Napoleon
Page 118
titles and dotations 345
in 1815 742–4
after Napoleon 807–8
French Guiana, deportations to 289
French language, official 280
French navy 158, 322–3
L’Orient 166, 178
flotilla for invasion of England 328–9
opposition to planned invasion of England 331
N’s attempts to rebuild 375, 484–5n
and smuggling 429–30
French Republic
and Corsica 5, 6
declaration of war on Austria and Prussia (1792) 38
declaration of Republic 40
declaration of war on Britain and Holland (1793) 41
mass conscription 42
Constitution of the Year III (1795) 64–5, 146, 217
economy under Directory 87, 211–12
Brumaire coup (1799) 206–28
Constitution of the Year VIII (1799) 232–3, 234–7, 239–40, 244
Constitution of the Year X (1802) 310, 312
French Revolution
outbreak (1789) 26–8
and Corsica 29, 30–34, 37–8, 40–41
abolition of symbolic aspects 241
see also Terror, Reign of
Fréron, Louis-Stanislas 51
Friant, General Louis 591
Austerlitz 384, 390n
at Eylau 444
Wagram 523
Borodino 605
Friedland, battle of (1807) 450–56, 452
Frochot, François, member of Conseil 623
Frotté, Comte Louis de 242
Fructidor Coup (1797) 146–8
Fuentes de Oñoro, battle of (1811) 566
Galitzin, Prince Andrei 433
Gallo, Marquis de 138, 141
Ganilh, Charles 306
Ganteaume, Rear Admiral Honoré 183, 295, 331
Gap 735
Garat, Dominique 306
Garda, Lake 109–10, 114
Gardanne, General Gaspard 259
Marengo 262, 263–4
Gasparin, Thomas 51
Gasparin, Thomas de 47 and n
Gassicourt, Cadet de 517, 772
Gatte, M. pharmacist 730
Gaudin, Martin, as finance minister 233–4, 745
and bankers 245–6
Gauville, Captain Adolphe 676
Gaza City 188
Gazan, General Honoré 418, 660
gendarmerie, reorganized 240–41
Genoa 55
and Corsica 4–5
riots 142–3
besieged 249, 252, 256–7
surrender 257
Gent, Lieutenant, French navy 774
Gentilini, footman, St Helena 779
George III, King of England 45 and n, 237, 321
on Peace of Amiens 318–19
George IV, King, as Prince Regent 776, 794–5
George, Mademoiselle (Marguerite Weimer) 656, 747, 810
Gérard, François, painter 469, 543, 601
Austerlitz 388
Gérard, General Étienne 701
Leipzig 677
Gèricault, Thèodore, painter 543
Germany 292–3
First Coalition campaign (1792–7) 115, 131
N’s northern campaign (1797) 131–2
Imperial Rescript (rationalization) 320–21, 406
Jews in 404
Rhine Confederation 405, 406, 407
modernization 528
incipient nationalism 535
see also Bavaria; Prussia; Rhine Confederation
Geyl, Pieter xxxi
Gillray, James 310, 317
Girard, General Jean-Baptiste
and Leipzig campaign 664–5, 672
at Magdeburg 664
Hagelberg 672
Girardin, Louis de, prefect 690
Girodet, Anne-Louis, painter 543
Girona, French siege of 480–81, 486
Girondin Club 30n
Girondins
arrest of 44
defeat of Jacobins 55, 57–8
and new constitution (1795) 63–4
Giulay, General 377
Glasse, Rev. G.H. 310
Gneisenau, General von 642–3
Waterloo campaign 755
Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, Don Manuel, Spanish premier 474, 475, 480
overthrown (1808) 478–9
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von xxxvi, 491–2, 634
Gohier, Louis xxxv, 208, 219–20
Golitsyn, Prince 502
Golymin, battle of (1806) 433
Gonneville, Lieuteant Aymar-Olivier de 450
Gourgaud, General Gaspard 7, 271, 621, 694, 718, 731, 801–2
Russian campaign 590, 620–21
Waterloo 759
St Helena 779, 780, 789, 792
Goya, Francisco, painter 543
Grandeau, General Louis 684
Grassini, Giuseppina, singer 258, 269, 294, 361n, 810
Gravina, Admiral Federico, Spanish ambassador 340
Great Britain 151, 359
and war with French Republic 42
occupation of Corsica (1793–6) 43, 45, 106–7
Gordon Riots (1780) 66n
N’s plans for invasion of 158, 327–32, 357–8, 363
N’s proposal of peace (1799) 237
religion 274n
penal code 278 and n
and Peace of Amiens 294–9, 318–20
and Russia 296
and slave trade 301–2
resumption of travel to France 309–10
admiration for N in 310
press propaganda 315–17
biographies of N 317
preparations for war (1803) 321, 322, 323–4
declaration of war (1803) 324
defences against invasion threat 331
plots against N 333–4
N’s views of 359 and n, 360
peace negotiations (1806) 400–401
N’s strategic plans against 427–31, 473–4, 487–8
Orders-in-Council 428
