God’s Traitors: Terror & Faith in Elizabethan England

by Childs, Jessie

  Extraordinary women lie at the heart of this book, so it is fitting that it should be dedicated, with love and thanks, to my mother, Jane Childs, and my sister, Anna Richards.

  Index

  The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.

  Entries in italics indicate illustrations.

  A.B. (spy) 110–11

  Abbot, George (later Archbishop of Canterbury) 217, 251

  Agnus Dei (‘lamb of God’) 5, 5n, 30, 52, 68, 194

  Alba, Ferdinand de Toledo, Duke of 33

  Albert, Archduke 357

  Alfield, Thomas 101, 102

  Allen, Gabriel 56

  Allen, William xviii, 23, 25, 29, 52, 69, 70, 71–2, 90, 90n, 93, 94, 95, 102–3, 104n, 117, 134, 149, 162, 180, 212

  Almond, John 174

  altars 13, 13n, 15, 16, 16n, 18, 21, 45, 50, 101, 172, 172n, 173, 175, 176–7, 177n, 178, 259, 261, 326

  Anjou, Francis, Duke of 54, 59

  Apethorpe, Northamptonshire 61, 76, 77, 78

  appellants, archpriest controversy and 149, 212n, 213, 213n, 238, 277, 335

  Aquaviva, Claudio, S.J. (Jesuit General) xviii, 134, 137, 177n, 186, 192, 198–9, 206, 207, 219, 278, 292, 340

  Arden, John 246–7, 249

  Armada, Spanish, 1588 xix, 156–7, 158–65, 160n, 187, 218n, 273, 323, 346

  Arundel, Anne Howard, Countess of 168, 218, 218n, 263

  Arundel, Philip Howard, Earl of 105, 162, 218n

  Arundell, Charles 104–5, 104n

  Ashby St Ledgers, Northamptonshire 271

  Ashley, Ralph 325, 326–7, 349

  Babington Plot, 1586 xvii, 125–32, 135, 136, 162, 198, 246, 278, 309, 346

  Babington, Anthony xvii, 112, 123–4, 126–32, 135–6, 250

  Bacon, Francis 22n

  Baddesley Clinton, Warwickshire 166–7, 166n, 282, 339n, 383–4

  Bagshaw, Christopher: A Sparing Discoverie of Our English Jesuits, 1601 214

  Baldwin, William, S.J. 218

  Ballard, John 101, 102, 126, 127, 128–30, 131, 132

  Bancroft, Richard, Bishop of London 118, 120n, 121

  Barlow, Thomas, Bishop of Lincoln 364–5

  Barnwell, Robert 128

  Bates, Thomas 186, 283, 299, 300, 307, 323, 324, 329

  Batty, Matthew 304, 305, 309

  Bayarde (priest) 89

  Baynham, Sir Edmund 292, 323, 335

  Beale, Robert 109

  Beaumont, Elizabeth, née Hastings (grandmother of Henry, Eleanor and Anne Vaux) 32, 43–5, 73–4, 155–6, 165

  Beaumont, Francis 44, 156, 215, 216

  Beaumont, Henry 165

  Beaumont, Sir John 19–20, 20n

  Bellamy, Anne 181, 199, 201, 202

  Benedict XVI, Pope 150n, 364

  Bentley family of Little Oakley, Northamptonshire 101, 152, 306

  Beza, Theodore 55

  Blackwell, George, Archpriest 149, 213, 213n, 277–8, 358–9

  ‘bloody question’ 103

  Blount, Richard, S.J. 172n, 348

  Boleyn, Queen Anne 8, 10, 228

  Bond of Association, 1584 106–7

  Boucher, Mary 263–4

  Boughton (manor on the Vaux estate) 359–60

  Boughton House (Montagu seat near Kettering) 38, 75, 77–8, 80, 81, 89, 259, 321, 359

  Braddocks Manor, Essex 207, 209–10

  Briant, Alexander 70, 71, 115

  Bridge, alias Gratley (spy) 105

  Brinkley, Stephen 48–9, 50, 51, 66–7

  Bromley, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor 83, 88

  Bromley, Sir Henry 325, 327, 332

  Brooksby, Bartholomew 277

  Brooksby, Dorothy, née Wiseman 219, 293, 333

  Brooksby, Edward (husband of Eleanor Brooksby) 40, 44, 48, 56, 66, 73, 91, 145, 214

