The Twilight of the American Enlightenment
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Newton, Isaac, 33
Niebuhr, Reinhold, xxv–xxvi, 6, 57, 64, 97, 107, 110, 112–113, 168
Christian nation and, 123
Dewey and, 116, 117, 118
divine intervention and, 119
human limitations and, 119–120
justice and, 113
liberal culture and, 120
on Lippmann, 53
realism and, 113, 114
religious revivals and, 122
secularity and, 121
social sciences and, 116
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 71
Objectivity, 83, 95, 175
O’Connor, Flannery, 114
Organization Man, The (Whyte), 32, 35–36
Other-directedness, 29, 30, 32, 93
Outlooks, xx, xxi, 175
consensus, 172
religious, 171, 174
scientific, 152
Packard, Vance, 36, 37
Patriotism, xxvi, xxxvii, 61, 127, 131, 134, 140, 145
Peale, Norman Vincent, 97, 111, 114
Pentecostals, 108, 152, 156, 159
Peyton Place (Metalious), 36, 89
Philosophy, 47, 49, 70, 71, 154
analytic, 75, 76
existentialist, 70–71, 72, 76, 92
professional, 72, 73, 75
public, 48, 56, 103, 131, 132
Pluralism, xiv, 32, 57, 62, 104, 137, 146, 152, 155, 159, 175, 177, 178
conception of, 124, 170, 171
confessional, 166, 169
inclusive, 124, 153, 156
Kuyperian, 167, 170
modern, 46, 56
morality and, 47
principled, 166, 170
radical, 154
religious, xxvi, 125, 162, 174
science and, 50
Poitier, Sidney, 12
Polarization, 171, 172, 176
Political issues, 62, 117, 128, 145
Political rights, 136, 146
Politics, 59, 129, 133, 136, 150, 153, 157, 158, 173
Popular culture, xvii, xxii, xxxiii, 5, 9, 41, 150, 171
commercialism and, xxv
religion and, 109–110
Populist movement, 17, 170, 176
Power, 64, 83
intellect and, 19
Pragmatism, xxiv, xxxix, 51, 52, 61, 130–131
moderate-liberal, 131–132
natural law versus, 62
Prejudice, xxii, xxviii, 14, 64
Premillennialists, 134
Presbyterians, xxiv, xxxii, 98, 101
Presley, Elvis, 109
Price, Garrett: cartoon by, 3 (fig.)
Principles, shared, 169, 175
Privatization, 106–107, 108, 157, 158, 160, 175
Progress, ix–x
faith in, 155
intellectual, xix, xxi, 154
religious, 102
social, 116, 153, 154
Progressive era, 45, 48, 49
Prosperity, ix, xviii, xxxiii, xxxviii, 2, 61
Protestant establishment, xxv, 107, 159
collapse of, xxvi, 120
conservative Christians and, 161
Protestantism, xxiii, xxiv, 30, 101, 127
American, 100, 108, 167
legacy of, 177
mainline, 52, 99, 107, 123, 124, 125, 150, 151, 152, 157, 160, 175
as national religion, 111
public life and, xxvii, 99
Scottish, 144
Protestants, xviii, xxvii, 18, 148, 149, 158–159, 161, 178
conservative, 150
revivalist, 129
science and, 165
voting blocs of, 99–100
Psychology, 76, 77, 86, 114, 135, 155
Psychotherapy, 72, 82, 83
Public domain, 125, 158, 159, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 178
freedom in, 55–56
religious differences and, xxvi
Public intellectuals, xv, xviii, xxix, 44, 62, 178
Public life, 133, 171
Protestantism and, xxvii, 99
religion and, xv, xxvii, 112, 170, 173
Public schools, prayers in, xxvi, 109, 133, 136, 157, 167
Public sphere, xxvii, 157, 158, 162
Puritans, 146, 149
Race, 125, 159, 172
Racism, xxv, 14, 63
Radio Corporation of America, xxxi, 102
Rand, Ayn, xviii
Rand Corporation, xxxviii
Rationality, xxii, 24, 36, 38, 71, 72, 148, 168
Enlightenment, 123
science and, 115
Reagan, Ronald, 139, 140, 141, 142
Realism, 113, 114, 115
Reason, xxiv, 95, 165, 168
Reformation, 18, 30, 144, 148
Reformed Church, 163, 164
Relativism, xxviii, 46, 49, 140, 144, 145
Religion, xii, xiii, xxiv, 13, 97, 98, 100, 102, 111, 122, 124, 173, 176
American, 104, 134
civil, 133, 149, 175
culture and, 162, 163
disestablishment of, 109
diversity and, 151, 158, 159, 160, 162, 171
