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Philostratus, Flavius (fl. third century CE). Greek sophist, wrote a life of Apollonius of Tyana: 989, 1840
Philoxenus, of Cythera (c. 435–380 BCE). Greek dithyrambic poet, at the court of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse: 4174
Philus, Lucius Furius. Cicero’s interlocutor in De Republica: 2660–61
Phlegon, of Tralles (second century CE). Greek historian and paradoxographer: 992, 4124, 4135, 4151
Phocylides, of Miletus (mid–sixth century BCE). Greek poet, author of gnomic couplets containing moral observations and precepts: 4435
Phoenicia, Phoenicians: see Nations, peoples
Phoenix Colophonius (fl. early third century BCE). Greek poet cited by Athenaeus of Naucratis: 4010–11
Photius (c. 810/820–c. 893 CE). Byzantine theologian, Patriarch of Constantinople, author of the Bibliotheca or Mirobiblios, which contains accounts of many works now lost: 107, 998, 2669, 2696, 3042, 4191, 4193, 4196, 4199–200, 4202–206, 4208–213, 4217–18, 4222–23
Phrenology, craniology. The latter a term used by Leopardi: 3200–201
Phrygia. A territory in the west of Asia Minor: 1079
Phrynichus (sixth century BCE). Athenian poet, author of a tragedy about the capture of Miletus by the Persians: 3105, 4078–79, 4414, 4459
Phrynichus Arabius (or Phrynichus of Bithynia) (second century CE). Greek grammarian and lexicographer, author of a Praeparatio sophistica: 3042
Physics, physicists: 84, 175, 334, 1424, 1532, 2600, 3714, 4056–57, 4253–54
Physiognomy, the face: OF ANIMALS: 1399–400, 1770, 4085; OF HUMANS: 283, 1194–96, 1356, 1379–81, 1509–13, 1529–30, 1576–79, 1634–35, 1665–68, 1684–85, 1688, 1801–802, 1828–30, 1881–82, 1904–907, 1930–32, 2832, 3090–91, 3198–201, 3891, 3971, 3988, 4085, 4087
Piazza del Popolo (Rome): see Obelisk
Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (1463–1494). Humanist and philosopher based in Medici Florence: 1178, 1648, 2885
Piedmont: 3762
Pignorius (Lorenzo Pignoria, or Pignorio) (1571–1631). Paduan scholar: 916
Pignotti, Lorenzo (1739–1812). Tuscan historian, poet, doctor, and author of fables: 67
Pilpay. One of the many recensions of the Sanskrit Panchatantra (The Fables of Bidpai, or Pilpay) in various European languages: 4416
Pindar (Pindaros) (518–after 446 BCE). Greek lyric poet: 20, 24–25, 27, 28, 1067, 1856, 2589, 2672, 3046, 4219, 4236, 4261, 4345, 4479
Pindemonte, Ippolito (1753–1828). Pre-Romantic poet from Verona and translator of Homer’s Odyssey: 1366, 1694, 1826, 4049–50, 4382, 4449, 4492
Piracy: 3128
Pirithous. King of the Lapiths, friend of Theseus: 4523
Piron, Aléxis (1689–1773). French poet and dramatist: 4148
Pirotta, Giovanni. Early nineteenth-century Milanese printer and bookseller: 1761
Pisa: see Cities
Pisander (fl. around the 33rd Olympiad, 648–645 BCE). Poet from Rhodes, author of a poem on Hercules: 4394
Pistoia: see Cities
Pithou, François (1543–1621). French lawyer and man of letters: 35
Pitiscus, Samuel (1637–1727). Dutch philologist, commentator on Suetonius: 3317, 3341, 3344, 3571