  Brooksby, Eleanor, née Vaux (daughter of William, 3rd Baron Vaux): ‘the widow’ xvii, 146, 147, 256, 279, 341; Garnet and xviii, 146, 147, 150, 152, 166, 186, 217–18, 253, 275, 287, 333, 340, 347; ‘very learned and in every way accomplished lady’ 3, 145; birth 20; Campion praises 26–7, 140, 145; commitment to Catholic cause 27, 145, 146, 147; dowry 32, 91, 214, 232; marriage 40, 44, 48, 66, 73, 91, 145 see also Brooksby, Edward; children 40, 145, 182, 219, 284, 351, 355 see also Brooksby, Mary and Brooksby, William; dedication to English mission 44, 145, 186; death of husband and 66, 73, 91, 145; Francis Hastings suggests searching house of 73–4; Campion confessions and 73–4; widow’s jointure 91, 153, 271; death of Henry Vaux and 139; adopts late aunt’s five-year-old daughter, Frances Burroughs 145, 151, 182–3, 185; ‘rather timid’ 145, 194, 216; Wilson praises in translation The Widow’s Glass 145, 167, 356; Thomas Tresham considers the dominant Vaux sister 147; aliases 153–4, 186; measure of protection from authorities 154, 155; household 165, 166–73, 182–96, 197; role in sending Catholic children out of England 183–4; religious instruction of children in household 185; role in Anne Vaux’s lawsuit against Thomas Tresham 214, 215, 216n, 295; Catesby as kinsman of 271, 273; link to Gunpowder Plot 271, 273, 277, 282, 283, 284, 287, 293; return to Harrowden Hall, 1605 295; death 355

  Brooksby, Jane, née Beaumont 44

  Brooksby, Mary (daughter of Eleanor and Edward Brooksby) 40, 145, 165

  Brooksby, Robert 44

  Brooksby, William, alias Mr Jennings (son of Eleanor and Edward Brooksby) 40, 145, 165, 219, 284, 293, 301, 333, 351

  Browne, Francis 67, 89, 102

  Browne, Robert 104

  Brudenell family of Deene 5, 38, 114, 114n, 119, 123n

  Brudenell Manuscript 5, 114, 119, 123n

  Burroughs, Frances (niece of William, 3rd Baron Vaux, adopted by Eleanor Brooksby) xvii, 145, 151, 152, 182–5, 190

  Butcher, Joan 19

  Bye Plot, 1603 96n, 277–8, 291, 318

  Byrd, William 45, 136, 136n, 190, 288

  Campion, Edmund, S.J.: tutor at Harrowden Hall xviii, 7, 26, 44, 45, 53, 61, 140, 145, 340; launches Jesuit mission in England with Robert Persons, 1580 xviii, 7, 8, 25, 53–61, 64, 340; aliases 7, 56, 86; at Oxford University 7, 8, 25, 26, 70–1; Vaux family shelter in Northamptonshire, 1580 7–8, 25, 60, 61, 64–5; letter to Henry Vaux from Oxford, 28th July, 1570 7–8, 24–7, 44–5; praise for Lord Vaux 7–8, 12, 25; Earl of Leicester and 8, 25; on Elizabeth Beaumont 20, 44–5; leaves England for Ireland, 1570 25, 26; Two Bokes of the Histories of Ireland 25; training in priesthood 25; ‘suffered himself to be ordained’ into the Anglican Church 25; converts to Catholicism 25–6; praises Henry Vaux’s sister (probably Eleanor) 26–7, 140, 145; ‘Brag’, 1580 43, 58–60, 61; Synod of Southwark and 56–7, 70, 86; insistence on absolute recusancy 56–61, 62; agitates for public debate 61, 69, 142; Rationes Decem 67; arrest and imprisonment 67–8; interrogation and torture 68, 71–3, 78, 84–5, 88; trial and charges 69, 70, 72, 83–4; execution 70, 71, 78, 346; relics of 71, 112, 115; confessions 73–4, 78, 83–4, 86, 88; Vaux and Tresham questioned on connection to 73–4, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85–6, 88, 99, 273; Weston alias as tribute to 109n

  Carrington, Anthony 64, 80, 162

  Carvajal y Mendoza, Luisa de 174, 265, 287–8, 316n, 327, 328, 334, 341, 342–3, 350, 351, 352, 353, 357