establishment of, 99
freedom of, 46, 150
importance of, 98, 110–111
liberal, 133, 159
popular culture and, 109–110
private sphere and, 158
privatization of, 106, 175
public life and, xv, xxvii, 157, 170, 173
science and, xiv, 103–104
society and, 158
teaching about, 167
turning away from, 136
Religious revivals, 97, 98, 104–105, 106, 110–111, 122, 123, 152
Religious right, 19, 128, 129, 135, 162
emergence of, 160–161
heritage of, 148–149
populist, 149–150
rise of, xxvi, 98
Religious viewpoints, xxvi, 98, 150, 162, 172, 178
traditional, 156
unconventional, 147
Reston, James “Scotty,” xxxviii, xxxix
Revivalist evangelicals, 19, 128, 129, 138, 139, 140
Revivalist Protestantism, 129, 133, 138
Richter, Mischa: cartoon by, 38 (fig.)
Riesman, David, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 40, 72, 93, 153
Whyte and, 33
Roberts, Oral, 107
Rockwell, Norman, xxxii
Roe v. Wade (1973), 136, 141
Rogers, Carl, 40, 77, 92–93
client-centered therapy and, 82–83
on Dewey/science, 85
optimism of, 84, 86
Skinner and, 81, 82, 83, 85–86
Romanticism, xxiv, 18, 57
Roosevelt, Franklin D., xxxiii, 54, 57
Rosenberg, Bernard, 10, 11, 15, 21
Rossiter, Clinton, xxxvi, xxxviii
Russell, Bertrand, 74
Russell, Jane, 109
Sabbath laws, 100
St. Augustine, 66, 165
St. Thomas Aquinas, 66
Salinger, J. D., 29
Santayana, George, 48
Sarnoff, David, xxxi, 102
Sartre, Jean–Paul, 29, 47, 71
Schaeffer, Francis, 141–145, 147–148
Christian consensus and, 144
formulations of, 140–141
Schaeffer, Frank, 141
Schlafly, Phyllis, 137
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 6, 57, 58, 63, 64
Lippmann and, 56, 153
Schoenberg, Arnold, 23
School prayers, 109, 133
banning, x
xvi, 136, 157, 167
Science, 49, 87, 97, 102, 111, 113, 154, 166, 168
Christianity and, 101
democracy and, 50
freedom and, 23, 70, 77
mechanistic, 79
modern, 51, 79, 92, 103
Protestants and, 165
rationality and, 115
reasoning and, 165
religion and, xiv, 103–104
romanticism and, 18
Science, 83, 116
Scientific inquiry, 40, 84, 86, 90, 116, 168
Scientific method, xxii, 49, 69, 79, 116, 118, 153, 155
Scientism, 33, 34
Scopes trial, 103, 118
Secular humanism, 111, 141, 142, 144, 145, 148, 161
Secular liberals, 52, 171, 172
Secularism, xxiv, xxvi, 104–105, 120, 121, 123, 124, 150, 156, 159, 160, 167, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178
Segregation, 64, 66
Self, primacy of, 72, 73
Self-actualization, 82, 84, 85
Self-confidence, 80, 114
Self-denial, 30, 93
Self-determination, xxii, 22, 31, 32, 72, 90, 113, 149, 156
Self-fulfillment, 41, 42, 43, 56, 92, 94, 97, 112, 152
Self–indulgence, xxxvii–xxxviii, 131
Self–realization, 38, 40, 41, 156
Sense of purpose, xxxiv–xxxv, xxxvi
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Kinsey), 88
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Kinsey), 88
Sexual mores, 87–88, 90, 136, 137
Sexual revolution, 89, 135, 136, 137, 139
Sheen, Fulton, 107
Shils, Edward, 13, 14, 15, 16
$64000 Question, The, 4
Skelton, Red, 7
Skinner, B. F., 77–78, 92
civilization and, 80
culture and, 93
optimism of, 86
Rogers and, 81, 82, 83, 85–86
science and, 79, 83
self-confidence of, 80
Social sciences, xxiv, 32, 33, 82, 117
Society, x, xii, 6, 66, 93, 106, 169
collective attitudes of, 24
diverse, 132
healthy, 174
individual and, 35
membership in, 14
modern, 24
rational ordering of, 71
religion and, 158
Spock, Benjamin, 90–92, 135
Stalinism, xix, 7
Standards, 31
cultural, 8
moral, 46, 50
objective, xxvii
public, 87–88, 135
traditional, 135
Steinbeck, John, 5, 6
Stevenson, Adlai, xxxi, xxxviii, 1, 5, 17
Stevenson, James: cartoon by, xxxiv (fig.)
