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Old Testament: see Bible
Oligarchy: see Government, Governance
Olindo. Character in Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata: 3148
Oloros (sixth century BCE). King of Thrace: 4401
Omens: 3433–35
Omnipotence: 84, 334–35, 1645–46, 4257–59; LANGUAGE: 685, 738, 742, 759, 760, 809, 1488, 2100, 2592–93
Oneness (of a language): 321, 1013. See also: Unity: OF ORIGINAL LANGUAGE
Onesicritus (fourth century BCE). Greek historian who accompanied Alexander to India: 468
Onomatopoeia: 975–78
Opera: see Music and Theater
Opici (or Osci): see Nations, peoples
Opimius Lucius (second century BCE). Roman statesman who struggled against the Gracchis’ agrarian laws: 460, 511
Opinion (see also Fashion): 364, 2420–25, 2624–25; BEAUTY, TASTE: 1318–21, 1404–409, 1456–58, 1509–10, 1589–90, 1749–50, 1832–33, 1865–66, 2638; literature: 1579–80, 1594, 1883–85, 1927; MORALS: 356–57, 3314–17; PASSION/REASON: 329–30, 1816–18; PHILOSOPHY: 1712–14; POPULAR OPINIONS: 1926–27, 3461–66; PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT, CHARACTER: 1720–21, 1729–32, 4064–65; RELIGION: 411–16; SOCIAL LIFE: 273–74; TASTES (FLAVORS): 1733, 1940, 2596–99
Opium: see Drugs, Drunkenness
Optatus, St. (fourth century CE). Bishop of Milevus, in Numidia, known for his writings against Donatism: 991
Optimism/Pessimism: 1616; LEIBNIZ’S “SYSTEM”: 391–92, 1347–48, 1857; PESSIMISM SUBSTITUTED FOR OPTIMISM: 4174
Oracles: 131–32
Orality/Literacy (see also Homer: HOMERIC QUESTION; Language; Ossian; Wolf; Voice): 4311–12, 4312–27, 4336–40, 4352, 4352–54, 4354, 4359, 4360, 4362, 4388–89, 4390, 4399–400, 4406–408, 4408, 4411, 4414, 4435, 4479; GREECE, HOMER: 4312–27, 4336–40, 4343–50, 4351–52, 4352–54, 4359, 4361–62, 4366–67, 4390–91, 4391–97, 4406, 4408, 4408–4409, 4414–15, 4435
Orations: 120, 3440, 3490, 4240, 4309, 4354, 4357
Orazio. A character in Cerimonie, a play by Scipione Maffei: 42
Order/Disorder: 56, 163, 252, 376–78, 380, 1074–75, 1337, 3316–17, 3378–79, 3410–11, 3452, 4143; SYSTEM OF NATURE AND THE UNIVERSE: 4257–59, 4461–62, 4510, 4510–11
Orelli, Johannes Kaspar von (also known as Orellius) (1787–1849). Swiss philologist and editor of Cicero, Horace, and Tacitus: 4431, 4435, 4436, 4438, 4441, 4450, 4462, 4462–64, 4469–70, 4472–73, 4479–80, 4481, 4482
Oreste: a tragedy by Alfieri: 3459–60
Organs (of sense): 1189–91, 1254–55, 1370, 1432–33, 1437–38, 1455–56, 1552–53, 1569, 1802, 1802–803, 1820–22, 2268–69, 2585–87, 2598–99, 3199, 3923–24
Orient: see East (the), peoples of the East
Originality: 39–40, 128–29, 145–46, 226, 307–308, 392, 1766–67, 2184–86, 2426–28, 3388–89, 4503, 4525
Orioli, Francesco (1783–1856). Professor of physics at Bologna, active in the 1831 uprising: 4473
Orosius, Paulus (c. 375–c. 418). Christian historian of Spanish origin, a pupil of Augustine: 2732
Orpheus. In Greek legend, a pre-Homeric poet, a player on the lyre so inspired that he could charm the wild beasts: 281, 1029, 3432
Orsi, Giovan Gioseffo (1652–1733). Noted for his defense of Italian poetry against the strictures of the Jesuit neoclassicist Dominique Bouhours: 4264
Orthography, Spelling: see Language: ALPHABET
Osci: See Opici