  Catesby, Robert xii, xvii, xviii, xix, 1, 2, 33, 218, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275 277, 279, 280–1, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289–94, 295–7, 296n, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304n, 307, 312, 313, 316, 322, 323, 327n, 330, 335, 336, 341, 342, 344, 346

  Catesby, Sir William 76, 76n, 83, 87, 91, 109–10, 159–60, 227, 273, 274

  Catherine of Aragon, Queen 9n, 10, 17, 368

  Catholic Church: recusants and see recusants; Jesuits see Society of Jesus (Jesuits); Mass and see Mass, Catholic; papacy and see papacy; dissolution of the monasteries and 12–13; iconoclasm 13–14, 16, 16n; Passion and 13, 14, 45, 170, 171, 175, 228; tran-substantiation and 13, 14, 80, 363; Easter and 14; First Communion and 14–15; Edward VI ‘purification’ of 15–17, 16n;
England breaks with 21–2; Elizabeth’s religious ‘settlement’ and 21–4, 47, 117; resilience of 24; rising in Northern England, 1569, and 28–9, 32, 34; Council of Trent and 46–7; insistence on absolute recusancy (question of attendance of Protestant service) and 57, 61; legislation curbing practices of see Parliament; evangelizing impulse 69, 116, 117; equivocation and 109, 141, 180–2, 189, 202, 250, 293, 295, 296, 313, 345, 350, 352; Armada backlash against 160–1; belief in supernatural within 263

  Catholic League xviii, 95, 106

  Catholic Relief Act, 1829 363

  Catilyn, Maliverey (spy known as ‘II’) xix, 138, 139

  Cave, William 165, 166, 181–2

  Cecil, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Salisbury xix, 191, 202, 203, 225, 239, 260, 265, 274, 276, 284, 298–9, 301, 302, 305, 305n, 306, 308, 315, 315n, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 327, 332, 334, 337n, 338, 339, 344–5, 346, 348, 352, 357

  Cecil, Sir Thomas 255

  Cecil, Sir William, Lord Burghley xix, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 60, 68–9, 73, 75, 92, 99, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 125, 127–8, 155, 158, 161, 162, 191, 207–8, 225, 226, 229, 260, 274–5, 345

  Chamberlain, John 237–8n, 274, 275, 285

  Charles I, King 360–1

  Chartley Manor, Staffordshire 125, 126

  Cheney family 11, 100, 122

  ‘church papist’ 3, 45–6

  Clifton, Thomas 93

  Clink prison, Southwark 90, 90n, 210, 244, 246, 247, 250, 251

  Clitherow, Margaret 154–5

  Cobham, Sir Henry 92–3, 95, 97, 278

  Coke, Sir Edward xix, 187, 306, 321, 322, 323–4, 332–3, 336, 344–5, 346

  Collins, Robert 240, 241

  Combe Abbey, Warwickshire 282

  Copley, Anthony 96n, 238–9, 277

  Copley, Sir Thomas 95–6, 97, 100, 240

  Cornford, Thomas, S.J. 180–1

  Coughton Court, Warwickshire 97n, 296–7, 296n, 299, 300, 323, 329, 333, 334, 342

  Council of Trent, 1545–63 46–7, 52, 150n

  Counter-Reformation 4, 49, 52, 54, 146, 171, 185, 250, 353

  Counter prison, Poultry 90, 91, 210, 244

  Counter, Wood Street 122, 129

  Cowling, Richard, S.J. 255, 256n, 281

  Creswell, Joseph, S.J. 198n, 280, 323

  Crisp, Francis 257

  Cromwell, Thomas 11

  Darrell, John 118

  Davies, Henry 138, 228

  Dibdale, Robert 122

  Dickenson, Roger 103

  Digby, Mary, Lady 251, 261, 293, 300, 304, 315, 317, 341

  Digby, Sir Everard xviii, 250, 261, 261n, 265, 284, 296–7, 299, 300, 307, 312, 316–17, 321–2, 323, 329

  Dodwell, Thomas (spy) 105, 385

  Don John of Austria 35, 70

  Donne, Elizabeth 149–50

  Donne, John vii, 73, 91, 149, 230, 275

  Douai/Rheims seminary xviii, 23, 25, 52, 65, 69, 93–4, 95, 96, 97, 103–4, 149, 188, 256

