Edward I

by Michael Prestwich

  * * *

  [1] Chronica Johannis de Oxenedes, ed. H. Ellis (Rolls Series, 1859), p. 219.

  [2] C.P.R., 1247-1258, p. 270.

  [3] Matthaei Parisiensis, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (Rolls Series, 1872-83), v, p. 639.

  [4] F. M. Powicke, Henry III and the Lord Edward (Oxford, 1947), ii, p. 502.

  [5] Flores Historiarum, ed. H. R. Luard (Rolls Series, 1890), ii, pp. 489-90.

  [6] R. F. Walker, ‘The Anglo-Welsh Wars, 1217-67’ (Oxford Univ. D.Phil. thesis, 1953), pp. 555-60.

  [7] F. M. Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, 1216-1307 (Oxford, 2nd ed., 1962), pp. 31-6, has a good summary of the finances of Henry III.

  [8] For Edward’s career before he came to the throne, and for the events of this period, see in particular Powicke, Henry III and the Lord Edward and The Thirteenth Century; R. F. Treharne, The Baronial Plan of Reform, 1258-63 (Manchester, 1932); C. Bémont, Simon de Montfort (Paris, 1884, translated by E. F. Jacob, Oxford, 1930); T. F. Tout, ‘Wales and the March during the Barons’ Wars’, in Collected Papers, ii (Manchester, 1934), pp. 47-100.

  [9] Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj., v, pp. 593-4.

  [10] Ibid., p. 598.

  [11] Assize Roll, J.I. 1/873, m. 8d.

  [12] Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj., v, pp. 594, 598.

  [13] ‘Chron. Wykes’, in Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, iv (Rolls series, 1869), p. 111.

  [14] The Song of Lewes, ed. C. L. Kingsford (Oxford, 1890), pp. 14-15.

  [15] ‘Burton Annals’, in Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, i (Rolls series, 1864), p. 471.

  [16] ‘Annales Prioratus de Dunstaplia’, in Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, iii (Rolls Series, 1866), pp. 216-17; Close Rolls, 1259-61, p. 448.

  [17] E. 159/36, mm. 8d., 17.

  [18] E. F. Jacob, Studies in the Period of Baronial Reform and Rebellion, 1258-67 (Oxford, 1925), pp. 147 seqq.

  [19] K. B. McFarlane, ‘Had Edward I a “policy” towards the earls?’, History, 1 (1965), pp. 149-50.

  [20] G. A. Williams, Medieval London from Commune to Capital (London, 1963), pp. 232-42; W. H. Blaauw, The Barons’ War (London, 1843), pp. 276-7.

  [21] Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj., iii, p. 539.

  [22] Powicke, Henry III and the Lord Edward, ii, p. 503.

  [23] Walker, ‘The Anglo-Welsh Wars, 1217-67’, pp. 710-15.

  [24] Michael Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England: the Clares, 1217-1314 (Baltimore, 1965), pp. 126-9.

  [25] The best account of the Welsh wars is J. E. Morris, The Welsh Wars of Edward I (Oxford, 1901).

  [26] The Welsh Assize Roll, 1277-1284, ed. J. Conway Davies (Cardiff, 1940).

  [27] Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, pp. 644-50, 658-69, describes the events of the French war.

  [28] Foedera, I, ii, pp. 795-6; The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, ed. H. Rothwell (Camden Soc., 3rd ser., lxxxix, 1957), pp. 241-2; Bartholomaei de Cotton, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. R. Luard (Rolls Series, 1859), p. 232; The Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft, ed. T. Wright, ii (Rolls Series, 1868), pp. 196-8.

  [29] See infra, p. 174.

  [30] The best account of Edward’s Scotch wars is that of G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (London, 1965). A useful brief account, differing in interpretation, is by A. A. M. Duncan, The Nation of Scots and the Declaration of Arbroath (1320) (Historical Association Pamphlet, 1970).

  [31] ‘Waverley Annals’, in Annales Monastici, ii, p. 409; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, p. 603, n. 1. Powicke does not explain why he regards this passage as ‘misplaced’: presumably he did so because it did not accord with his view of Edward’s character.