and War of 1812 428, 561
trade 430, 560–61
and Portugal 487
and opposition to N in Spain 494
subsidy to Austria 498
Napoleonic art in 544
economy 560–61
subsidies to Sixth Coalition 644, 654–5
opposition to terms of Frankfurt peace proposals (1813) 686
consistency of opposition to N 775–6
N’s request for exile in 775
see also Peninsular War; Royal Navy
Great St Bernard pass 251, 253
Grégoire, Henri, bishop 307
Grenoble 732, 734, 736
Grenville, William, Prime Minister 400
Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste de, new artillery practice 17
Gros, Antoine-Jean, painter 543, 809
Bonaparte Visiting the Plague House at Jaffa 192
Gross-Beeren, battles at (1813) 665
Grouchy, Marshal Emmanuel, Marquis de 344, 345
Eylau 442
Friedland 453
1814 campaign 700
and N (1815) 743
and Waterloo campaign 754, 755, 758–9, 761
Waterloo 765, 769, 770
Gudin, General 597, 598
Guérin, Jean-Urbain, painter 543
Guérin, Pierre-Narcisse, painter 182
Guibert, General Comte Jacques de 112, 366
Essai général de tactique (1770) 17
Guinguené, Pierre-Louis 307
Gü
nzburg, battle of (1805) 372
Gustav IV Adolph, King of Sweden 449
Guyot, General 701–2
Waterloo 761, 766
Gyulai, Count Ignaz
at Dresden 669
Leipzig 676
Habsburg, Archduke Charles von
and Italy (1796-7) 78, 115, 131, 132
armistice (1800) 285–6
Austerlitz 375, 390
army reforms 498
and War of Fifth Coalition 498, 501, 502
at Landshut 506, 507–8
and surrender of Vienna 511–12
and Aspern-Essling 512–13, 514, 515–16
Wagram 518–19, 522–6
armistice after Wagram (1809) 526
and marriage of N to Marie Louise 540
Habsburg, Archduke Johann von 512, 518
Hohenlinden 285
Wagram 523
Habsburg, Archduke Joseph von, Marengo 263
Hadik, Count Andreas 701n
Hagelberg, battle of (1813) 665, 672
Haifa 193
Haiti see Saint-Domingue
Hamburg, Hanseatic revolt 644
Hamelin, Antoine 93, 107
Hanau, battle of (1813) 684
Hanover, invasion of (1803) 327
Hansa towns 428
annexation 556
Hardenberg, Baron Karl von 392–3, 642
harvests, bad
(1801) 311
(1811–13) 560, 568
Hatzfeld, Prince Franz Ludwig von 423
Haugwitz, Count Christian von 380, 392–3, 407–10
Hautpoul, General Jean-Joseph d’ 11
Jena 420
Hof 438
Eylau 444
Hawkesbury, Lord see Liverpool, Earl of
Hédouville, General Gabriel d’ 214, 242
ambassador to Russia 339
Hédouville, Théodore d’, diplomat 496
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, at Jena 415, 418
Heilsberg, capture of 450
Heligoland 429
Hely-Hutchinson, Colonel John 451, 454
Henry, Walter, surgeon 796, 797–8
heraldry
for coronation 347–8
personal 348
Hercules III, Duke of Modena 94
Hiller, Baron Johann von 507–8
Hobhouse, John Cam 747, 749, 771
Hoche, General Lazare 52, 57, 139
and Josephine 70
as war minister 145
Hof, battle of (1807) 438
Hofer, Andreas, and Tyrol rebellion 512, 533
Hohenlinden, battle of (1800) 285
Hohenlohe, Prince Friedrich von 414, 415, 419, 420, 423
Holford, George 334
Holland 393, 397–8
Franco-Dutch convention (1801) 307–8
Louis Bonaparte as king 397–8, 549–50
annexation 550
Holland, Lord 158, 311
and Lady Holland 310
Holstein-Oldenburg, Prince George of 491
Holy Land
N’s invasion 186
scorched earth tactics 198
Holy Roman Empire 154
Final Declaration of the Imperial Deputation (1803) 320
crown of 361–2
formal abolition (1806) 406, 407
Hompesch zu Bolheim, Ferdinand von, Grand Master of Knights of St John 167
Hood, Admiral Alexander, in Toulon 46
Hopes bank 325–6
Horselberg, battle of (1813) 684
horses 425
lack of (1813–14) 646, 650, 653, 654, 688
Russian campaign 578–9, 587–8, 592, 593, 617; retreat from Moscow 621, 623
Hotham, Admiral Sir Henry 774, 777
Houdon, General Pierre-Victor 61
Huguet-Château, General Louis 702
Hulin, General Pierre-Augustin
and court martial of d’Enghien 338
as governor of Paris 623
Hyères 591n
Ibrahim Bey 180
Illari, Camilla, nursemaid 9
Imperial Council, and coronation 347
Imperial University 244, 281
India 318
N’s ambitions in 186
French claims under Peace of Amiens 298
industrialization 315
‘Infamous Decree’, against Jews (1808) 404
Ingres, Jean-Auguste, painter 247, 543
Institut de France 162
N elected to 156–7
