In Amazonia

by Raffles, Hugh

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  CREDITS

  An earlier version of Chapter 3 was published as “Local Theory: Nature and the Making of an Amazonian Place” in Cultural Anthropology 14, no. 3 (1999). An earlier version of Chapter 5 appeared in American Ethnologist 28, no. 3 (2001). I am indebted to the American Anthropological Association for permission to include this material.

  The images listed below appear in the chapters indicated. I am grateful to the institutions and individuals concerned for their willingness to allow reproduction. Any photographs not described here were taken by the author in Brazil between 1995 and 1999. The maps in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 were drawn by Patricia Wynne.

  Chapter 1: Infrared aerial photograph taken by the Companhia de Pesquisas e Recursos Minerais (also reproduced in Chapter 3) appears courtesy of Daniel Zarin. The “generic” Amazonia aerial view is of the Rio Tigre in the Peruvian Amazon and is ©Layne Kennedy/Corbis. “Stag Beetle with Fruits, Flowers, and Animals” from Archetypa studiaque patris Georgii Hoefnagelii (Frankfurt am Main, 1592) by Jacob Hoefnagel, is reproduced courtesy of the Library, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles.

  Chapter 3: LandSat TM image appears courtesy of Daniel Zarin.

  Chapter 4: Sir Walter Ralegh (c. 1585) by Nicholas Hilliard is reproduced by courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London. The frontispiece to Ralegh’s Discoverie is from Hulsius’ Voyages (Nuremberg, 1599). Both this and the engraving from Theodor de Bry’s Americae (Frankfurt am Main, 1617) are reproduced courtesy of Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. Portrait of a Man (1603–15) by the circle of Marc Gheeraerts is reproduced courtesy of the North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, North Carolina, purchased with funds from the North Carolina Art Society (Robert F. Phifer Bequest). “Guiana sive Amazonum regio” (Amsterdam, 1638) by Willem J
anszoon Blaeu is from the collection of FairWinds Antique Maps, New York (www.fairmaps.com).

  Chapter 5: The hydrographic map of the Amazon Basin and the engraving Turtle-fishing and adventure with Alligator by J. W. Whymper after J. B. Zwecker are reproduced from Henry Walter Bates, The Naturalist on the River Amazons (London, 1892). Henry Walter Bates (c. 1859) by Thomas Sims and the photograph of Bates (c. 1892) by J. Thomson are both ©Royal Geographical Society, London.

  Chapter 6: The two Monarch of Mahogany images are reproduced from Allan Carman, Monarch of Mahogany Visits Schmieg-Hungate & Kotzian (New York, 190?).

  Chapter 7: Engraving of açaí palm is reproduced from Alfred Russel Wallace, Palm-Trees of the Amazon and Their Uses (London, 1853).

  For their help in locating these images I am particularly grateful to Clive Coward at the Royal Geographical Society, Joseph Gonzalez at FairWinds Maps, Erika Ingham at the National Portrait Gallery, Virginia Funkhouser and Wim de Wit at the Getty Library, John Rathe at the New York Public Library, and Dennis Weller at the North Carolina Museum of Art.

  Unless otherwise noted, all translations are my own. I have retained original spellings in all quotations.

  INDEX

  Abaetetuba, 22

  açaí, 193–202; collecting, 202; cultivation, 187, 190, 195; trade, 21–22, 187, 193, 195–205, 263n.33; urban appropriation, 263n.28. See also aviamento

  Afuá, 50

  agents, for natural history specimens, 128, 133–34, 162

  Allen, Grant, 148, 239n.14

  Alter do Chão, 33–34

  Amadas, Philip, 108

  Amapá, 38–43, chaps. 3 and 7 passim, 208n.7, 213n.21

  Amazon Credit Bank, 185

  Amazon River, 73, 75–76, 114

  Amazons, 97

  Amazon Steam Navigation Company, 129

  Antonio, Dom, prior of Crato, 85, 229n.35

  Appadurai, Arjun, 220n.3

  Arapiuns Basin, 23–33

  Aveyros, 139

  aviamento, 20, 50–51, 191–93, 197, 261n.23, 262n.24; and açaí trade, 193–99

  Bachelard, Gaston, 180–82