  ‘Dowglas’ (priest) 37

  Dowland, John 225

  Drake, Sir Francis 19, 156

  Drayton House, Northamptonshire 38, 285

  Easton Neston, Northamptonshire 261, 267, 306, 307

  Edict of Nantes, 1598 277

  Edward IV, King 9

  Edward VI, King 11, 15–17, 16n, 19, 20n, 21

  Elizabeth I, Queen xvii, xviii, xix, 3–4, 6, 7, 8, 21–4, 25, 27, 28–36, 45, 47, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62, 62n, 64, 65, 67, 68n, 77, 90, 95, 96, 99, 107–10, 113, 121, 125, 127, 128, 136n, 151, 160, 160, 162–3, 164, 200, 202, 207, 208, 217, 228, 255, 274, 275, 276, 280, 346

  Elizabethan Religious Settlement 21–4, 47, 117

  Elizabeth, Princess (daughter of James I) 282, 283

  Ely, Cambridgeshire 159–60, 164, 213

  Emerson, Ralph (Jesuit lay brother) 56

  English Civil War, 1642–51 6, 361

  English College, Rome 52, 65, 71, 90n, 101, 179, 212, 213, 260, 356

  Erith, Thames Estuary 271, 271n, 288–9, 334, 344, 348, 349

  Essex rebellion, 1601 272, 286n, 343

  Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of 199, 207–8, 272, 286n, 343

  Exercise of a Christian Life, The (Loarte) 40, 48–52, 53, 67, 342

  exorcism xx, 5, 112–24, 130, 131, 137, 146, 173, 186, 187, 263, 353

  Fawkes, Guy 206, 256n, 274, 280–2, 293, 298, 300, 306, 316, 321n, 322, 323, 365

  Fawsley, Northamptonshire 38, 259–60, 359–60

  Fermor, Mary, Lady 302, 305, 306–7, 361

  Fermor, Sir George 267, 302, 303–4, 307, 312–13, 405

  Ferrers, Henry 166–7, 282

  Finche, John 46

  Fitzherbert, Thomas 70

  Flamstead family 46

  Fleet prison, London 79–80, 89, 90–1, 99, 100, 109, 162, 199, 215, 217, 232, 234, 237, 357, 361

  Floyd, Griffith 339

  Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire 125, 127

  Foxe, John: Actes and Monuments (known as the ‘Book of Martyrs’) 19, 40

  France xviii, 4, 10, 23, 24, 25, 27, 35–6, 44, 55, 65, 71, 95, 96, 97–8, 104, 106, 126, 129, 164, 183–5, 197, 217, 228, 236