Ossat, Arnaud d’ (1536–1604). French cardinal, bishop of Bayeux: 4290
Ossian. Legendary Gaelic bard, under whose name James Macpherson assembled his Fragments of Ancient Poetry collected in the Highlands of Scotland (1760), widely assumed to be authentic in the Romantic period; translated into Italian by Cesarotti: 192, 204–205, 349–51, 484–85, 553–55, 986–87, 1077, 1399–400, 3400–401, 4319, 4323, 4408, 4414, 4479
Ostia: see Cities
Ostrogoths: see Nations, peoples
Others: see Self
Otho, Marcus Salvius (32–69 CE). Roman emperor, whose rule lasted only eight weeks: 465
Ottoman Empire: see Turkey, the Turks
Ovid (Ovidius Publius Naso) (43–18 CE). Latin poet: 37, 463, 1098, 3478, 4144; ART, LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 12, 21, 54, 152–53, 727, 1414, 3062–63, 3480, 3844, 4043, 4119, 4387; DANTE: 27, 57, 152–53, 2042, 2523; WORKS: Amores: 455; Fasti: 54; Heroides: 4370–71; Metamorphoses: 54, 2165, 2599–2600, 2878, 4208; Tristia: 1147, 2246, 3062
Oxen: see Animals
Oysters: see Animals
P
Pacatus: see Latinus Pacatus Drepanius
Pace da Certaldo (active c. 1303–1338). Historian: 1230
Paciaudi, Paolo Maria (1710–1785). Turinese writer and priest, created the ducal library in Parma: 29
Pachomius, St. (d. c. 346 CE). Founder of monasticism: 254
Padua: see Cities
Paeanius (fourth century CE). A historian and translator into Greek of the Breviarium historiae romanae by Eutropius: 988, 4440
Paganino, Giuseppe. Early nineteenth-century printer: 2723
Paganism: see Religion: ANCIENT RELIGIONS
Pain, suffering (also Affliction; see also Sorrow, grief): 169–72, 236, 405, 466, 503, 506, 559, 1547, 1580, 1726, 2673, 3376, 3432–33, 3445, 3506–507, 3622, 4230, 4280, 4283–84, 4504; ANCIENT AND MODERN: 76–79, 96–97, 105, 2434–36, 2754, 4156; EXPERIENCE AND PERCEPTION: 84, 126–27, 188, 714–17, 718–20, 2208–10, 2479, 2549–55, 2861, 3823, 3837–40, 3876–78, 4087, 4167, 4260, 4282, 4418–19, 4492; age, nature, civilization: 528–32, 1262, 1677–78, 2752–55, 4133–34, 4138, 4175–77, 4243–45; death, the dead: 366–68, 2182–84, 2566–67, 4278; pleasure/boredom: 105, 142, 174, 1987–88, 2251–52, 3550–52, 4074–75; sensibility: 2108–10, 2208–10, 2242–43, 2629–30; NATURE AND EFFECTS: 72, 97–99, 140–41, 281, 512–13, 516–18, 2160–61, 2433–34, 3445–46, 4127–28, 4418–19, 4505–506; REMEDIES: 2419–20, 3529–31, 4201–202, 4180–81, 4225, 4239–40, 4243–45, 4267
Painting: see Arts
Palamedes. In Greek myth, a hero of great ingenuity, to whom the invention of certain Greek letters is attributed: 1139, 2744
Palazzo Bello (Recanati): 1
Palazzo Lucernari (Rome): 3439
Paleography: 1285, 2654–55, 2655–56, 2657, 2658, 2744–45, 3762, 3885, 4023–24
Palestine: 1096, 1850
Pali: see Languages
Palissot de Montenoy, Charles (1730–1814). French philosopher and man of letters, hostile to the philosophes: 1654
Pallas: see Minerva
Pallas. Character in Virgil’s Aeneid: 2760, 3117
Pallavicino (or Pallavicini), Pietro Sforza (1607–1667). Italian Jesuit, theologian, poet, and historian: 2662–63, 4028
Pallene. Mythical daughter of the giant Alkyoneus: 4208
Palmerius: see Le Paulmier de Grentemesnil, Jacques
Palmieri, Matteo (1405–1475). Florentine political figure and writer: 4283
Pan: 3496