  [32] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, ff. 39v., 115; Cal. Docs. Scot., iv, pp. 451-2.

  [33] T. F. Tout, Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England, ii (Manchester, 1937), p. 31.

  [34] J. O. Prestwich, ‘Anglo-Norman Feudalism and the Problem of Continuity’, Past and Present, 26 (1963), pp. 50-2.

  [35] Walker, ‘The Anglo-Welsh Wars, 1217-67’, pp. 66-7.

  [36] Liber Quotidianus Contrarotulatoris Garderobiae (London, 1787), pp. 188-95, 310-31.

  [37] Chron. Maj., v. p. 539.

  [38] Walker, op. cit., p. 665.

  [39] Supra, p. 23.

  [40] T. H. Turner, ‘Unpublished Notices of the Times of Edward I’, The Archaeological Journal, viii (1851), p. 46.

  [41] Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 144, 153. There is an account of Clifford’s career in W. Dugdale, The Baronage of England (London, 1675-6), i, pp. 337-8.

  [42] C.C.R., 1272-76, pp. 338, 342. His career is adequately summarized by C. Moor, Knights of Edward I, v (Harleian Soc., lxxxiv, 1932), pp. 20-3.

  [43] Ibid., iii (1930), pp. 22-3.

  [44] C.Ch.R., 1267-1300, p. 177.

  [45] C. L. Kingsford, ‘Sir Otho de Grandison, 1238?-1328’, T.R.H.S., 3rd ser., iii (1909), pp. 125 seqq.

  [46] A list of those who received protections to go on the crusade is given by R. Rörhricht, ‘Etudes sur les derniers temps du royaume de Jerusalem. A. La croisade du Prince Edouard d’Angleterre (1270-1274)’, Archives de l’orient latin, i (Paris, 1881), pp. 630-2.

  [47] E. 101/371/8/97; E. 101/370/19.

  [48] Walker, op. cit., pp. 74-6.

  [49] The wardrobe accounts provide lists of the household knights under Edward I. See in particular E. 101/351/17; E. 101/4/24; C. 47/4/3; E. 101/369/11; and B.M. Add. MSS, 7965; 7966a; 8835; Liber Quotidianus.

  [50] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, f. 60.

  [51] These men were all squires in 1285: E. 101/351/17.

  [52] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 51; E. 101/351/17; Liber Quotidianus, p. 188; B.M. Add. MS, 8835, f. 54; Rot. Parl., i, p. 199.

  [53] E. 101/4/24.

  [54] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, f. 60.

  [55] E. 101/4/24; B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, f. 78v.

  [56] E. 101/351/17; B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, f. 79.

  [57] B.M. Add. MSS, 7965, f. 60; 7966a, f. 79; 8835, f. 52. I am very grateful to Professor P. E. Russell for his advice on the names of these Spaniards, given in the sources as Pascasius Valentinus dictus Ladalil and Jacobus de la Ryke.

  [58] See the enrolled wardrobe accounts in E. 372/144.

  [59] F. Bock, ‘Englands Beziehungen zum Reich unter Adolf von Nassau’, M.I.Ö.G., erg. bd, xii (1932-3), pp. 214, 216, 219.

  [60] E. 101/351/17.

  [61] N. Denholm-Young, History and Heraldry (Oxford, 1965), pp. 31-2.

  [62] One such agreement, not between household members, is printed by K. B. McFarlane, ‘An Indenture of Agreement between two English Knights of Mutual Aid and Counsel in Peace and War, 5 December 1298’, B.I.H.R., xxxviii (1965), pp. 200-10.

  [63] E. 101/4/14.

  [64] C. 47/4/3.

  [65] E. 101/4/24.

  [66] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, ff. 60-2.

  [67] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 188-95.

  [68] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, ff. 78-9.

  [69] B.M. Add. MS, 8835,ff. 52-5.

  [70] E. 101/369/11, ff. 102, 106-7.

  [71] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, ff. 126-7,131-2.

  [72] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 320-6.

  [73] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, f. 114.

  [74] E. 101/369/11, ff. 157, 159.