  Fremland, Essex 289, 344

  Fulwood, Richard xix, 183–4, 186, 209, 247, 248, 249–50, 348

  Fulshurst, George xvii, 232, 273

  Garnet, Henry, S.J.: Jesuit Superior in England, 1586–1606 xviii; harboured by Anne Vaux and Eleanor Brooksby xviii, 146, 152, 166, 167, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192–6, 197; aliases 1–2, 313; Gunpowder Plot, involvement in 2, 289–93, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 304, 306, 310–11, 313, 317, 322, 323, 324; nature of relationship with Anne Vaux 2, 146, 147–8, 150, 151, 152, 338–46, 347–9, 350–3; prison correspondence (etched in orange juice) 2, 329–34, 336–9, 346–9; Elizabeth Beaumont and 43, 155, 156, 165; enters England on Jesuit mission, 1586 133–5, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 149, 150; appearance 133, 287, 345; family background 133; becomes Jesuit priest 134; character 134; takes over as Jesuit superior in England 137, 146; death of Henry Vaux and 139; thinks Eleanor Brooksby ‘rather timid’ 145, 194, 216; labels Eleanor Brooksby and Anne Vaux ‘the widow and the virgin’ 146; visitors carefully vetted 149; Anne Vaux’s donation of money to mission and 153; circumspection over summer of 1588 165; on effect of Armada on English Catholics 165; Warwickshire household and 166, 167, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192–6, 197; Owen and 179; cottage in Finsbury Fields raided, 1591 180, 180n; A treatise against lying and fraudulent dissimulation 181, 182, 293, 296, 345; ‘Garnetian Academy’ 181, 186; arranges escape of Frances Burroughs from England 183–4, 185; The Societie of the Rosary 185–6, 185n; attempts to improve reception and transfer of seminarians in England 188; October 1591 raid and 192–6, 197; moves to London after raid 198; begs Aquaviva to accept his resignation 198–9, 206–7; on Topcliffe 199; death of Southwell and 202–4; visits north of England, winter 1592–3 206; fears arrest 206; on uproar in London, 1594 207–9; An Apology Against the Defence of Schism, 1593 212; A Treatise of Christian Renunciation, 1593 212; Archpriest George Blackwell and 213; as target for critics of Jesuits 213; at Morecrofts 218, 249–50; move to White Webbs 219, 289, 323; professes final Jesuit vows, 1598 219; Gerard and 202–3, 207, 209, 247, 249, 252, 253, 254, 332, 351; on mood at James VI accession to throne 275, 277, 278, 280, 281; receives ‘breves’ from Rome 275, 323; facilitates Wintour’s access to Spanish court 280, 323; visits St Winifred’s Well in Wales, 1605 287, 291, 306, 323; suffers from depression 287; Luisa de Carvajal visits 287–8; Catesby posits hypothetical question on ‘killing innocents’ to, June 1605 289–91; Tesimond informs of ‘all the matter’ of the powder plot 292; seeks papal direction on Gunpowder Plot 292–3, 323; stays at Coughton Court 296–7, 299–300, 323; discovery of Gunpowder Plot, consequences for 299, 300, 301, 304, 307, 310–11, 313, 317, 322, 323, 324; search of Hindlip and 324, 325, 326, 327–8; captured 327–8; imprisoned 329–35; rumours of torture and drunkenness 332, 334; admits foreknowledge of Gunpowder Plot 335–6; Anne Vaux’s devotion to mocked 338–9; trial 344
–5, 347; concern for Anne Vaux after sentence 347; protests innocence to Anne Vaux 347; last letters 347–9; executed 350–1; ‘Garnet’s Straw’ 175, 351–3

  Garnet, Margaret 339

  Garnet, Thomas, S.J. 174, 329

  Gatehouse prison, London 201, 202, 301, 318, 329, 330, 332

  Gayhurst, Buckinghamshire 261, 293, 294

  Gee, John 263, 287, 352

  Gerard, John, S.J.: ‘Long John with the little beard’ xviii, 245, 252; Eliza Vaux and xviii, 254, 255–62, 276, 304, 305, 306, 312, 314–15, 316–17, 318, 319–20; on Henry Vaux 45, 139; on Mass equipment 101n, 175; Autobiography 101n, 137n, 138n, 194–5n, 250–1, 261n, 262, 266, 304n, 311–12, 313, 314–15; on Justice Young 137n; on the Marshalsea 138n; on relics of Robert Sutton 172; on skill of ‘Little John’ Owen 179; lands in England, 1588 186–8; on Hindlip 187; character 189, 250–3, 272; in Warwickshire 189, 190, 191, 194n, 197; 1591 raid and 194n, 197; on Topcliffe 199; Garnet and 202–3, 207, 209, 247, 249, 252, 253, 254, 332, 351; raid on Braddocks, 1594, and 209–10; capture of, 1594 210; in Counter prison, Poultry 210, 244; transferred to the Clink 210, 244, 247, 251; torture of 244–6; appearance 245, 251–2; prison correspondence (etched in orange juice) 246–7; escape from Tower, 1597 246–50, 271; conversions 260–1, 284, 299, 304n; at Morecrofts 271; Catesby and 272; knighting of brother 276; Bye Plot and 277; James I accession and 277, 279; gunpowder plotters receive communion from, 1604 281–2, 306, 323; search of Harrowden Hall, 1605, and 308, 310–12; Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot 312, 313–15, 314n, 315n, 316; Eliza Vaux questioned on knowledge of 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319; flees England 318, 320, 349–50; trial of gunpowder plotters and 322; warrant issued for arrest of, January 1606 322; imprisonment of Garnet and 332; on Anne Vaux’s chastity 339; on capture of Anne Vaux 341; Garnet’s execution and 349–50; rumours of return to England 356

  Gerard, Sir Thomas 273

  Gifford, Gilbert 125–6

  Gifford, Mary 150–1

  Gilbert, George 52–3, 56, 59–60, 65–6, 110