1421: The Year China Discovered the World
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Uruapan, 257–8, 261, 263, 264
Vallard chart, 219
Varthema, Ludovico de, 176
Vaz Teixeira, Tristão, 384
Venezuela, 146, 266–7, 269, 424
Venice: cartography, 137, 284; da Conti and Fra Mauro, 123; decline of naval power, 32; fleet, 70; language, 408, 413; Portuguese presence, 413
vermilion, 260
Verrazzano, Giovanni de, 325–8, 336, 337
Vespucci, Amerigo, 423
Vietnam, 58, 59, 64, 79, 186, 268
Vietor, Alexander O., 428–9, 432
Vinland map, 347–9, 351, 354, 355, 449–50
volcanoes, 31, 289–90, 295, 343, 411
votive offerings, 38, 533–4; in Australia, 220, 228, 450; in New Zealand, 212, 450; in Pate, 367
Wade, Sir Thomas Francis, 270
Waldburg-Wolfegg, Prince Johannes, 238
Waldseemüller, Martin, 238
Waldseemüller world map, 238–9, 247–8, 356, 436, 449
walrus, 353
Wampanoag people, 336
Wang Tao, 197, 273
warrah, 169
Warrnambool, wreck, 188–9, 206
Wei, Professor, 273
Wei Chuh-Hsien, 189
Wills, John E. Jr, 127
winds, 237, 421, 434, see also currents, hurricanes, monsoons, Roaring Forties
Wollongong, wreck, 205, 206
World Map (1428): Cabral’s expedition, 423; Cape of Good Hope on, 139, 363–4, 395, 421; Columbus’s copy of, 139, 427; description of, 138–9, 363; islands of Antilia, 31, 285, 403, 406; Magellan Strait on, 138, 395; Piri Reis map, 140, 151; Portuguese possession of, 31, 139, 395, 398, 406, 433; sources of information, 424, 437
wrecks: on American coasts, 38, 241–5, 325; in Australia, 38, 188–9, 205–6, 450; in Caribbean, 307–8; in New Zealand, 38, 208–9, 210, 211–14, 217, 450; numbers, 453; in Philippines, 212, 267–9, 450
Wu Pei Chi: Chinese bases, 375; Ha-bu-er island, 185; illustrations, 90, 101, 116; latitude calculation, 181; North Pole position, 355; routes, 121, 364; survival of, 89, 269; translation, 118
Wu Zhong, 81
Xia Yuanji, 77, 80–1, 82
Xiu, Empress, 78
yams, 442, 443, 445, 446
Yang Qing: fleet command, 64, 436; longitude mission, 105, 377; route, 363; voyage, 111, 357, 363, 448, 456
Yangery people, 189, 318
Yangtze estuary, inscription, 120, 133, 210, 448
Yao Guang-Xiao, 62
Yi Pang-Won, King of Korea, 60
Ymana, island of, 29, 285, 414
Yong Le, see Zhu Di
Yong-le-Dadian, 62, 67
Yoshimitsu, Shogun, 61
Youssuf Kamal, Prince, 121, 377
Yuan dynasty, 52
Yucatan Peninsula, 239
Zacuto, Abraham bin Samuel, 422
Zaiton, lighthouse, 331–2
Zamorin kings, 114–15
Zanzibar: ambassador, 119; Arab port, 102; author’s voyage, 113; Chinese base, 102, 121, 375, 422; Portuguese arrival, 365, 422
Zarco, João Gonçalves, 383–4, 399
Zhang Wenxu, 244
Zheng He (Ma Ho, San Bao): achievements, 436, 456; background, 47; bases, 100, 104–5; bell, 210; career, 47, 48, 50–1, 64–5, 83; crews, 262; fleet, 51, 363, 398, 442, 449; Fusang stories, 146; giraffe presentation, 58–9; inscriptions, 111–12, 120, 133, 377, 448; language school, 66; museum, 270; name, 47; religion, 47, 83; return to China, 83, 106; tomb, 437; voyages, 64–5, 84, 105–6, 455; warships, 70, 116
Zhou dynasty, 220
Zhou Man: American journey, 237–40, 247, 267, 268–9; Australian journey, 200–4, 214, 217, 222–9, 435; Brazil discovery, 423; Campbell Island presence, 208, 217; cargo, 229–30, 232; crew, 267; fleet command, 106, 436, 448; losses, 226, 239, 453; mineral discoveries, 220; mission, 162, 190, 197, 208; New Zealand journey, 208–12, 217; return to China, 162, 163, 237; route around Australia, 213; separation of fleet, 200; Spice Islands journey, 229–33; voyage (1421–23), 111, 140–1, 145, 163, 191, 197–8, 237, 357, 456
Zhou Wen: at Bimini, 311–17; in Caribbean, 286, 290–304, 307; fleet command, 106, 275, 312, 317, 333, 436; voyage (1421–23), 111, 141, 281–3, 319, 356–7, 410, 448, 456
Zhu Di (Yong Le), Emperor: accession,48–9, 50; achievements, 436, 453–4; ambassadors to, 59, 61–2, 63, 64; astronomy, 54–5, 61; Azores statue, 345, 455; banquet, 63; Beijing base, 47–8; Beijing building programme, 53–4, 55–7, 59; Beijing capital, 53, 55–6, 59; Calicut relations, 113–14; campaign against Arughtai, 80–1; concubine, 63, 75–6; death, 81, 454; encyclopedia project, 62, 67; family, 45–6; fleet, 63, 64–6, 69–70, 442, 452; Forbidden City fire, 75–6; funeral, 81; giraffe presentation, 58–9, 318; Grand Canal, 56–7, 77; horses, 114, 219; household, 47; illness, 77–8; library, 62; mandarin opposition to, 58, 76–7, 80–1; rebellions against, 79–80; religion, 67, 133, 262; shipbuilding, 51–2, 57–8; Silk Road trade, 241; successors, 80, 81, 455; treasure ships, 60, 69–70, 78, 81–2; tribute system, 60–2, 101, 449
Zhu Gaozhi, 56, 76, 80, 81–3, 233
Zhu Yuanzhang, see Hong Wu
Zhu Yunwen, 48, 50, 52
Zhu Zhanji, 83
Zink, David, 310–11, 314, 316
About the Author
Gavin Menzies (Royal Navy Submarine Commanding Officer, retired) was born in 1937 in China, where he spent the first two years of his life. He joined the Royal Navy in 1953 and served in submarines from 1959 to 1970. As a junior officer he sailed the world in the wake of Columbus, Dias, Cabral and Vasco da Gama. When in command of HMS Rorqual (1968–1970), he sailed the routes pioneered by Magellan and Captain Cook. Since leaving the Royal Navy, he has returned to China and the Far East many times, and in the course of researching 1421 he has visited 120 countries, over 900 museums and libraries and every major sea port of the late Middle Ages. Gavin Menzies is married with two daughters and lives in North London.
For more information visit Gavin Menzies’ website: www.gavinmenzies.net
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1421
A BANTAM BOOK: 9780553815221
Version 1.0 Epub ISBN: 9781448154838
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