Max Yergan
Page 47
Yergan visits, 61–63
Batouala (Maran), 183. See also Maran, René
Berry, Abner, Communist Party leader, on Yergan as “big fish,” 169
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 207, 212, 214, 218
attends CAA conference on Africa (1944), 213
and Yergan petition to U.N. to investigate plight of African Americans, 225–26
Black Atlantic consciousness, 39
“Black Belt Republic”
Communist Party International call for, 80
CPSA counterpart, 101
thesis, 101–4
Black YMCA, 13. See also YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association), Black
Blyden, Edward, 10. See also Africa Redemption
Boas, Franz, 212
exchange of letters with Yergan, 191–92
Bopape, David, South African communist leader of ANC, 240
Bokwe, Frieda. See Matthews, Frieda Bokwe
Bokwe, John Knox, assists in broadening base of South African YMCA, 35, 46, 56
See also Bull, Oswin Boys
Bokwe, Roseberry Tandwefika, 161–62
Defiance Campaign and, 232
Middledrift Drought Relief Campaign, 1945–47
singled out for praise by Yergan, 66
wedding, 161
Bolshevism, 49, 133
Bondelswarts, South West Africa (now Namibia), 50
Bridgman, F. B., and fitness of Yergan for service in South Africa, 49
on Rand Revolt, 51–52
Brookes, Edgar Harry, 147
attends Fort Hare Bantu-European Conference, 107
praises Yergan’s organization of Bantu-European Conference, 108–9
Brown, Irving, and AFL global communist containment strategy, 234
Brown, John, raid of, on site of Storer College, 1
Brown, W., author of Communism and Christianism, 133
Bryan, Helen R., 109–10
invites Yergan to speak on the Negro and Labor, 188–89
known to Mary van Kleeck, 194
on 1930 Fort Hare Bantu European Conference, 110
Bryant, Herbert, 36
Buchanan, Charles, publisher of People’s Voice, 202
Buell, R. L., 142
and ICAA, 192
Bulhoek Massacre (1921), 50
Bull, Oswin Boys, 41, 50, 56, 160, 163, 193
arrival in South Africa, 34–35
assisted by John Knox Bokwe, 56
delay in receiving South African clearance, 41–44
dispatched to South Africa by YMCA, 56
on Yergan, 63
on Yergan’s resignation from YMCA, 156–57, 165–66
speaks alongside Yergan at FCC dinner, 135
Bunche, Ralph Johnson, 165, 167, 195, 207, 213
cultivation by Yergan for ICAA membership, 172, 174, 183, 196
hosts Yergan and Neugebauer in London, 179–182
resignation from CAA, 210
responds to Yergan on Jewish African immigration, 189–90
snubs Yergan at 1945 UN meeting, 215–16
Yergan lauds for winning 1950 Nobel Peace Prize, 237
Yergan attends testimonial honoring, 238
Bunche, Ruth Ethel Harris, 179
Burnham, James, resigns from Congress of Cultural Freedom, 248
Burnside, Janet, married Tiyo Soya (1857), 47
Byrnes, James F., Secretary of State, Yergan sends six point program on UN Trusteeship, 219
Cape Teachers Association, 66
Carnegie Foundation, 95, 119, 135–38, 189
Carswell, Rena. See Datta, Rena Carswell
Carter, E. C. (“Ned”), 16, 18, 25, 31, 37, 80, 104
and Yergan in India, 20, 22
death of, 248
Yergan answers “call” for Far Eastern War service, 16
Carter, Eunice Hunton, 218
Chitepo, Herbert, pioneer African lawyer in Southern Rhodesia, meets the Yergans, 252–53, 254
Churchill, Winston, “Iron Curtain” speech of, Yergan and Robeson respond to, 222
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 240, 250
City College of New York (CCNY), 184–87, 189
Rapp-Coudert investigations, 200–201
Yergan hired to teach Negro history, 184–87
Close, Ralph W., addresses town meeting on “Africa and the World War,” 208
Colored Work Department, YMCA. See Young Men’s Christians Association (YMCA)
Communist International (Comintern), 104
Communist Party (South Africa), 101–4
appeal of, according to Yergan, 133
class struggle, T. W. Thibedi on, 101
described by Moses Kotane, 102
Ferreirastown experiment, 101
