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The Doctors Blackwell

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by The Doctors Blackwell (retail) (epub)


  Rothstein, William G. American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.

  Sahli, Nancy. “Elizabeth Blackwell M.D.: A Biography 1821–1910.” Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1974.

  _____. “A Stick to Break Our Heads With: Elizabeth Blackwell and Philadelphia Medicine.” Pennsylvania History 44, no. 4 (October 1977): 335–47.

  Starr, Paul. The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry. New York: Basic Books, 1982.

  Todd, Margaret, M.D. The Life of Sophia Jex-Blake. London: Macmillan, 1918.

  Vietor, Agnes Caecilia. A Woman’s Quest: The Life of Marie E. Zakrzewska, M.D. New York: D. Appleton, 1924.

  Walsh, Mary Roth. “Doctors Wanted: No Women Need Apply”: Sexual Barriers in the Medical Profession, 1835–1975. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1977.

  Wheeler, Leslie, ed. Loving Warriors: Selected Letters of Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell, 1853–1893. New York: Dial Press, 1981.

  INDEX

  Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. The letter n after a page number refers to a footnote.

  Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.

  abortion, 26, 136–37, 138

  Allen, Jonathan Moses, 39

  amalgamation, 81

  American Medical Association, 50, 157–58

  Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, see Garrett Anderson, Elizabeth