Pity, compassion, charity: GENERAL FEATURES AND EFFECTS: 208–209, 220–21, 221, 236, 516–17, 4106–107, 4504; THE INCLINATION TO PITY AND CHARITY: 98–99, 108–109, 940–41, 1605, 3152–54, 3271–82, 3282–83, 3293–98, 3314–16, 3361–62, 3765–68, 3836, 3846, 3942–44, 4024–25, 4105–107, 4231, 4282–83, 4287, 4310–11, 4488–89; LITERATURE: 2759–70, 3111–23, 3143–54, 3450, 4405–406; SELF-LOVE: 108–109, 3107–109, 3117–18, 3152–54, 3167–69, 3293–98, 4488–89; SOURCES OF PITY: 99, 108–109, 164, 196, 211, 233–36, 281, 722, 940–41, 2485–86, 3612–13, 4118, 4310–11
Pius VII, Pope (Barnaba Chiaramonti) (1742–1823). Elected Pope in 1800: 251–52, 3245
Plants: 1602, 2250, 3378, 3649–51, 4175–77, 4189, 4510
Plato (427–347 BCE). Greek philosopher, founder of the Academy in Athens: 31, 89, 208, 605, 928, 2104–105, 2252–53, 2671, 2675, 3491, 4047, 4323–24, 4345–46; LANGUAGE AND STYLE: 641–43, 1067, 2150, 2717–18, 2728, 2779, 2787, 2866–67, 2914, 2920, 3000–3001, 3236–37, 3245, 3420–21, 3629, 3983, 4011, 4026, 4034, 4036, 4040, 4046, 4112, 4120, 4124, 4125, 4140, 4211, 4248, 4291, 4327–28, 4435, 4436–37, 4524–25; PHILOSOPHY: 264–66, 334, 351, 1339–41, 1341–42, 1461–64, 1622–23, 1637–39, 1712–14, 2150, 2708–709, 3245, 3469–71, 3507–508, 4219–22, 4358, 4430, 4479–80; RECEPTION: 154–55, 336, 339, 998, 1340–41, 4047, 4219–22, 4299, 4324, 4369; WORKS: Apology of Socrates: 4524–25; Axiochus: 2671, 2675, 4154; Cratylus: 4291; Crito: 4524; Eryxias: 4120; Gorgias: 2672, 2674, 4124, 4125, 4358; Hipparchus: 4346; Ion: 4408; Laws: 3469, 4397–98, 4435; Menexenus: 2665; Phaedo: 4011, 4036, 4046; Phaedrus: 1840, 2717, 2920, 4026, 4040, 4047, 4112, 4324, 4346–47; Republic: 883, 2656–57, 2866, 3469, 4034, 4248, 4298–99; Sophist: 2687, 2920, 3000–3001, 3235–36, 4358; Symposium: 1840, 2920, 3170, 3444, 3496, 3544, 3588, 4047; Theaetetus: 491, 4324; Timaeus: 928, 988, 2150, 2331
Platonists: 1675–76, 4238–39, 4430
Plautus, Titus Maccius (or Maccus) (c. 250–184 BCE). Roman writer of comedies: 10–11, 41, 43, 759, 1056–57, 1115, 1119, 1121, 1148–51, 1168, 1253, 1297–98, 1483, 1534, 2202, 2226–27, 2298, 2306, 2442, 2514, 2587, 2835, 2842, 2906, 2930, 2974, 2993, 3711, 3829, 4049, 4454, 4457
Pleasure, delight: 21–22, 268–69, 271, 395, 400–401, 593–95, 987–88, 1262, 2451, 2592, 3304–305, 3315–16, 3764, 3823–24, 4074, 4105–108, 4180–81, 4188, 4228, 4273, 4283, 4305, 4481–82, 4518; ARTS AND POETRY: 3, 6, 52–53, 57, 157–58, 158–59, 191–93, 223–25, 271, 1573–75, 1664–65, 1758–59, 1777–78, 1780–86, 1847–48, 1871–72, 1883–85, 1915–16, 1991–92, 2017, 2041–43, 2054–56, 2468–70, 3137–39, 4021–22, 4415, 4427, 4495, 4513; BEAUTY, GRACE: 203, 1199–201, 1722–23, 4366; LEOPARDI’S THEORY OF PLEASURE: 188–89, 532–35, 610–11, 612, 646–50, 1025, 1382, 1507–508, 2410–14, 2526–27, 2528–29, 2549–55, 2599–2602, 2684–85, 2702–703, 2861, 2883–84, 3501–504, 3525, 3550–52, 3622, 3745–46, 3814, 3823–24, 3876–78, 4060–61, 4127–32, 4228, 4249–50, 4250, 4431, 4472, 4492; NATURE, SOURCES, EFFECTS: 528, 1028, 1044, 1262, 1329, 1382, 1580–81, 1583, 1779, 1792–93, 1866, 1953, 1967, 2017–18, 2118, 2239, 2336–37, 2672, 2759, 