Pandolfini, Agnolo (1360–1446). Florentine scholar and political figure: 4121, 4229
Pannonia. Region of Central Europe: 4378
Pantheists: 4274–75
Panthus. Priest in Virgil’s Aeneid: 2671
Paoli, Domenico (1788–1849). Physician from Pesaro, author of Richerche sul moto molecolare dei solidi, whom Leopardi met in Florence: 2599, 4242
Paolinus of St. Bartholomew, Father: see Wesdin, Johann Philip
Papacy, the: see Popes
Paphlagonia, Paphlagonians: see Nations, peoples
Paradise: see Christianity: AFTERLIFE
Paravey, Charles-Hippolyte de (1787–1871). French historian, antiquarian, and scientist: 4485
Parents: 112, 353–56, 1939–40, 3918–20, 2607, 4504
Parga: see Cities
Parian marbles, the. Marble from the island of Paros engraved with a chronological table of events since the reign of Cecrops, first (mythical) king of Athens: 4330
Parini, Giuseppe (1729–1
799). Satirical and lyric poet from Lombardy, later used by Leopardi as the protagonist of one of his Operette morali: 2, 4, 10, 321, 701, 1058, 2364, 3418
Paris. Son of Priam and Hecuba, protagonist of the legends of Troy: 936, 1027, 3112
Paris: see Cities
Parnell, Thomas (1679–1718). Anglo-Irish poet and scholar: 4273
Paros. Island in the Aegean: 4158
Parry, William Edward (1790–1855). English navigator and writer: 4024
Parthenius, of Nicaea (first century BCE). Greek elegiac poet: 4208
Partiality: 1201
Participles: 2033–35, 2346–48, 2368–69, 2757–58, 3072, 3363, 3949, 3970–71, 4010, 4016, 4018, 4022; ITALIAN: 2688–91, 2757–58, 3072, 3284, 3363, 3834, 3851–52, 4008; LATIN: 1104–38, 1118–20, 1153–54, 1167, 1201, 2076–77, 2138, 2145–46, 2192–93, 2291, 2340, 2346–48, 2363, 2368–69, 2659–60, 2758, 2826–27, 2841, 2893–95, 2929–30, 3023, 3026, 3037, 3060, 3352, 3585, 3621, 3630–31, 3722, 3736, 3810, 3897, 3927, 3938, 3949, 3970–71, 4062, 4086, 4490
Parties, factions: 113–14, 301–302, 567–68, 1242, 1606, 2156, 2678–79, 4520
Parthians: see Nations, peoples
Parysatis (fifth century BCE). Mother of king Artaxerxes II Mnemon: 4199–4200
Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662). French mathematician, philosopher, and writer: 207, 277, 279, 329–30, 375, 382–83, 648–49, 1091, 1076–77, 1176–77, 1349, 3245, 4416
Pasquier, Etienne (1529–1615). French historian and lawyer: 4146
Passavanti, Jacopo (c. 1300–1357). Florentine preacher and religious writer: 1076, 2516, 2580, 2676, 2699, 4024
Passion: see Emotion
Passione di Cristo Nostro Signore, La. A medieval narrative verse text: 4148, 4317
Past, the: see Memory
Patagonia, Patagonians: see Nations, peoples
Patents: 4255
Pathetic, the: see Sentiment, sentimental, sentimentality
Patience/Impatience (see also Resignation): 112, 280, 302–303, 369–70, 712–13, 2491–92, 3602, 4164, 4239–40, 4267, 4412
Patriotism: see Homeland: LOVE OF COUNTRY, PATRIOTISM
Patroclus. In Homer’s Iliad, son of Menoetius and the favorite companion of Achilles: 2767, 3111, 3140, 3607, 4156, 4408
Paul of Tarsus, St. (c. 5–c. 67 CE). Apostle of Christianity: 47, 152, 254, 999, 2114, 2654–55, 3343, 4431
Paul the Deacon (Paulus Diaconus) (720/724–c. 799 CE). Christian writer and poet, a Benedictine monk and historian of the Lombards: 3845
Paulinus, St. (c. 354–431 CE). Bishop of Nola, the pupil of Ausonius: 3708
