by Jill Lepore
of 1844, 236–38, 243, 257
of 1848, 253–54, 256–57
of 1856, 267
of 1860, 285, 286, 287–88
of 1864, 303
of 1866, 323
of 1868, 324
of 1876, 329–30
of 1896, 350–53, 351, 362, 366
of 1908, 376, 384
of 1912, 385–87, 543
of 1916, 393
of 1920, 403, 428
of 1928, 421–22, 423
of 1930, 427
of 1932, 429–31, 454, 536
of 1933, 549
of 1936, 447, 462, 503, 535
of 1938, 503
of 1940, 478
of 1942, 503
of 1944, 531, 542, 564
of 1946, 534–37, 549
of 1948, 541–46, 555–56, 559–60, 563, 564
of 1952, 552, 557–59, 561–65, 564, 570
of 1954, 567
of 1956, 570–73
“party tickets” in, 184, 186
Electoral College, 218, 573
in 1824 election, 184
in election of 1800, 154, 164
election of delegates to, 158, 163–64, 183, 186
three-fifths rule and, 157–58, 164
electrification, 404–5
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 732, 744
Elektro the Moto-Man, 526, 558
“Elements of Technology, The” (Bigelow) 198
Elizabeth I, queen of England, 25–26, 26, 27
Ellis, John, 716
Ellison, Ralph, 441
Ellsberg, Daniel, 640–41, 644
Ellsworth, Oliver, 122, 126
El Salvador, 281
emancipation:
implications for citizenship of, 311–12
see also slaver
Emancipation Day, 311
Emancipation Proclamation, 297–300, 303, 329
Emanuel, Rahm, 708
Embargo Act (1807), 171–72
Emergency Banking Act (1933), 437
Emerging Republican Majority, The (Phillips), 636
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 229, 230, 247, 252
Emery, Sarah E. V., 340, 346
Emigrants’ Guide to Oregon and California (Hastings), 242
empiricism, 349
End of Ideology, The (Bell), 592
End Poverty in California (EPIC), 450
Engels, Friedrich, 380
England, see Great Britain
England, Jake, 765
English Civil War, 48
English common law, 35, 47
Glanville on, 40
slavery and, 88
English North America, racism in, 23
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), 520, 523–27, 558
Enigma machine, 524
Enlightenment, 256
environmental movement, 681
Environmental Protection Agency, 681
Ephron, Henry, 574
Ephron, Phoebe, 574
EPIC campaign, 535, 549
Epic of America, The (Adams), 441
Episcopalians, 201
equality, 205–6, 360
criticism of, 256
and Dred Scott decision, 270
as moral idea, xv
political, see political equality
U.S. democracy’s reliance on, 341–42
equal pay, 581
Equal Pay Act, 659
equal protection of the law, 580
Equal Rights Amendment, see ERA
Equal Rights Leagues, 318
Equal Rights Party, 328, 340
Equal Rights Association, 402
ERA (Equal Rights Amendment), 402, 403, 529
Betty Ford on, 655
and conservative Republican Party takeover, 659, 664, 665, 668
and liberal feminism, 652
and NOW, 647
and right to privacy, 686
and Schlafly, 656, 658
Erie Canal, 195
espionage, 539, 540–41, 548–49
Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism, with Reference to the Duty of American Females, An (Beecher), 207
Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus), 157, 171
estate tax, 405
ethics investigations, 708–13, 714
“Ethics of Family Planning, The,” 649
Ethiopia, 427
Etymologiae (Isidore of Seville), 14
eugenics, 391–92, 394, 410 Eugenics (Davenport), 392
Europe:
American voyages of, 11
before 1492, 9
extraction of wealth from Americas by, 17
Europe, Western, 537–38, 539
evangelical Christianity, 568–69, 584
and AIDS crisis, 685
Christian origin of U.S. claimed by, 201
and culture wars, 662–64
spread of, 199
see also Second Great Awakening