2963–65, 3118, 3167–69, 3514, 3554–56, 3617, 3764, 3835–36, 3854, 3895, 3905–906, 3921–22, 4074, 4087, 4095, 4167, 4175, 4188, 4250, 4266–67, 4273–74, 4286, 4418, 4471, 4502, 4505–506, 4508; distractions, occupations: 165–77, 248, 345–47, 646–50, 2157–59, 2736–38, 3622, 3846–48, 3846–48, 3876–78, 3921–22, 4043, 4075–76, 4185–88, 4266–67, 4273–74, 4306–307, 4502; love: 1017–18, 3636–37, 3909–10; suffering and despair: 88, 1628, 2217–18, 2251–52, 2566–67, 3837–40; the vague and indefinite, the infinite, the vast: 75, 100, 165–83, 185, 246, 246–48, 383–84, 472–73, 514–16, 826–29, 1017–18, 1429–30, 1430–31, 1464–65, 1534, 1573–74, 1744–47, 1789, 1798–99, 1825–28, 1927–29, 1930, 1987–88, 1999, 2053–54, 2251–52, 2629, 3027–29, 4060–61, 4126, 4293
Pleonasm: 3587–88
Pletho, George Gemistos: see Gemistos
Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus) (23–79 CE). Roman naturalist, author of an encyclopedia entitled Natural History: 48, 62, 1139, 1149, 2729, 2740, 2744, 2877–78, 2886, 2932, 3003, 3513, 3745, 3797, 4125, 4173, 4215, 4265
Pliny the Younger (Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus) (61–c. 112 CE). Latin writer and orator: 596, 1146
Plot: 2313–15, 2326–27, 3164, 3484–85, 3548–50, 3613, 4322, 4358–59
Plotinus (c. 205–270 CE). Greek philosopher, exponent of Neoplatonism: 336, 992, 1016, 1448, 2623, 2795
Plots, plotting: 123, 460, 4195
Plutarch (c. 46–c. 120 CE). Greek biographer, historian, and moral philosopher: 44, 208, 325, 793, 981, 992, 1024, 1075, 2410, 2591, 2644, 2671, 2673–75, 2678–79, 2811, 3105, 3420, 3475, 3893, 4154–55, 4159, 4213, 4218, 4246, 4363, 4441, 4458, 4
465
Poems (fragments, sketches by Leopardi): see Leopardi, Giacomo
Poerio, Giuseppe (1775–1843). Neapolitan patriot known by Leopardi in Florence: 4289
Poetic: see Poetry, poets
Poetry, poets (see also Literature): 13, 24–25, 25–26, 46, 231, 257–59, 238, 289, 347–49, 714–15, 1689, 2033, 2043, 2681, 2838–40, 3152, 3388–89, 3680, 4302–303, 4357, 4372, 4389, 4450, 4452, 4503, 4506; ANCIENTS/MODERNS: 9–10, 15–21, 29–30, 39–40, 57, 100, 125, 143–44, 725–35, 1548–51, 1823–24, 1988, 2025–26, 2171–72, 2944–46, 3154–57, 3255–56, 3430–32, 3864, 4479; BY GENRE: 4234–36; descriptive: 164, 2043, 2599–2600; didactic: 53, 67, 3552; dramatic: see Theater; epic: 2, 7, 245, 693, 802–803, 1672–73, 2977–78, 3095–3167, 3290, 3548–50, 3552, 3590–3616, 3768–70, 4234–36, 4256, 4318, 4327, 4328, 4354–60, 4390–91, 4397, 4412–13, 4414, 4460–61, 4473, 4475–76, 4483; imaginative, melancholic, sentimental: 15–21, 136, 143–44, 725–35, 1448–49, 1548–51, 1860–62, 3821–22, 3976; lyric: 7, 23–24, 28, 245, 260, 1057–58, 1856, 2049–52, 2361–62, 2589, 3269–70, 3415–16, 4234–36, 4359, 4412–13, 4417, 4476–77; BY LANGUAGE: English: 986–87, 1410, 1777–78, 2642; French: 190, 373–75, 1777–78, 1813–14, 1901–902, 1993, 2417, 2642, 2666–68, 2909, 2910, 3404, 3428–29, 3562, 3864–65, 4214; German: 1777–78, 1856, 1962–64, 2051, 4452, 4460; prosody: 1211, 1965–67; Greek: 70, 100, 145, 307–309, 1158, 1741, 1840–41, 2370, 2642, 2791, 3011, 3013–14, 3041–47, 3120, 3462, 