Paulus (Julius Paulus) (third century CE). Roman jurist: 1144
Pausanias (fl. c. 160 CE). Greek traveler and geographer: 2676, 4002, 4155, 4294, 4402, 4403, 4465
Peace: see Quiet
Peacocks: see Animals
Peasants, country people: 8, 56, 63, 77, 201, 599, 1603, 1608, 1623, 1631, 1647, 1668, 1677–78, 1709, 1717, 1882, 2118, 2759, 2546, 3089, 3118
Pedantry (see also Purism): 39, 1241–42, 1489, 1844–45, 1887–88, 2016, 2180, 2335–36, 2514, 2539–40, 2720–21, 2722–23, 2723–25, 3192, 3465, 3739–41
Pederasty: see Homosexuality
Peisistratus (c. 600–527 BCE). Tyrant of Athens, credited with having commissioned the first written version of Homer: 4320, 4335, 4346, 4352–53, 4355, 4362, 4364, 4366, 4391–92, 4394, 4397, 4412
Pejoratives: 3997, 4124
Pelagonius (fourth century CE). An influential Roman writer who specialized in veterinary matters: 1700
Pelasgians: see Nations, peoples
Peloponnese: 915
Penelope. Wife of Ulysses in Homer’s Odyssey: 4396
Penn, Granville (1761–1844). English philologist and geologist, the author of an Examination of the primary argument of the Iliad (1821): 4362, 4363
Pentateuch: 1439, 1442
People, the: LANGUAGE, ELOQUENCE, LITERATURE: 8, 145–46, 161–62, 850–54, 1679–80, 2940–41, 2945–46, 3043–44, 4351–52, 4367, 4388, 4475–77; orality: 4401–402, 4408, 4345–47, 4354; NATURE, REASON, CIVILIZATION: 21–23, 270–71, 329–30; knowledge, wisdom: 2940–41, 4477–78; POLITICS: 120–21, 300–301, 709–710, 905
Peoples: see Nations, peoples
Peretto: see Pomponazzi
Perfectibility: see Perfection: PERFECTIBILITY
Perfection/Imperfection (see also Defects): 470–71, 549, 612–13, 1355; ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE: 822–25, 1259–60, 1340–41, 1339–42, 1355, 1790, 1791–92, 1907–11, 2073–74; ART, LANGUAGE, AND LITERATURE: 3, 288–89, 1056–59; GOVERNMENTS AND SOCIETY: 543–44, 1952–53, 3773–810; MAN, NATURE, REASON, AND CIVILIZATION: 326–28, 376–88, 391–92, 403–11, 582–85, 655–57, 830–38, 938–40, 1096–97, 1183, 1555–56, 1558–62, 1570–72, 1597–602, 1611–13, 1692, 1775–76, 1805–806, 1907–11, 1922–23, 1923–25, 2114–16, 2412–13, 2602–606, 2895–2903, 3179–82, 4099–101, 4133–34, 4180–81, 4368; PERFECTIBILITY: 222–23, 371–73, 393–94, 397, 638, 830, 832–33, 1569, 1618–19, 2392–95, 2563–64, 2567–68, 3826; UNIVERSE: 4142–43, 4174
Periander (d. c. 587 BCE). Second tyrant of Corinth: 1717, 4441
Pericles (c. 495–429 BCE). Athenian statesman: 596, 2104, 4345
Perictione (fl. fifth century BCE). Greek Pythagorean, author of On the harmony of women and sometimes identified with the mother of Plato: 4226
Peripatetics. The Aristotelian School of philosophy in Athens: 2708, 2709, 4301, 4524
Periplus of Scylax. Work from the fourth century BCE by Scylax, the envoy of the Persian king Darius, sent on a voyage of exploration from the Indus around the coast of Arabia: 4434
Perizonius: see Voorbroek, Jacob
Perotti (or Perotto), Niccolò (1429–1480). Humanist writer from the Marche: 3628
Perrault, Charles (1628–1703). French man of letters, known for his fairy tales: 4312
Persia, Persians: see Nations, peoples
Persius Flaccus, Aulus (34–62 CE). Latin satirical poet: 2932–33, 4298