“Native Republic” thesis, 80, 105
night schools, 101, 133
Congo, Belgian (later Democratic Republic of), 257
Yergan cited in pro-Belgian mining periodical, 246
Congress for Cultural Freedom (CFF), 236–39
early connection of Yergan to, 236
Yergan at Berlin meeting, 236–38
Yergan and Brussels meeting, 237–38
Yergan in India meeting, 238
Yergan’s resignation from, 248
Connolly, Gene, sometime American Labor Party candidate, 227
Council on African Affairs (CAA), 231, 232, 233, 246, 255
Mary McLeod Bethune and, 212
Franz Boas and, 191–92, 212
dissolved (1955), 250
E. Franklin Frazier and, 212
John Hammond and, 212
Middledrift drought relief campaign, 214, 221–22, 232
named “subversive and communist” by attorney general, 229
Frieda Neugebauer and, 212
Paul Robeson and, 212
succeeds ICAA, 1941, 212
See also International Committee on African Affairs (ICAA)
Crossman, Richard, 236
Crummell, Alexander, Pan-Negro theologian, 10
Daily Worker, 178, 202, 205, 209, 234
Daniels, Jonathan, 2, 6, 216
Daniels, Josephus, 2
Dar es Salaam, 32
Herbert Stuart tours, 28–29, 115–18
Yergan lands in, 26, 28–30
Datta, Rena Carswell, 115–18, 124–27, 128, 130, 157
Datta, Surendra Kumar, attends General Meeting of WSCF in Mysore, 86
Davis, Benjamin J., 163
Davis, John Preston, 154, 187
See also Joint Committee on National Recovery (JCNR)
Davis, John Warren, educator, 43–44
Day, Edmund Ezra, 119
Defiance Campaign (South Africa), 243–46
de Frantz, Ferdinand, and ICAA, 193
Delaney, Hubert T., and ICAA, 193
Delany, Martin R., 10
Dennis, Eugene, Comintern representative in South Africa, 161–62
Derricotte, Juliette Aline, 128–31
on African-American academic colleges, 128–30
religious lethargy in black colleges, 129–30
World Student Christian Federation and, 130–31
Young Women’s Christian Association, 128–31
Deverall, Richard, co-architect of AFL overseas strategy of communist containment, 234
Die Burger (Afrikaans newspaper), on integration of Bantu-European Conference, 110–11
Dillard University, 129
Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt, 5, 14, 31, 224, 274
influence on Africans feared, 39–44
lends support to Yergan’s South Africa candidacy, 44
recommends Yergan for NAACP Spin-garn Medal, 134
Talented Tenth, 14, 40–44, 74, 220
Dube, John, 76
Dulles, Allen W., CIA director and Yergan assessments of Communism in Africa, 240, 245
Duncan, Patrick, Sir, 137, 172
Dwane, James Mata, Ethiopianist, affiliated with AME Church, 50
Early, Stephen Tyree, Se
cretary to President Roosevelt, responds to Yergan requests for presidential meeting, 203–5
East Africa, 3, 4
battlefield conditions of, 27
wartime service of Yergan in, 25–33
YMCA secretary deliberations, 34–38
YMCA secretary position denied Yergan, 41
Edendale, 66
Eddy, Sherwood, YMCA International Committee Secretary for Asia, 18
travels with Yergan aboard Nieuw Amsterdam, 18
Eichelberger, Clark M., Director of League of Nations, 213
Ethiopia
Italian fascist aggression against, 168
Yergan on, 168–69
Zaphiro addresses NNC on, 168
Ethiopian Church of South Africa, 49
Ethiopianism, 7, 10, 12, 15, 40, 49
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), surveillance of Max Yergan, 187, 205–6, 209, 214, 216, 250, 251
information shared with CIA, 250
wiretaps of Yergan’s installed, 216
withholding of Yergan’s passport considered, 251
Federal Council of Churches (FCC), 135
Field, Frederick Vanderbilt, 192
Fisk University, 131
Fleddérus, Mary Lambertine, 183–184
Fobo, “Roch” Fanana, 134
Foner, Philip, backs Yergan at City College, 184
Ford, James William, 163
background of political activism, 143–44
National Negro Congress and, 168
Yergan names in Senate Internal Security Committee hearings, 241
Fort Hare Native College, 64–66, 79, 80, 86, 92, 130, 139–41, 150, 152, 171, 176, 181, 265