  [75] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 115.

  [76] C. 47/4/3.

  [77] E. 101/4/24.

  [78] Moor, Knights of Edward I, passim.

  [79] Ibid., ii, p. 55.

  [80] H. Le Strange, Le Strange Records, 1100-1310 (1916), p. 243.

  [81] E. 101/351/17.

  [82] Moor, op. cit., v, pp. 56-7; Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 85; N. Denholm-Young, The Country Gentry in the Fourteenth Century (Oxford, 1969), pp. 74-5; infra, p. 59.

  [83] Denholm-Young, History and Heraldry, pp. 98-100, 113-16.

  [84] Tout, Chapters, ii, p. 133.

  [85] Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 115-43.

  [86] E. 101/4/1.

  [87] Morris, op. cit., pp. 159, 163.

  [88] C. 47/2/7.

  [89] Parl. Writs, i, p. 222; C
. 47/2/5.

  [90] C. 47/2/6. Of the troop leaders listed by Morris, op. cit., p. 159, Tateshale, Audley, FitzWalter, Butler, St. Amand, Bruce and Leyburn appear on this horse list.

  [91] See the account of the Riccardi for Wales in E. 372/132.

  [92] J. G. Edwards, ‘The Battle of Maes Madog and the Welsh campaign of 1294-5’, E.H.R., xxxix (1924), pp. 1-12, analyses the pay roll. Book of Prests, ed. E. B. Fryde (Oxford, 1962), contains much information about the activities of various members of the household, but it is not a comprehensive account.

  [93] N. B. Lewis, ‘The English Forces in Flanders’, in Studies in Medieval History presented to F. M. Potvicke (Oxford, 1948), pp. 313-14.

  [94] Tout, Chapters, ii, p. 142, nn. 2, 3.

  [95] Ibid., pp. 139-41. This estimate of 750 cavalry given by Tout should be increased by 100, as he omits the garrison troops from Berwick, Lochmaben, Jedburgh and Edinburgh. Liber Quotidianus, pp. 220-1, makes it quite clear that these men joined the main army.

  [96] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, ff. 55-8.

  [97] E. 101/612/11.

  [98] H. Johnstone, Edward of Caernarvon, 1284-1307 (Manchester, 1946), pp. 72-95, provides a narrative of the prince’s activities on these campaigns.

  [99] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, 55-68.

  [100] Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 181.

  [101] Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1747; C.P.R., 1301-7, pp. 417-19.

  [102] Ibid., p. 426.

  [103] E. 101/369/11, f. 89.

  [104] Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1762.

  [105] Sandale’s account, E. 101/13/16.

  [106] Barrow, Robert Bruce, pp. 215-16; Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, nos. 1782, 1790.

  [107] Ibid., no. 1773.

  [108] H. Johnstone, op. cit., p. 108.

  [109] E. 101/369/11, ff. 109, 113.

  [110] Accounts of the prince’s household, E. 101/369/10.

  [111] E. 101/612/19.

  [112] E. 101/13/16.

  [113] Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1923; there is a horse list for Botetourt’s men in E. 101/612/21.

  [114] E. 101/3706, f. 13V.

  [115] E. 101/531/11.

  [116] E. 101/370/16, f. 15v.

  [117] Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 244.

  [118] Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1926.

  [119] E. 101/13/35/11. This document cannot be later than 1303, as it mentions Ralph Manton, killed at Roslin in that year, and it lists several men who first appeared as household knights in 1301.

  [120] Dalilegh’s account, E. 101/11/19, ff. 2-3. Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1437, gives a higher figure for the infantry strength, which was probably depleted by desertion.

  [121] Ibid., ii, no. 1432. This technique was used on at least one other occasion, as is shown by E. 101/371/8/56.

  [122] C.P.R., 1292-1301, p. 126; Denholm-Young, History and Heraldry, pp. 36-7.

  [123] C. 47/2/11. This document is undated, but as the payments it records start on 7 March, and preparations in 1296 began early in the year, it seems that it must date from that year.

  [124] Parl. Writs, i, p. 160.