Persuasion, conviction: 125, 213–17, 285–87, 288–89, 329–30, 359–60, 362–63, 411–12, 1557, 1694–95, 1970
Perticari, Giulio (1779–1822). Italian writer on literary and linguistic matters, whose work features in Monti’s Proposta: 699, 1659, 1993–94, 2519, 2641–44, 2686–88, 2691, 2693, 2700–701, 2705–706, 2715, 2718, 2721, 2783, 2825, 2871–72, 2886, 2888, 2895, 3010, 3078, 3284, 3338, 3340, 3419, 3729, 3819, 4002, 4124, 4148, 4317, 4417
Peru: 3430, 3640, 3795, 3833–34, 3893, 3932, 3958, 3962
Pessimism: see Optimism
Petit-Radel, Louis-Charles-François (1756–1836). French archaeologist: 4378
Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) (1304–1374). Foremost Italian lyric poet and Latin humanist: 220–21, 724, 1057–58, 1066–67, 1465, 3128–29, 3176, 3384, 4124, 4302, 4413; ART, STYLE, LANGUAGE, ORTHOGRAPHY: 3–4, 21, 23, 24, 59–60, 70, 112–13, 204–205, 245, 261, 321, 392–93, 700–702, 705–706, 725–27, 1209, 1366–67, 1384–86, 1483–84, 1525–27, 1579–80, 1659, 1693, 1809–10, 1825, 2132–33, 2185, 2460, 2580, 2639–40, 2698–99, 2836–41, 3014, 3430, 3561–64, 3588, 3884, 3900, 3983, 4140, 4177, 4182, 4214, 4249, 4350, 4387, 4417, 4440, 4491–92, 4495; THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY: 143, 700–702, 2016, 2516–17, 2533–35, 2538–40, 2715, 2723–25, 3414–16, 3561–62, 3729–30, 3979, 4246, 4479; WORKS: Canzoniere (also known as Rime): 23, 24, 28, 29, 59–60, 247, 509, 1465, 1825–26, 1916–17, 2268, 2522, 3128, 3176, 3384, 3430, 3443–44, 3588, 3902, 4000, 4090, 4140, 4160, 4162, 4177, 4179, 4182, 4200, 4483, 4495; Triumphs: 261, 3129, 4182, 4495
Petronius (Petronius Arbiter) (d. 66 CE). Latin satirist, author of the Satyricon: 991, 3073, 3366, 4028, 4170
Peucetians: see Peoples, Nations
Phaedrus, Gaius Julius (c. 15 BCE–50 CE). Thracian slave, later a freedman in the household of Augustus, the author of a collection of fables: 897, 1029, 1151–53, 1180, 3021, 3055, 3056, 3060, 3062, 3072, 3264, 3627–28, 4169, 4474
Phagpa Lama (1235–1280). Leader of the Sa
kya school of Tibetan Buddhism: 4342
Phalaris. Tyrant of Acragas in Sicily in the mid–sixth century BCE: 1535
Phemius. The court singer in the palace of Ulysses (Odysseus) in the Odyssey: 4318, 4328
Pherecydes of Syros (sixth century BCE). One of the first writers of Greek prose: 4328
Philae. Island in the Nile and domain of the goddess Isis: 4342
Philanthropy: 884–85, 2252
Philargirius, Junius (not earlier than the fifth century CE). Latin author who commented on the works of Virgil: 2675
Phileas of Chalcedon (early fourth century BCE). Greek statesman and philosopher cited by Aristotle in the Politics: 3469
Philemon (c. 362–c. 262 BCE). Athenian poet and playwright of the New Comedy: 41, 4222
Philip II of Macedon (c. 382–336 BCE). King of Macedon from 359: 883, 1058, 3130, 4017, 4078, 4352
Philip II (1527–1598). King of Spain from 1554: 1058, 3130, 4261
Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE–c. 50 CE). Greek philosopher of Jewish origin: 2012, 4470
Philoctetes. One of the Greek leaders of the expedition against Troy: 2683, 4282
Philodemus of Gadara (c. 110–40/35 BCE). Greek Epicurean philosopher, whose writings were discovered at Herculaneum: 4437
Philology: 946, 996–97, 1205, 1267, 1274–75; EFFECT ON ATTITUDE TO POETRY IN LEOPARDI’S EXPERIENCE: 193, 1741