  Anderson, James Skelton, 250

  Anthony, Susan B., 184, 190–91

  Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women, 16, 110

  Arabia (Royal Mail Steamship), 160

  Ashmead, William, 38

  Associationism, 22, 34, 66, 69, 73, 80

  Barry, James, 240n

  Battle of Cold Harbor, 232

  Beecher, Catharine, 19, 142

  Beecher, Henry Ward, 3, 19, 201–2, 244

  Beecher, Lyman, 19, 21

  Bell, Acton (Anne Brontë), 109n

  Bell, Currer (Charlotte Brontë), 109, 109n

  Bell, Ellis (Emily Brontë), 109n

  Bellevue Hospital, 105-52, 204, 206

  Bellows, Eliza, 144

  Bellows, Henry Whitney, 144, 226, 228–29

  Benedict, Nathan Dow, 61–62, 63

  Berkshire Medical Institution, 150

  Billing, Archibald, 240

  Binney, Amos, 179n

  Blackwell, Alice Stone, 210, 213, 246, 249, 252, 266–67

  Blackwell, Ann, 9

  Blackwell, Anna

  in Birmingham, England, 87, 88, 164

  in Bristol, England, 6, 7–8, 9, 10

  chronic ill health, 34, 88, 109, 116, 171

  in Cincinnati, 20

  as correspondent of The Una, 175n

  faith in alternative medicine, 34, 36–37, 38, 88, 106, 257

  George Sand translation, 73

  in Hastings, 254

  on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 187

  in Jersey City, 13–14, 16

  journalism, 34, 106, 175, 193, 211

  Kenyon’s marriage and, 121

  move to Birmingham, England, 73

  in Paris with Elizabeth, 93–94, 99, 103, 105–7, 108–9, 112

  photograph, 105

  reaction to Howard’s death, 239, 241

  séances, 93, 99, 257

  at St. Ann’s in Flushing, New York, 24–26, 30, 33–34

  teaching position in Vermont, 14, 18

  tension with Elizabeth, 13–14

  tutoring of siblings, 13

  Blackwell, Antoinette Brown (Nettie), 189, 189–91, 192, 194, 210–11

  Blackwell, Barbara, 9

  Blackwell, Cornelia (“Neenie”), 259, 260

  Blackwell, Edith, 262

  Blackwell, Elizabeth

  abortion, attitude toward, 137

  admission to medical college, 41–45

  antislavery beliefs, 16–17, 24, 30, 32–33, 110–11

  applications to medical colleges, 38–40

  Asheville, NC, teaching position, 30–33

  attitude toward women, 66–69, 123, 143, 180

  in Berlin, 113

  betweenity, 26, 27

  in Birmingham, England, 87–89

  at birth of Nettie and Sam’s daughter, 192

  at Blockley Almshouse, 59–66, 69–70, 253

  in Bristol, England, 5, 6, 7–8, 247

  on the British Medical Register, 223, 247, 252, 267

  burial in Scotland, 267

  Charleston, SC, teaching position, 35–36

  in Cincinnati, 18–22, 84

  Cincinnati English and French Academy for Young Ladies, 20–21

  on Civil War causes, 224

  Civil War support efforts, 225–26, 227–30

  at Columbia College commencement speeches, 13

  community reaction to Elizabeth as student, 46–47, 48, 56–57, 75, 80–81

  Contagious Diseases Acts, 253

  cottage and sanatorium in Bloomfield, New Jersey, 231, 232

  Counsel to Parents, 253–54

  death, 266–67, 268

  decision to go to England in 1858, 210–13

  decision to study medicine, 3, 26–29, 30

  departure to England in 1869, 245–47

  diagrams of arteries and the uterus, 54, 55

  disgust at human biology, 3, 27, 28

  dispensary closed, 181

  dispensary establishment, 157–58, 162–63

  dispensary practice, 181

  dissection of a beetle, 32

  diverging goals of Emily and, 225, 242–43

  Draft Riots and, 231

  and Emily (1852–1853), 148–49, 150

  to Emily in Henderson, 111

  on Emily’s graduation from medical college, 160

  Emily viewed as assistant, 142, 209

  encouraging Emily to study medicine, 72–73, 84, 124

  in England after 1869, 247, 248, 250–57

  in England in 1858, 215–17, 219–20, 222–23

  Episcopal and Unitarian religion, 21–22

  eye infection and recovery, in Paris, 104–9, 112, 116, 240

  Fanny Kemble and, 127, 208

  first patient examination at Geneva, 53–54

  in France in 1858, 214–15

  Geneva Medical College admission, 41–45

  Geneva Medical College, final examinations, 75, 76

  Geneva Medical College, first term, 45–56

  Geneva Medical College, graduation and diploma, 75–79

  Geneva Medical College, second term, 71–75

  Geneva student reactions to, 41–42, 43, 47–48, 49, 56, 75, 76

  glass prosthetic left eye, 116, 148, 212

  graduation thesis, 63–65, 80, 243

  at Gräfenberg sanatorium, 114–16

  in Hastings, 254, 255

  in Henderson, KY, 23-24, 109-10

  on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 187, 188

  house on East Fifteenth Street, 181–82, 193–94, 204

  “How to Keep a Household in Health,” 255–56

  Human Element in Sex, The, 254–55

  hydropathy, or the “water cure,” 99–100, 111–12, 114–16

  ideas about hygiene, 65, 130, 139, 146, 217, 256

  infirmary opening in 1857, 1–3, 200–203

  influenza, 74–75

  interest in spiritualism, 256–57

  on Italian Riviera, 218

  in Jersey City, 12–17

  journey to Paris, 85–91

  Kenyon’s marriage and, 121

  with Kitty in England after 1870, 252, 254, 255, 256, 259

  Kitty’s addition to household, 182–84

  lack of intimacy with others, 28–29

  Lady Byron and, 127–28, 148, 208–9, 215

  Laws of Life, The, 144, 163, 185–86, 215, 226, 240

  lecture
s on raising healthy children, 142–44, 215

  lectures on women’s health and women doctors, 215–16, 219–20

  in Liverpool, England, 87

  in London, 89–90, 120–27, 128–31

  with Marian in New York, 40, 133–34, 145–46, 150, 182, 191, 194

  on Marie’s cervical stenosis treatment, 172–73

  Maternité, La, 94–95, 96–103, 99, 104–8, 109, 240

  medical studies with John Dickson, 30, 32–33

  medical studies with Samuel Dickson, 35

  medicine as a moral crusade, 30, 39, 252–53, 256

  meeting Abraham Lincoln, 233

  National Health Society, 252

  as naturalized citizen of United States, 84–85

  with Nightingale in England, 128–30, 216–18, 220

  on Nightingale’s view of women’s role in health, 130, 174, 217

  “On the Medical Education of Women,” 196, 199

  opinion of Paris, 91–92, 95

  opinion of women’s medical colleges, 139, 235, 236, 237

  in Philadelphia, after graduation, 82–83, 84–85

  in Philadelphia, before graduation, 36, 38, 40, 43–44, 58–66, 69–70, 82–83

  photographs, 149, 255, 267

  plan to study in Paris, 83–85

  practice at University Place, New York, 132–33, 144–46, 156

  in Punch, 47, 95–96

  refusal to borrow money, 207–8

  regular (allopathic) vs. alternative medicine, 38, 81, 124, 139–40

  at Rock House, 254, 255

  search for medical instruction in Paris, 92–94

  St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 111, 121–24, 122, 128, 130–31, 150