  [125] This problem is discussed by N. Denholm-Young, op. cit., pp. 38-9. Botetourt’s name in the table in the Hailes chronicle, B.M. Cotton. MS, Cleop. D. iii, f. 51, is written over an erasure.

  [126] E. 101/4/1; E. 101/351/17; Denholm-Young, op. cit., p. 38, n. 6.

  [127] N. H. Nicolas, The Siege of Carlaverock (London, 1828), pp. 202-4.

  [128] I. J. Sanders, English Baronies (Oxford, 1960), p. 11.

  [129] Denholm-Young, op. cit., pp. 39, 130.

  [130] Parl. Writs, i, p. 247.

  [131] E. 101/351/9.

  [132] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 64, 74.

  [133] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, f. 12; E. 101/370/16, f. 5.

  [134] Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, pp. 361-2.

  [135] E. 101/352/14.

  [136] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, f. 49v.

  [137] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, f. 19v.

  [138] J. G. Edwards, ‘The Treason of Thomas Turberville’, in Studies in Medieval History presented to F. M. Powicke, pp. 269-309.

  [139] Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 171, n. 2.

  [140] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 188-9.

  [141] Ibid., i, p. 160.

  [142] C.C.R., 1272-79, p. 360.

  [143] Infra, pp. 71-2.

  [144] H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, The Governance of Mediaeval England from the Conquest to the Great Charter (Edinburgh, 1963), pp. 463-5.

  [145] N. B. Lewis, ‘An Early Indenture of Military Service, 27 July 1287’, B.I.H.R., xiii (1935), pp. 85-9.

  [146] N. Denholm-Young, Seignorial Administration in England (Oxford, 1937), pp. 167-8.

  [147] The Red Book of Ormond, ed. N. B. White (Irish Hist. MSS Comm., 1932), p. 103, no. 53; G. Barraclough, The Earldom and County Palatinate of Chester (Oxford, 1953), p. 36; Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, nos. 905, 981, 1004, 1407, 1899; Altschul, A Baronial Family, pp. 279-80.

  [148] G. A. Holmes, The Estates of the Higher Nobility in XIV Century England (Cambridge, 1957), p. 80.

  [149] Infra, p. 237.

  [150] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 246.

  [151] Rôles Gascons, ed. Bémont, iii, pp. 96 seqq.; C. 67/14, 15, 16; Scotland in 1298, ed. H. Gough (Paisley, 1888), pp. 14-15; C. 81/1731/48.

  [152] Two ‘Compoti’ of the Lancashire and Cheshire manors of Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, ed. P. A. Lyons (Chetham Soc., cxii, 1884), p. 15.

  [153] D.L. 29/1/2, m. 16.

  [154] Lyons, op. cit., p. 67.

  [155] D.L. 29/1/2, m. 16.

  [156] E. 101/4/30.

  [157] E. 101/353/2, f. 1.

  [158] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 121.

  [159] H. Gough, Scotland in 1298, pp. 64-5.

  [160] C. 47/2/10/8.

  [161] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 288.

  [162] Gough, op. cit., pp. 14-51.

  [163] C. 67/15,16.

  [164] E. 101/13/16, f. 4.

  [165] Select Cases before the King’s Council 1243-1482, ed. I. S. Leadam and J. F. Baldwin (Selden Soc., xxxv, 1918), pp. 5-8.

  [166] E. 405/1/11, I August; C.C.R., 1296-1302, p. 560; C.C.R., 1302-7, p. 381; C.P.R., 1292-1301, p. 82; C.P.R., 1301-7, pp. 122, 212; Parl. Writs, i, p. 290. For Stratton’s career, see N. Denholm-Young, Seignorial Administration, pp. 77-85.

  [167] C. 67/14, 15, 16.

  [168] Denholm-Young, History and Heraldry, pp. 114-15.

  [169] C. 67/14-16; C. 81/1722/74.

  [170] Denholm-Young, History and Heraldry, p. 142, n. 1.

  [171] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 299; Liber Quotidianus, pp. 195 seqq.

  [172] Gough, Scotland in 1298, pp. 161-205.