Bantu-European Student Christian Association Conference, 107
Christian Union Building, 65, 107
attempts by Yergan to secure aid for students opposed, 76–77
transformation in Yergan observed by Mbeki, 139–41
Fort-Whiteman, Lovett. See African-American communist émigrés in Soviet Union
Franklin, John Hope, recalls Yergan at Fisk commencement, 138–39
Fraser, Donald, visits South Africa with Luther D. Wishard (1896), 54–55
Frazier, Dr. Edward Franklin, 212, 219
Frederick Douglass Society, at CCNY, 184
Funn, Dorothy Kelso, National legislative secretary, NNC, 228
names Yergan as Communist, 239
resigns from NNC staff, 227
Gandhi, Mohandas K. interest in Negro freedom struggle in U.S., 24
passive resistance endeavor in South Africa, 50
model for CAA activities, 229
Garvey, Marcus, 39–44
Garvey movement by Mordecai Johnson, 143
Pan-Africanism feared, 39–44
General Missionary Conference of South Africa, 49
God That Failed, The (Crossman), 236
Gold and Poverty in South Africa (Yergan), 184, 189
Golden, Oliver John. See African-American communist émigrés to Soviet Union
Goldway, David, backs Yergan at City College, 184–85
Gomas, Johnny, connections to South African Communist Party and ICU, 83
Goode, Eslanda. See Robeson, Eslanda Goode
Goode, Frank. See African-American communist émigrés to Soviet Union
Govan, Willam, founder of Lovedale Institute, 47
Gray, Harold S., 19
Griffith, George Thomas. See Makonnen, Ras Teferi Tomasa
Guggisberg, Sir Gordon, governor of Gold Coast, 108
Gumede, Josiah Tshangana, ANC president, 103
Halpern, Lena, 215
death of, 269
featured in Ebony article on interracial couples, 23
in Lisbon and Luanda, 260–61
southern African trip, 252–54
Hamilton Terrace, racist reaction to Yergan in white neighborhood, 185
Hammond, John, as anti-racist activist, CAA member, 212
Hampton Institute (later University), 14, 15, 32, 129
Harlem
community unrest in aftermath of 1943 riot, 211–12
political and professional profile of Yergan there, 202–12
Harmon Foundation
Yergan awarded for religious service (1927), 67
Harris, Emma L., “Mammy of Moscow.” See African American communist émigrés to Soviet Union
Hayes, Roland, tenor, 68
recital proceeds go to Max Yergan Building Fund, 89
Haynes, George Edmund
and Federal Council of Churches, 69, 104
attends Fort Hare Bantu-European Conference, 107
hosts FCC interracial dinner on South Africa, 135
known by Yergan and Mary van Kleeck, 194
visits South Africa, 1930, 105–6
Haywood, Harry [Hall]. See African-American communist émigrés to Soviet Union
Healdtown Training Institution (founded 1855), 55
Helsinki World Conference of YMCAs, 66
Henderson, James, principal of Lovedale Institution, 85
Henderson v. United States, (railway segregation, 1950), 236
Henriod, Henry-Louis, 61, 75
accompanies Yergan to Basutoland, 61
returns with Yergan to Basutoland, 62
Hertzog Bills, 148–49, 152–54, 171
Yergan’s 1936 YMCA letter of resignation and, 154–55
Hibbard, C. V., on International Committee of YMCA, 37
High Leigh conference, England (1924), 63, 64
Hiss, Alger, 231, 232
Hlubi, Marco, Zulu dancer in Negro Theater Company, London, 180
Ho Chi Minh, 104
Hodges, S. C., president of Lincoln University, 17
Hofmeyr, Jan, South African M.P. at Fort Hare Bantu-European conference, 107
Hook, Sidney, and Congress of Cultural Freedom, 236
Hoover, J. Edgar, and FBI surveillance of Yergan, 187, 250
Hope, John, 78
accompanies Yergan from London to France, 113–14
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
amasses data on NNC, 188
Yergan testifies before (May 1952), 239
Howard University, 129
Hughes, Langston, 209
Huiswoud [Hall], Otto. See African-American communist émigrés to Soviet Union
Hunter, David A., missionary of Lovedale Institution, 41