  teaching about hygiene, 142, 163, 225, 237, 242, 243, 256

  temperance movement and, 13, 99

  tension with Anna, 13–14

  trip to England in 1866, 239

  trip to Washington as tourist, 232–34

  will written in 1869, 247

  Women’s Central Association for Relief, 227–30

  women’s rights movement and, 67–69, 126, 143

  see also New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children; Woman’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary

  Blackwell, Elizabeth (eighteenth-century Scotswoman), 103

  Blackwell, Ellen

  in Bristol, England, 6

  in Cincinnati, 18

  Cornelia (“Neenie”) adopted by, 259, 260

  with Elizabeth in New York, 133

  Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84

  as Emily’s housekeeper, 259, 260

  on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 188

  Kitty and, 213, 214

  National Woman’s Rights Convention, 126

  studying painting in Europe, 193–94, 213

  Blackwell, Emily

  antislavery beliefs, 16, 110–11

  attending surgeon at infirmary, 207

  Bellevue Hospital, 150–52

  in Birmingham, England, 163–64

  in Bristol, England, 6

  burial on Martha’s Vineyard, 267–68

  care for sick mother, 119–20

  in Cincinnati, 18, 21, 34–35, 109, 117–20, 139–40

  Civil War support efforts, 225–26, 227–30

  Cleveland Medical College, 141, 159–60, 179

  as college faculty and administrator, 243, 247–48, 257, 262–63, 264–66

  complaints about Zakrzewska, 221–22

  cottage and sanatorium in Bloomfield, New Jersey, 231, 232

  Daniel Brainard and, 152–55, 156–57, 158, 159

  death and eulogies, 266–67, 268

  diverging goals of Elizabeth and, 225, 242–43

  in Edinburgh, 165, 166–75, 177, 179, 181

  Elizabeth Cushier and, 260–62, 266

  Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84

  on Elizabeth’s recovered health, 109

  on Elizabeth’s trip to England in 1869, 246

  encouraged by Elizabeth to study medicine, 72–73, 84, 124

  graduation from medical college, 160, 195

  Hannah (“Nannie”) adopted by, 259

  In Henderson, KY, 109-11, 117

  on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 187

  house on East Fifteenth Street, 204, 220

  house on Twentieth Street, 259–60, 265

  infirmary opening in 1857, 2, 3, 202–3

  in Jersey City, 14, 16

  journey to Edinburgh, 161–64

  lack of empathy, 3–4, 120

  lecture series for women, 210

  love of nature, 141–42, 162, 164

  management of infirmary, 210, 212–13, 220–23, 248

  Maternité, La, 192

  at Minto House, 169, 169–70

  in New York (1852–1853), 148–49, 150–52

  opinion of women’s medical colleges, 139, 235, 236, 237

  photographs, 165, 267

  in Punch, 192–93, 193

  retreat at York Cliffs, Maine, 262

  return from Europe, 1856, 192–93, 194, 195

  Rush Medical College, Chicago, 146–47, 151–53, 158–59

  scholarly aptitude, 21, 34

  search for a medical college, 139–42, 146–47, 149

  self-doubt, 117, 119, 120, 212

  St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 192

  studies in New York, 25–26, 30–31, 33, 34

  as surgeon, 207

  teaching position in Henderson, 109–11, 117

  viewed as Elizabeth’s assistant, 142, 209

  warning about Nightingale’s ideas, 218

  Women’s Central Association for Relief, 227–30

  see also New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children; Woman’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary

  Blackwell, Emma, 260

  Blackwell, Ethel, 262

  Blackwell, Florence, 192, 194, 213

  Blackwell, George Washington

  birth, 6, 12

  Civil War and, 230

  Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84

  on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 188

  lingering in Cincinnati, 194

  marriage to Emma, 260

  nickname, 18n

  real estate and, 243

  Blackwell, Grandfather, 9

  Blackwell, Grandmother, 9–10

  Blackwell, Hannah Lane

  antislavery beliefs, 7

  in Bristol, England, 5–6, 7, 8–9, 11

  death, 257–58, 259

  as Dissenter, 6, 9, 21

  with Elizabeth in New York, 133, 191, 194

  Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84

  on Elizabeth’s graduation, 79–80

  emigration from England, 5–6, 11

  Emily’s care for during sickness, 119–20

  on Henry’s marriage to Lucy Stone, 188

  in Jersey City, 14

  Presbyterian revivalism, 75

  Blackwell, Hannah (“Nannie”), 259, 260

  Blackwell, Henry

  admiration of Emily, 119

  antislavery beliefs, 186

  Antoinette Brown and, 190

  birth of daughter Alice, 210

  in Bristol, England, 6

  Civil War and, 230

  courtship of Lucy Stone, 184–87

  desire to join gold rush, 74, 76

  Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84

  Elizabeth’s graduation, 76, 77n, 79, 82

  to Emily in Henderson, 110

  hardware business, 184, 186, 191

  home on Martha’s Vineyard, 261–62

  at house on East Fifteenth Street, 194

  interest in spiritualism, 118

  in Jersey City, 14, 118

  marriage to Lucy Stone, 187–89, 190

  move to New Jersey, 191, 220

  outrage at Schroeder’s behavior, 33

  photograph, 185

  promise to visit at Christmas, 73–74

  women’s rights and, 186–87

  work after fath
er’s death, 21, 22

  Blackwell, Howard

  in Birmingham, England, 87, 88, 164

  in Bristol, England, 6

  death, 239

  in India, 192, 193

  Kitty and, 213, 214

  move to Birmingham, England, 70, 73

  trip to Asheville, NC, 30

  visit to Geneva College, 73

  visit to Philadelphia, 70

  Blackwell, James, 11

  Blackwell, John, 87, 88

  Blackwell, Katharine (Kitty) Barry

  addition to Elizabeth’s household, 182–84, 191

  Alice Blackwell and, 213, 246, 249, 252, 267

  birthdate, 213n

  on Civil War nurse recruitment, 228

  Draft Riots and, 231

  with Elizabeth in England after 1870, 252, 254, 255, 256, 259

  after Elizabeth’s death, 267

  on Elizabeth’s trip to England in 1869, 246–47

  on Emily’s appearance at college graduation, 249

  Florence Blackwell and, 191–92, 213

  memoir, 184, 231n

  at the Nurseries on Randall’s Island, 182–83

  photograph, 255

  at Rock House, 254, 255

  role in the Blackwell clan, 184, 194, 247, 252

  trip to England in 1858, 213–14

  Blackwell, Kenyon

  Emily and, 164, 172, 173, 192

  financial help for Elizabeth, 130

  marriage, 120–21

  at Portway Hall, 87, 88

  return to England, 84, 85, 86, 87

  rheumatism, 87, 88

  visit from England, 69–70, 84

  Blackwell, Lucy (Elizabeth’s aunt), 9

  Blackwell, Marian

  advice to Emily, 145–46

  antislavery beliefs, 16

  in Bristol, England, 6, 7–8

  in Cincinnati, 20, 22

  comfort and support for Elizabeth, 45, 134

  with Elizabeth in New York, 40, 133, 145–46, 150, 182, 191, 194

  Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84

  on Elizabeth’s graduation, 79

  fragile health, 22, 134

  in Hastings, 254

  in Jersey City, 14, 16

  National Woman’s Rights Convention, 126

  nickname, 8n

  photograph, 133

  teaching position, 18, 19

  Blackwell, Marie de St. Simoncourt, 121, 164, 172, 173–74, 175, 192

  Blackwell, Mary, 9, 20

  Blackwell, Robert, 138n

  Blackwell, Sam (brother of Elizabeth and Emily)

  in Bristol, England, 6

  children, 191–92, 194, 262

  Civil War and, 230

  at Columbia College commencement speeches, 13

  Elizabeth’s departure to Paris, 84

  on Elizabeth’s graduation, 79

  on Elizabeth’s loss of an eye, 116

  on Elizabeth’s recovered health, 109

 

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