3997, 4236, 4326, 4237, 4345–46, 4389, 4391–94; Hebrew: 3564–68; Icelandic (Skaldic): 1961; Italian (see also Italian literature): 3–5, 54, 57, 129–30, 688, 700–702, 725–35, 987, 2363–64, 2791, 3011, 3388–89, 3413–19, 3463–65, 3561–68, 4255–56; Latin: 54, 145, 308–309, 727, 984, 1158, 3011, 3461–62, 3561, 4214, 4450–58, 4474; Scandinavian: 4339–40, 4406–407; EFFECTS: 223–25, 259–62, 1574–75, 1777–78, 1799, 1804–805, 1827–28, 1847–48, 2049–52, 2054, 2233–36, 3952–53, 4515; HABITUATION, RELATIVITY OF TASTE: 1207–13, 1875–78, 1878–79, 1883–85, 4515; KNOWLEDGE OF NATURE AND TRUTH, PHILOSOPHY: 1231, 1356–61, 1650–51, 2132–34, 2940–41, 3237–45, 3382–86, 4058–60; NATURALNESS, SIMPLICITY, STUDY: 3–5, 9–10, 20–21, 39–40, 46, 52–53, 100, 225–26, 3479–80; NATURE AND PURPOSES: 3, 125, 245, 257–59, 285–87, 347–49, 527, 959, 1229, 1235–36, 1238, 1253, 1313, 1356–61, 1695–97, 1961, 2159–61, 2313–14, 2573–74, 3123, 3139, 3150, 3164, 3454–56, 3548–50, 4356, 4372, 3175, 3221–23, 3385, 3388–89, 3479–80, 3600–601, 3614–15, 4372–73, 3717–20, 4047, 4234–36, 4343–50, 4354, 4358, 4372–73, 4390, 4476–77, 4492–93, 4497; NORTHERN, EASTERN: 177, 189, 986–87, 1210–11, 1548–51, 1830–31, 1846–47, 1847–48, 3543; POETIC LANGUAGE, IMAGES, WORDS: 25–26, 79–80, 1534, 1594, 1777–78, 1900–902, 1930, 1987–88, 2594–95, 2639–42, 2804–805, 3009–17, 3416–19, 3564–68, 4214, 4414–15, 4426, 4473–74, 4485, 4490, 4495, 4506, 4513, 4515; specifically identified by Leopardi: 1789, 1798, 1825–26, 1927–30, 2251–52, 2263, 2350, 2629; POETIC SOUL: 2032–33, 2544–45; SOURCES: 125, 1928–30, 2042–43, 2645–48, 3119–20, 3121–23, 3461, 4426, 4427, 4450
Poirson, Auguste (1795–1871). French historian: 4399
Poland, the Poles: see Nations, peoples
Polemo (or Polemon). Head of the Platonic Academy between 313 and 270 BCE: 206, 1316
Politics (see also Government, governance and Prince, the): 120–21, 1826, 1911–13, 4058–60; ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 120, 3097–99, 3469–71, 4192–93, 4238, 4500; civilization, barbarism: 1100–101; courage: 117–18; youthful ardor: 195–96, 1169–70; EUROPEAN POLITICS: 3173–77, 3855–63, 3887–89; GOVERNMENTS: 543–79, 3082–84, 3889–90; INFLUENCE ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE: 3855–63; NATURE/REASON: 194, 309–12, 331–32, 925–26, 2668–69, 4041–42, 4197–98; PARTIES, FACTIONS: 113–14, 299–302, 608–609, 2677–79
Poliziano, Agnolo (1454–1494). Tuscan humanist and poet, pupil of Marsilio Ficino: 2, 59, 2069, 3263, 4121
Polybius (c. 200–after 118 BCE). Greek historian, who studied Rome’s rise to power: 845, 992, 1024, 1519, 2590
Polycrates (sixth century BCE). Tyrant of Samos: 4478
Polynesia: 4362
Polyps: see Animals
Pompeii: see Cities
Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) (106–48 BCE). Roman general and statesman: 114, 510, 962, 4440
Pomponazzi, Pietro (1462–1525). Italian natural philosopher based in Padua, Ferrara, and Bologna, appears as the character Peretto in Speroni’s Dialogo delle lingue: 3336, 3741
Pomponius Atticus Titus (first century BCE). Roman knight: 2988
