and Dorchester, 280–83

  and early 1776 raid, 265–66

  evacuates British army, 283–85, 290

  orders Boston burned, 256

  orders Charlestown burned, 218

  replaces Gage, 253, 255

  tactics of, 190–91, 200, 203, 211, 214, 216–17, 225

  Hunt, Abra, 51

  Hutchinson, Thomas, 32, 39, 68, 72, 81–82, 95

  aspirations of, 193

  and Boston Massacre, 8

  criticism of, 70, 94

  and Daniel Leonard, 44

  on Derby’s account, 188

  on Gage, 50

  home of, 14, 30, 44, 88, 305n

  and John Malcom, 20–21

  and patriot leaders, 90

  removal of, 28, 30, 36, 38

  and Stamp Act, 6, 17–18, 30

  and Tea Act/Tea Party, 3, 9, 34–36

  on Joseph Warren, 110–11

  impressment. See press gangs

  independence, 5, 32, 35, 74, 81, 92, 98, 110, 112, 262, 264, 290, 315n, 321n, 336n, 350n

  Independent Company of Cadets, 38, 40, 121

  Indians, 35, 57, 61, 66, 121, 137, 159, 211, 238, 241, 259, 271, 289. See also King Philip’s War; Native Americans

  Jeffries, Dr. John, 192–94, 230, 284–85, 288, 335–36n

  Joyce Junior, 10–11, 14, 22–25, 42, 54, 288–89, 304–5n, 356n

  Kemble, Margaret. See Gage, Margaret Kemble

  Kemble, Stephen, 86

  King Philip’s War, 4–5, 20, 35, 61, 91, 137, 147, 177, 259

  King’s Chapel, 15, 288

  Knowlton, Thomas, 196–97, 211, 213, 219, 266

  Knox, Henry, 15, 89–90, 246, 268–71, 274, 277, 279, 290, 347n, 352n