Evans, Walker, 441
Everett, Edward, 216, 220, 295
evidence:
in determinate of truth, 41–42
historical, xvii–xviii, 4
scientific, xvii
truth and, 61
evolution, 284, 348, 354, 390, 391
applied to Constitution, 373
in Scopes trial, 414–19
excess profits tax, 405
executive branch, FDR’s reorganization of, 466
Executive Order 8802, 498
Facebook, 736
fact-checking, 412–13
factions, 129
Madison on, 144
factories, 191, 193, 194–95, 202, 426
Fail-Safe (Burdick and Wheeler), 598
“Failure of Free Society, The,” debate, 276
Fair Deal, 532
Fairness Doctrine, 561, 682, 704
faith, history vs., xvi–xvii, xix
Falwell, Jerry, 663–64, 723
family, 196–97, 529, 557
Family Assistance Plan, 638–39
Far East, 456
farm cooperatives, 336
Farmer, James, 607
farmers, 343
declining number of, 375
in the Depression, 425, 426, 437–38
federal aid to, 388
in World War II, 486
Farmers’ Alliance, 340
Farmers’ Declaration of Independence, 335
Farmers’ Independence Council, 447
Farm Security Administration (FSA), 438, 441, 494
Farrington, Betty, 555–56, 557
fascism, 571
“Fate of the Earth, The” (Schell), 681
Faubus, Orval, 584–87, 585
Faulkner, William, 540
Fay, John Dewey, 226
“FB Eye Blues, The” (Wright), 443
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 443, 494, 495
and Black Power movement, 626
and Cold War, 639
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 422, 470, 561, 571
Federal Council of Churches, 366
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, 437
Federal Firearms Act, 445
federal funding, 526
Federal Hall (New York City), 131–32, 132
Federal Housing Administration (FAA), U.S., 530
Federalist No. 52, 312
Federalist Papers, xiii–xiv, 128–29, 134, 166, 624–25
Federalists, 129, 129, 130–31, 137, 143, 144, 145, 211
as anti-slavery, 176
in election of 1796, 158
in election of 1800, 154–55, 160–62, 164
Louisiana Purchase and, 170
Federalist Society, 677, 678, 684, 688, 689
Federal Radio Act, 422
Federal Radio Commission, 422–23
Federal Reserve Bank, 364
Federal Theatre of the Air, 441
Federal Theatre Project, 437, 441, 444
Federal Writers’ Project, 437, 441, 444
Federation o
f American Scientists, 545
Federation of Atomic Scientists, 526
Female Anti-Slavery Societies, 207
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 647
feminism, 635, 652–53
and Clinton ethics investigations, 712
and identity politics, 701
see also women’s rights
Ferdinand and Isabella, monarchs of Spain, 12, 18
Ferguson, John, 358
Ferguson, Mo., 767
fertility rates, 196–97
Fifteenth Amendment, 326, 327, 328, 337, 476
Fifth Avenue (New York City), 406
Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Infantry, 300
filibusters, 281
Fillmore, Millard, 267
Filmer, Robert, 54
film industry, government influence on, 501–2
Final Edition, The (radio show), 702
finance, 335–36
Finland, 400
Finney, Charles Grandison, 197, 202, 204
Firearms Owners’ Protection Act (1986), 679
Firestone, Shulamith, 651
First Amendment, 137–38, 395, 552, 573
First Battle, The (Bryan), 353
First Maroon War, 58
First National Bank, 388
First Persian Gulf War, 722
First South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, 299
First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, 367
Fisher, Irving, 379
Fitzhugh, George, 256, 276
Flanagan, Hallie, 443–44
Florida, 58
gun laws in, 445
income tax in, 301
Indians in, 213
Polk’s desire to annex, 242