Philosophers: see Philosophy
Philosophical schools (ancient): see Cynics, Cyrenaics, Epicureans, Hegesiacs, Platonists, Pyrrhonism, Skepticism, Socrates: SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY, Stoics
Philosophy, philosophers, thinkers (see also Philosophical schools): 31, 128–29, 304–305, 975, 1085–86, 1089–90, 1310, 1569, 1655–56, 1690–91, 1694–95, 1741–42, 1816–18, 1823–24, 1866–71, 2157–59, 2453–54, 2493, 2563–64, 2673, 2800–803, 2941–43, 3269–71, 3385, 3552–53, 3813, 3956–57, 4138–39, 4241, 4288–89, 4416, 4469, 4486, 4503–504, 4522; ANCIENT AND MODERN: 31, 1018–19, 1975–78, 2680–81, 2987–89, 3544–45, 4094, 4096–98, 4181–82, 4477–78; BY NATION: Chinese: 1229; Eastern: 638; Egyptian: 638; English: 1351–52, 1835–36; German: 1351–52, 1835–36, 2616–18, 3680–82; Greek: 331, 1608–10, 1862–63, 2410, 3235–37, 3420, 4522; Italian: 1057, 1316–18, 1402–403, 1525, 1997, 3192–96, 3332–36, 3338–40, 3858–59, 4241; Jewish: 1229–30; Spanish: 3858–59; EFFECTS: 111, 114–15, 149, 216, 331–33, 350, 412, 1863–65, 2672, 3159, 4096–98, 4161, 4243–45; action/inaction: 520–22, 536–38, 2245–46; “half-philosophy”: 520–22, 1077–78, 1792–93, 2245–46; “ultra-philosophy”: 115; HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY, PROGRESS OF THE HUMAN MIND: 84, 1229–30, 1347–55, 1531–33, 1609–10, 1612–13, 1833–40, 1848–60, 2705–709, 3320–21, 4056–57, 4135–36, 4189–90, 4192–93, 4206–208, 4503–504; ancient and modern: 149, 1351–52, 1402–403, 2705–15, 3469–71, 3472–77, 4219–22, 4477–78, 4522; language: 641–43, 746–48, 1227–28, 1317–18, 1359–60, 1465–67, 1467–68, 1468–69, 1609–10, 3338–40, 4221–22, 4504; IMAGINATION, LITERATURE, AND POETRY: 143–44, 347–49, 373–75, 725–35, 1228–29, 1231, 1312–13, 1356–61, 1383, 1650–51, 1766–67, 1833–40, 1848–60, 1975–78, 2019–20, 2132–34, 2944–46, 3192–96, 3237–45, 3245, 3321, 3382–86, 4160–61; KINDS OF PHILOSOPHY: practical: 4181, 4190; scholastic: 1227–28, 1317–18, 1465–67, 1468; theoretical: 4161; LANGUAGE: 116, 1213–29, 1229–30, 1234–36, 1247–49, 1252–53, 1273–75, 1316–18, 1359–60, 1372–77, 1609–10, 1862–63, 2085–89, 2150, 2166–71, 2212–15, 2408–10, 2725–31, 3235–37, 4108, 4117, 4221–22; LEOPARDI’S PHILOSOPHY (see also System [Leopardi’s]): 1655, 2114–17, 4168–69, 4174, 4175–77, 4190, 4428; Manuale di filosofia pratica (a work planned by Leopardi): 4239–40, 4249–50, 4259–60, 4266–67, 4274, 4502, 4518; NATURE, ILLUSIONS/REASON: 103, 143–44, 175–77, 213–17, 223, 293, 334–37, 341–42, 349–51, 357–58, 364–66, 388, 408–10, 471–72, 584–85, 911, 1651–52, 1715, 1816–18, 1848–60, 1863–65, 2114–17, 2245–46, 2492, 2680–81, 4135–36, 4245, 4478; human happiness: 103, 331–33, 351–52, 357–58, 387–88, 562–63, 625–27, 637–38, 2680–81, 4041–42, 4168–69; POLITICS AND SOCIETY: 574–76, 562–63, 570–77, 880–81, 910–11, 911–12, 925–26, 984–85, 1686, 1842–43, 2292–96, 2644, 2668–69, 3420, 3469–71, 3773–77, 3804–806, 4096–97, 4135–36, 4138–39, 4423–24; revolution: 160–61, 358, 520–22; PURPOSES: 947–49, 1239, 1467; RELIGION: 125, 331–33, 336–37, 357–58, 364–66, 387–88, 408–13, 1059–62, 1460–61, 1468–69, 1685–88, 2178–80, 4206–208; SYSTEMS: 945–49, 950, 1089–90, 1090–91, 1239–40, 4056–57