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, xviii
Sullivan, Ed, 7
Technology, xiii, xvii, xxxv, 3, 9, 10, 79, 155, 156
impact of, xxxvi, 86, 105
mass–produced, 2
Television, x, 8–9, 21, 79
culture and, 3–4, 7
entertainment and, 10
media and, 7
national character and, 4
shows/rigged, 5–6
Theism, 101, 108, 117, 123, 167
Thomas, Danny, 7
Thoreau, Henry David, 35
Tillich, Paul, 40, 107
Time, xxxii, xxxv, 28, 101, 106, 107
Time, Inc., 100
Totalitarianism, 10, 11, 21, 23, 50, 51, 61, 70, 78, 83, 142, 144, 145
Free World and, 22
rise of, 2
submission to, 24
Traditionalism, xiii, 29, 42, 139, 152
Trilling, Lionel, xix
Truman, Harry S., 108
United Church of Christ, 98
United Methodists, 98
US Constitution, federal government and, 99
US Supreme Court, 63, 136, 157, 167
Utopian Marxism, romanticism of, 57
Values, x, xxviii, 85, 90
Van Doren, Carl, 5
Van Doren, Charles, 5–6
Van Doren, Mark, 5
Vatican II, 138
Von Neumann, John, 102
Wall of separation, 157, 158, 159
Washington, George, xxi, xxxix
Western civilization, xv, xvi, xviii, 2, 18, 20, 21, 104
crisis for, xiii
rationality and, 71
saving, 6, 17
Whatever Happened to the Human Race? (Schaeffer and Koop), 141
White Anglo–Saxon Protestant (WASP) establishment, 124
White, David Manning, 9, 10
White, Morton, 112, 114
Whitehead, John, 145
Whyte, William, 32, 33, 34, 35
Williams, Tennessee, 114
Wilson, Woodrow, xxxiii
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 74, 75
Wohlstetter, Albert, xxxviii
Women’s rights, 67, 137
World War II: xiv, xxxiii, xxxv, 2, 17, 40, 61, 82, 107
patriotism of, 131, 134
privatization and, 106
sacrifices/destruction of, 22
World War III: xiii, xxxiii
Culture (continued)
Freedom (continued)
Niebuhr, Reinhold (continued)
Skinner, B. F. (continued)
Copyright © 2014 by George M. Marsden
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Marsden, George M., 1939–
The twilight of the American enlightenment : the 1950s and the crisis of liberal belief / George M. Marsden.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-465-03010-1 (hardback)—ISBN 978-0-465-06977-4 (ebook) 1. United States—Civilization—1945– 2. United States—Social conditions—1945– 3. Cold War—Social aspects—United States. 4. Alienation (Social psychology)—United States—History—20th century. 5. Group identity—United States—History—20th century. I. Title.
E169.12.M3647 2013
973.91—dc23
2013032100
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