Hunton, William Alphaeus [Sr.], 13
Hunton, William Alphaeus Jr., 216, 222, 232
ICFTU News, 234. See also International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
Ilanga lase Natal, Yergan mentioned in, 234
Imvo Zabantsundu (“African Opinion”), 63, 64, 173
India, 1, 2, 25
African-Americans and, 2
evacuation of Yergan to Bombay, 31
Mysore meeting of General Committee, WSCF, 75, 86–89
wartime missionary service of Yergan in Bangalore, 18–24
Industrial and Commercial Workers Union (ICU) 57, 101, 171
described for overseas colleagues by Yergan, 82–83
Inquiry, The (formerly National Conference on the Christian Way of Life), 80–81, 192
and Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), 192
Inquiry, The, anti-isolation journal, 192
Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), 80–81 192–93, 242
and The Inquiry circle, 192
International Committee on African Affairs, (ICAA)
and Ralph Bunche, 172, 177, 195–96
connections to YMCA and Institute of Pacific Relations, 192
development of, 192–98
formation of, 170–84, 242
and D. D. T. Jabavu, 183–84
and Frieda Neugebauer, 170
and Paul Robeson, 170, 183
and A. B. Xuma, 174, 176, 183–84
Yergan as executive director of, 167
See also Council on African Affairs (CAA)
International Confederation of Fre
e Trade Unions (ICFTU), 234, 235
International Missionary Council, Jerusalem Meeting (1926), 209
International Workers Order (IWO), 196, 199–200
Israelites, the (Eastern Cape African church community), attacked in 1921 Bulhoek Massacre, 50
Jabavu, D. D. T., 41, 73, 79, 86, 100, 183–84, 196–97
and All African Convention, 172–73
American connection, 147
cables Yergan on Eastern Cape drought, 79–80.
friendship with Yergan, 59, 147
involvement with ICAA, 183–4, 196–7
speaks on South Africa for ICAA event (1937), 184, 196–97
Jabavu, John Tengo, father of D. D. T. Jabavu, 46, 63
Jackson, James, and Fifth Congress of the Communist International (1924), 83
Jenkins, Edward C., YMCA official, 36–38
O. B. Bull writes regarding Yergan, 63–64
Johnson, Mordecai, YMCA secretary, Howard University President
critical of both imperialism by capitalist class and Garveyism, 143
and International Committee on African Affairs, 193
and Yergan, 142–43
Joint Committee on National Recovery (JCNR), 194. See also National Negro Congress (NNC)
Joint Council Movement (of Europeans and Natives), South Africa, 94, 105–6, 144
Jolis, Albert E., 241–42
identified by Yergan as “mutual friend” on fact-finding mission, 239
communicates with Allen Dulles, 240
Jones, David Ivon, leader, International Socialist League (Johannesburg), 101
Jones, Claudia, US émigré Communist cadre, and journalist,
arrest by INS (1948), 226–27
Jones, Bishop Robert E., 15–16, 17
mentions Yergan in Southwest Christian Advocate, 17
Jones, J. D. Rheinallt, 138
criticizes Yergan proposal for social service institute at Fort Hare, 144
Jones, Thomas Jesse, 42, 64, 128, 197–98
claims Yergan’s request for aid for Fort Hare students is unnecessary, 76–77
discusses Bantu-European Conference with Anson Phelps Stokes, 114
doubtful about Negro YMCA leadership, 42
Kadalie, Clements, founder of Industrial and Commercial Union (ICU), 50 57, 77, 82–83 171
Kaunda, Kenneth, general Secretary, Northern Rhodesia ANC
meets Yergan, 252, 254
Katayama, Sen [Sugataro Yabuki], Japanese revolutionary socialist and Communist Party member with experience in U.S. Black Colleges, 83, 106
Kenyatta, Johnstone (Jomo), Pan-Africanist, later President of Kenya
sees Yergan at Bunche’s London flat, 179
Yergan visits Kenya during “Mau Mau” emergency, 244
Keppel, Frederick Paul, Carnegie Foundation president, 135, 136, 138
meets Yergan in Durban, 154
Kerr, Alexander, principal, Fort Hare Native College, 64, 92, 138