N reinstated as member 746
Institut d’Égypte 179–80
destruction (2011) 205
intelligence gathering 109, 412
before Marengo 262
spies 310
Ireland 329–30
Isnard, Maximin 306
Italian campaign (1796–7) 74–102, 76–7
preparations 72–3
N’s early victories 83–4
siege of Mantua 100–101
later stages 105–37
peace treaties 138–60
see also Marengo
Italian Republic 241
N elected as chief magistrate 305, 306
Italian Revolution (1831) 807
Italy
art treasures from 85n, 87–8, 89, 105–6, 107, 129–30, 151
creation of Lombardic Republic 95–6
giacobini governments 95–7
revolt against French occupation 98–9
creation of Cispadane Republic 118
N’s religious reforms 118, 129–30
Ligurian Republic 142
Cisalpine Republic 145
N as king of 361
see also Genoa; Naples; Piedmont; Two Sicilies, Kingdom of
al-Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman 176–7
Jackson, Major Basil 784, 793, 808
Jacobin Club 30
Jacobins 55, 640
collapse of power in Corsica 44–5
and assassination plots 288–90
Jaffa, siege of 188–91
massacre 189–91
plague 191–2 and n, 198–9
retreat to 197–8
Janvilliers 700–701
Jardin Ainé, N’s orderly 760, 768
Jefferson, Thomas, American President 302
and Louisiana Purchase 324
Jena, battle of (1806) 416–17, 418–21
Cospeda ravine 419
aftermath 422–3
Jena campaign 391–421
Jermanowski, Colonel Jan, with N in return to France (1815) 730–31
Jerusalem 191n
Jessaint, Claude de, prefect 690
Jews 402–5
in Alsace 402–3
‘Infamous Decree’ (1808) 404
Jezzar, Ahmed, pasha of Acre 180–81, 183, 185, 192
and siege of Acre 193–4, 197
João, Prince of Portugal 473
Johann of Liechtenstein, Prince 390
Jomini, General Baron Henri de, military historian 259, 588
at Jena 419
Dresden 668
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria 161
Jouanne, Chevalier 719
Joubert, General Barthélemy 120, 126, 127, 209, 210
Jouberthon, Alexandrine, marriage to Lucien Bonaparte 305
Jourdan, Marshal Jean-Baptiste 344, 808
Würzburg 78, 115, 210
Talavera 531
and Vitoria 660
Journal de Bonaparte et des Hommes Vertueux (1797) 130
Journal de Paris 243, 393
Journal des Débats 243
judiciary, N’s reforms 241
Julius Caesar, as N’s hero 136, 284
Jullien, Marc-Antoine, editor 130
Junot, General Andoche 306
as aide-de camp to N 47, 54, 73
marriage to Laure d’Abrantès 59
in Italy 107, 111
and Venice 139
informs N of Josephine’s affair with Charles 171
invasion of Portugal (1807) 474–5, 478
surrender to Wellington in Portugal 487
in Russia 597–8
insanity 598 and n
Kaliningrad 426
Kalisch, Treaty of (1813) 643–4
Kaluga (Russia) 617, 619–20
Karl Ludwig, Prince of Bavaria 395
Katzbach river, battle of (1813) 672
Keats, John 310
Keith, Admiral Lord 257, 258, 333, 778–9
Keller, Major von 768n
Kellerman, General François-Étienne 689, 701
Marengo 263, 264, 266, 267, 268–9
Kellermann, General François-Christophe 40, 121, 147
Army of the Alps 93–4
as honorary marshal 344n
Kellermann, General François-Étienne 110
Kéralio, Chevalier de 14
Kerckhove, J.R.L. 589–90
Kilmaine, General Charles ‘Brave’ 89, 109
Castiglione 113
Kléber, General Jean-Baptiste
in Egypt 163, 178, 201, 203
Holy Land 186
battle of Mount Tabor 194–5
Klein, General Dominique, Jena 420
Kleist, General Friedrich von 672, 700
and Lâon 705
Klenau, General Johann von
Dresden 668
Leipzig 676–7
Koller, General Franz von, and Elba 716, 719, 722
Kollowrath, General Johann 385
Eggmühl 508–9
Wagram 524
Königsberg 436, 438, 450, 451, 455
Kosakowski, General 719
Kosen, battle of (1813) 684
Krasnoi, battle of (1812) 624, 625
Krettley, Captain, on Jaffa 190
Kronach, Prussia 413
Kundtzow, Mr 728n
Kurakin, Alexander, Russian ambassador 556, 568–9, 586
Kutuzov, General Mikhail, Prince 367–8, 615
and Austerlitz 381, 385
to replace Barclay 598–9
at Borodino 606, 607
refusal of armistice 617
Maloyroslavets 618, 620
‘parallel mark’ strategy 621, 624
Krasnoi 625
at Berezina river 626
at Borisov 629
death (1813) 646
La Bédoyère, Charles de 736, 785
la Cuesta, Don Gregorio de 485
La Favorita, near Mantua 116, 128
La France Vue de l’Armée d’Italie 130
La Harpe, Frédéric de, tutor to Tsar Alexander I 295–6
La Plaigne, Éléonore Denuelle de 400, 534, 807