secession of, 289
Spanish in, 25
Flowers, Gennifer, 697
Floyd, Jay, 653
Flynn, James T., 516
food laws, 376
Food Stamp Act (1964), 612
Forbes, Steve, 671
Force Act, 327
Ford, Betty, 646–47, 654–55, 655, 656, 660
Ford, Edsel, 405
Ford, Gerald:
and ERA, 659
and political polarization, 656
and presidential election (1972), 659
and presidential election (1976), 664, 705
and race riots, 625
and women’s rights, 660
Ford, Henry, 383–84, 405, 407, 424, 481
Ford Motor plant, 361
Foreign Affairs, 722
Forest Service, 363
Forlorn Hope, 138
Fortas, Abe, 618
Fort Duquesne, British attack on, 77–78
Fort Sumter, 292, 293
Fortune, 477, 489, 522
fossil record, 8
Foster, Judith Ellen, 340–41
founding principles, U.S., xiv–xv, xix
disagreement about, xvi
Fountainhead, The (Rand), 553
4chan, 724
480, The (Burdick), 598–99
Four Freedoms, 480, 483
Four Powers Pact, 467–68
Fourteen Points, 396–97, 491
Fourteenth Amendment, 321–23, 324, 326, 336, 337, 359, 369, 579
as applied to corporations, 338–39
Hitler’s desire for repeal of, 476
liberty of contract and, 378
Fourth of July celebrations, see July Fourth celebrations
Fox News, 742–43, 755, 774
and Clinton ethics investigations, 710–11
founding of, 707
and presidential election (2000), 716
“Fragments on Government” (Lincoln), 151
Frame of Government, Pennsylvania colony, 51
France, 223, 473, 745
American Revolution and, 101–2
British wars with, 65–66, 76–77, 170, 171, 172
constitution of, 240
economy of, 406
in Four Powers Pact, 467–68
India alliances with, 66
invasion of, 505–6
in Munich crisis, 467, 474
at Paris Peace Conference, 400
repayment of American debt demanded by, 116
U.S. arms used by, 475
U.S. food sent to, 486
war on Germany declared by, 476–77
in World War I, 398
Frankfurter, Felix, 426, 457, 465, 577, 579
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, 302
Franklin, Benjamin, xv, 59, 83, 86, 93, 98, 101, 103, 115, 156, 165, 211, 736
abolition urged by, 135, 137
autobiography of, 75
childhood and youth of, 59–60
at constitutional convention, 119–20, 122, 124–25, 127–28
diffusion of knowledge promoted by, 66
“JOIN, or DIE” woodcut of, 65, 65, 66, 71, 76
in move to Philadelphia, 60–61
as newspaper publisher printer and, 60–61
in Paris peace negotiations, 107
Philadelphia house of, 119–20
as Philadelphia postmaster, 66, 67
Plan of Union of, 70–71, 77
on race, 70
slaves owned by, 74
Stamp Act opposed by, 82
Franklin, Deborah, 75
Franklin, James, 60, 75
Franklin, Jane, 59, 60, 93, 107, 116, 120, 130
and women’s equality, 87
free blacks, as political problem, 176–78
Freedmen’s Bureau, see Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands
freedom, 536, 552, 553, 573
truth and, 49–50
freedom from fear, in Four Freedoms, 480
freedom from want, in Four Freedoms, 480
freedom of religion, in Four Freedoms, 480
freedom of speech, in Four Freedoms, 480
Freedom Riders, 604–6
Freedom’s Journal, 203
Freedom Summer (1964), 620
free labor, 255
Freeman, 447
Freeman, Elizabeth (Bett), 113–14
free markets, xviii, 364–65
Free Silver, 347
Free-Soil Party, 254, 255, 256–57, 259, 261, 264, 282
Free Speech, 356
free speech, and gag rule on antislavery tracts, 223, 276, 291
Free Speech Movement (1964–65), 620–21, 625–27, 694
free trade, 223
slavery and, 281–82
Frémont, John C., 242
in election of 1856, 267, 268
French and Indian War, 77
American troops in, 78–79