Pontedera, Giulio (1688–1757). Professor of botany at Padua, with an interest in Greek and Latin philology: 1169, 1276–77, 2195, 2624, 4519
Pope, Alexander (1688–1744). English poet and essayist: 207, 3816, 4174, 4267–68, 4273
Popes, the Papacy: see Christianity
Popma, Sixtus (1550–1611). Editor of Celsus, Libellus de arte dicendi (1569): 34
Porphyrio (Pomponius Porphyrion) (second or third century CE). Latin grammarian and commentator on Horace: 1166
Porphyry (Porphyrius) (233–c. 305 CE). Neoplatonist philosopher, originally from Tyre: 336, 961, 997, 1016, 1448, 2623, 2795, 4029, 4220
Popular songs: see Music: SOUND AND SONG
Porsenna (Lars Porsenna) (sixth century BCE). King of Clusium in Etruria, warred with Rome: 4444, 4456
Portraits: 1302–303
Portugal, the Portuguese: see Nations, peoples
Porzio, Camillo (1526–1580). Neapolitan writer and historian: 702–703, 708–9, 717, 722, 723, 4119
Posidippus (third century BCE). Greek comic poet, a rival of Menander: 4147
Positivized diminutives: see Diminutives
Possibility: 4174; THE ESSENCE OF THINGS AND BEINGS: 160, 1260, 1790, 1791–92; God: 1341, 1619–23, 1625–27, 1637–46, 2073–75; HUMAN FACULTIES: 1434, 2152, 2270–71, 2391, 2585–87, 3374–75; IGNORANCE: 1055, 1280–81
Posterity: 4118; ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 3435–40; literature, style: 4268–71; HUMAN PROGRESS: 216–17, 306–307, 349–51, 834–35, 4198–99; THE POETIC: 1930, 2263; Greek drama: 2804–809; SELF-LOVE, AMBITION, FAME: 593, 643–44, 646, 826–29, 3027–29, 4120
Pougens, Marie Charles Joseph de (1755–1833). French man of letters, author of the Archéologie française: 4141, 4144, 4145, 4146, 4147, 4148, 4149, 4223, 4280
Pouqueville, François-Charles-Hugues-Laurent (1770–1838). French diplomat and traveler: 4410
Power: 120, 194, 1563–68, 1595
Pozzi, Giuseppe (1697–1752). Comic poet from Bologna: 4093
Pradt (de): see Dufour
Praise (see also Esteem): 127–28, 196–97, 724, 926, 1740–41, 1932–34, 2429, 4023, 4167, 4347–48, 4410, 4471, 4523
Praxiteles (b. c. 390 BCE). Athenian sculptor: 3003, 4159
Predella. A fictitious character invented by Caro for the purposes of his polemic: 2390, 2503
Precision, exactitude: ANCIENTS AND MODERNS: 3482–86; LANGUAGE, STYLE: 863–64, 978–79, 1045–46, 1478–94, 1520–21, 2594–95; elegance: 1312–13, 1918, 2012–14; literature/science: 109–11, 1213–29, 1231–32, 1234–36, 1247–48, 1252–53, 1356–61, 2594–95; knowledge: 1350–51, 1487–89, 1862–63; translations: 1949–50; NATURE, REASON, CIVILIZATION: 555, 581–85, 585–86; NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN NATIONS: 1045–46, 1850–56; THEORY OF PLEASURE: 246
Prejudices: 309–12, 1801; HAPPINESS: 1082; LOVE: 3909–10, 3917–18; NATURE, PASSION, REASON: 923–25, 1816–18, 4135–36; TASTE AND JUDGMENT: 1832–33, 1865–66, 1883–85, 1927, 1940, 2517–18, 2596–99
Prepositions: 761, 929
Present, the: 80, 277, 280, 299, 826–29, 1393–94, 1521–22, 1554–55, 1575–76, 1648–50, 1691–94, 1816–18, 2337–38, 2583–84, 2602, 2736–39, 3028, 3437–39, 3522, 3911–12, 3921–22, 4206–208, 4238, 4289, 4366; LITERATURE AND POETRY: 2944–46, 4268–72, 4450, 4476–77, 4479