  [173] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 68.

  [174] Powicke, Thirteenth Century, p. 554.

  [175] H. M. Chew, The English Ecclesiastical Tenants in Chief and Knight Service (Oxford, 1932), p. 71.

  [176] M. Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England (Oxford, 1962), p. 103.

  [177] N. Denholm-Young, History and Heraldry, p. 105. The roll is printed by H. Gough, Scotland in 1298, pp. 139-57.

  [178] Supra, p. 52. These horse lists are printed by Gough, op. cit., pp. 161-237.

  [179] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 314.

  [180] Denholm-Young, op. cit., p. 104.

  [181] The contract is printed by Gough, op. cit., pp. 64-5. Tout, Chapters in Mediaeval Administrative History, ii, p. 139 and n. 1, suggested that it was for the winter campaign of 1299-1300, but the hesitation he indicated about this was wholly justified: the document is clearly dated, and can only apply to the winter campaign of 1297-98.

  [182] The Siege of Carlaverock, ed. N. H. Nicolas (London, 1828), p.12.

  [183] E. 403/106, 107; C. 62/67.

  [184] Parl. Writs, i, p. 327.

  [185] Documents and Records Illustrative of the History of Scotland, ed. F. Palgrave (London, 1837), pp. 208-31. The question of feudal service is discussed more fully infra, pp. 78-82.

  [186] Palgrave, Documents, pp. 262-74; B.M. Add. MS, 8835, 55v-68v.

  [187] Morris,
Welsh Wars, p. 119.

  [188] Parl. Writs, i, p. 196.

  [189] Morris, op. cit., pp. 69, 118-23, 132.

  [190] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 222-4.

  [191] Ibid., i, pp. 224-7; Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 155-7.

  [192] For a discussion of this in a later period, with rather different circumstances, see M. H. Keen, The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages (London, 1965), pp. 148-9.

  [193] There was some trouble in 1277 when Dafydd ap Gruffydd, who was demanding pay for his troops, withheld booty that was claimed by the crown, Calendar of Ancient Correspondence concerning Wales, ed. J. G. Edwards (Cardiff, 1936), p. 55.

  [194] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 158.

  [195] Ibid., p. 210; account of the Riccardi for Wales in E. 372/132.

  [196] The Hagnaby chronicle, B.M. Cotton MS, Vesp. B. xi, f. 37. This chronicle contains a hitherto unnoted newsletter about the battle of Maes Moydog, which confirms the suggestion made in the Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, p. xxxvi, that the English army marched on the Welsh from Oswestry.

  [197] J. G. Edwards, ‘The Battle of Maes Madog and the Welsh campaign of 1294-5’, E.H.R., xxxix (1924), pp. 1-12.

  [198] Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, p. 81, shows that, like Warwick, Pembroke and Lancaster commanded troops in royal pay, but there is no evidence that the earls themselves were paid.

  [199] A possible exception is Thomas of Lancaster, who was paid wages in 1298, and did homage for his lands on 8 September of that year. He may well have been paid up to, and not after, that date.

  [200] Gough Scotland in 1298, pp. 64-5; supra, pp. 68-9.

  [201] E. 101/7/8.

  [202] E. 159/75, mm. 5d-6.

  [203] J. F. Lydon, ‘An Irish Army in Scotland in 1296’, The Irish Sword, v (1962), pp. 184-90; ‘Irish Levies in the Scottish Wars, 1296-1302’, ibid., pp. 207-17.

  [204] E. 101/7/10.

  [205] E. 101/369/11, f. 90.

  [206] There are many examples of these contracts with castle constables, as in Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, nos. 1170-74, 1286, 1287, 1321; E. 101/9/15, 16; E. 101/10/15; E. 101/13/34/25.

  [207] Bodleian Library MS, Dodsworth 70, f. 64.

  [208] Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, nos. 1214, 1519.

  [209] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 259-63.

  [210] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 276.

  [211] Chew, English Ecclesiastical Tenants in Chief, p. 45.

  [212] Rôles Gascons, iii, pp. 213-14.

  [213] Ibid., pp. 262-3.