British troops in, 77–78
and taxation of American colonies, 78, 81
Washington’s skirmish with French in, 76–77
French Resistance, 506
French Revolution, 142
Freud, Sigmund, 413
Friedan, Betty, 647, 661
Friedman, Milton, 638, 669–70
frontier, 354–55
Frontierland, 528–29
Frum, David, 716
Fuchs, Klaus, 539
Fugitive Slave Law, 261
Fulbright, J. William, 635
Fuller, Margaret, 252, 254, 257, 258
Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (Locke), 52–53, 55
fundamentalism, 390–91, 392–93, 418
on radio, 460–61
Fundamentals, The: A Testimony to the Truth, 391, 414
Futurama, 473
Gabriel (slave), 159
Gabriel Over the White House (film), 434
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 572, 591, 592, 594, 611
Gallup, George, 454–56, 457, 458–59, 542, 543, 560, 565, 597, 774
Gallup, George, Jr., 667
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 583
Gardener, William (Billey), 106–7, 125
Gardiner, David, 236
Gardner, Alexander, 272, 294, 295, 304
Gardner’s Photographic Sketch Book of the War (Gardne
r), 295
Garnet, Henry Highland, 256, 299
Garrison, William Lloyd, 190, 201, 247, 248, 269
American Anti-Slavery Society founded by, 206
Constitution damned by, 241, 262
Gates, Bill, 695, 735
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 703–4
gay rights movement, 768–69
and AIDS crisis, 685, 686, 687
and evangelical churches, 664
growth of, 651–52
and identity politics, 701
and liberal feminism, 661–62
and Supreme Court, 685, 686–87
Gazette of the United States, 161
gender gap, 616, 668
General Land Office, 221
General Motors, 447, 570
Genesis, 7, 9
Geneva Conventions, 746–47
Genoa, 12
George, David, 107, 136
George, Henry, 341–43, 350, 365
George C. Marshall Institute, 683
George III, king of England, 79
accession of, 79
factory visited by, 193
Georgia, 34, 531
Indians in, 213, 214, 215–16, 218
secession of, 289, 292
German educational model, 348
German immigrants, 208, 209–10, 313
Germany, 379, 548
American Revolution and, 101
in Axis, 466, 479
economy of, 406
Kristallnacht in, 471
Poland invaded by, 473, 474, 487
punished at Peace Conference, 400
rise of Nazis in, 427, 434
Soviet Union invaded by, 481–82
Sudetenland seized by, 467–68
unemployment in, 426–27
in World War I, 390, 391–92, 393, 394, 398
Geronimo, 337
Gerry, Elbridge, 121
Gettysburg, Battle of, 294–95, 294, 389
Gettysburg Address, 295–96, 307
Ghana, 578
ghettos, 530
“Giant Brain,” 520
G. I. Bill, 527–30, 528
Gilded Age, 336, 363
Gilder, George, 670–71, 734, 735
Gingrich, Newt, 683, 699, 700, 712, 732, 765
Gini, Corrado, 442
Gini index, 442–43
Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 652, 686, 699
Gitlin, Todd, 703
Gladden, Washington, 305, 354, 365
Glanville, Ranulf de, 40–41
Glass-Steagall Act (1933), 437, 700, 749
Gobright, Lawrence, 249
God and Man at Yale: The Superstitions of “Academic Freedom” (Buckley), 554–55
Goddard, William, 83
Godfrey, Arthur, 511
Goebbels, Joseph, 434, 452, 453, 456, 466
gold, 214–15
gold-bugs, 220
Golden Hour of the Little Flower, The (radio show), 461
Goldman, Eric, 594
Goldmark, Alice, 381
Goldmark, Josephine, 381
gold rush, 260, 324
gold standard, 334, 351
Goldwater, Barry, 556, 614–16, 624, 630, 649, 666
Gonzales, Alberto, 747
Gonzales, Rodolfo, 634, 634
Goodman, Paul, 636
Google, 736
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 683–84
