Edward I

by Michael Prestwich

  [214] Chew, op. cit., p. 99.

  [215] Morris, op. cit., p. 242.

  [216] C. 62/71.

  [217] E. 101/353/2, f. 1.

  [218] E. 101/377/20, f. 1. This is part of an account of the Keeper of the Wardrobe for 1319-20, and its date provides a good example of the length of time it took to settle many of the accounts of Edward I’s reign.

  [219] Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, p. xlviii; E. 159/68, mm. 65-6; Parl. Writs, i, p. 269.

  [220] Chron. Guisborough, pp. 289-90; infra, pp. 84-6.

  [221] Rôles Gascons, iii, no. 4392.

  [222] N. B. Lewis, ‘The English Forces in Flanders’, Studies in Medieval History presented to F. M. Powicke, p. 312, n. 4.

  [223] Sally Harvey, ‘The Knight and the Knight’s Fee in England’, Past and Present, 49 (1970), pp. 30-43; N. Denholm-Young, ‘Feudal Society in the Thirteenth Century: the Knights’, History, xxix (1944), p. 61; M. Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England, pp. 77-8; I. J. Sanders, Feudal Service in England (Oxford, 1956), pp. 50-5; S. K. Mitchell, Studies in Taxation under John and Henry III (New Haven, 1914), pp. 307-9.

  [224] C.P.R., 1258-66, p. 592. The process of the reduction of the old quotas of service is described and analysed by Sanders, Feudal Military Service in England, pp. 59-90 and by Walker, ‘The Anglo-Welsh Wars, 1217-1267’, pp. 40-60.

  [225] Mitchell, Studies in Taxation under John and Henry III, p. 246, n. 86.

  [226] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 64.

  [227] Ibid., p. 45.

  [228] Palgrave, Documents, pp. 208-31.

  [229] E. 101/612/29 and C. 47/5/6 are copies of the main roll. E. 101/612/10 is a record of a subsidiary muster.

  [230] C. 47/5/7.

  [231] C. V.C.R. 1277-1326, pp. 384-92.

  [232] Rot. Parl., i, p. 216.

  [233] Palgrave, op. cit., p. 229.

  [234] Ibid., p. 223; Liber Quotidianus, p. 198.

  [235] Historiae Anglicanae Scriptores Decem, ed. R. Twysden (London, 1652), p. 1939.

  [236] Registrum Ricardi de Swinfield, ed. W. W. Capes (Canterbury and York Soc., 1909), pp. 375-6; Palgrave, Documents, p. 214; Liber Quotidianus, p. 192.

  [237] Palgrave, Documents, pp. 210, 214.

  [238] Parl. Writs, i, p. 208.

  [239] Palgrave, op. cit., pp. 218-20; E. 101/612/29. Other examples of this type of service are cited in Calendar of the County Court, City Court and Eyre Rolls of Chester, 1259-1297, ed. R. Stewart Brown (Chetham Soc., n.s. lxxxiv, 1925), p. lix.

  [240] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 300.

  [241] Palgrave, Documents, p. 224; Liber Quotidianus, p. 202.

  [242] H. M. Chew, ‘Scutage under Edward I’, E.H.R., xxxvii (1922), pp. 321-6.

  [243] D.L. 29/1/2.

  [244] W. Stubbs, Select Charters (9th ed., Oxford, reprinted 1962), pp. 183, 363, 466.

  [245] Parl. Writs, i, p. 10.

  [246] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 76; M. Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England, p. 109.

  [247] Ibid., p. 110; Morris, op. cit., p. 77; Parl. Writs, i, pp. 267-8.

  [248] Parl. Writs, i, p. 270.

  [249] Ibid., pp. 222, 275, 278.

  [250] Supra, p. 77.

  [251] Parl. Writs, i, p. 282.

  [252] Chron. Langtoft, ii, pp. 286-8.

  [253] J. G. Edwards, ‘Corfirmatio Cartarum and Baronial Grievances in 1297’, E.H.R., lviii (1943), pp. 153, 170.

  [254] Chron. Cotton, pp. 327, 331. Infra, p. 251.

  [255] C. 47/2/16/2, 3.

  [256] Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 490-1.

  [257] Edwards, op. cit., p. 166; H. Rothwell, ‘The Confirmation of the Charters, 1297’, E.H.R., lx (1945), pp. 311-13.

  [258] M. Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England, p. 111.

  [259] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 290-300.

  [260] Ibid., pp. 302-4.

  [261] Ibid., p. 304.

  [262] Ibid., pp. 250, 309-12.

  [263] Gough, Scotland in 1298, passim; Parl. Writs, i, pp. 310-11.

  [264] Ibid., pp. 317-18.

  [265] J. E. A. Jolliffe, The Constitutional History of Medieval England (2nd edn., 1948), p. 348.

  [266] Parl. Writs, i, p. 327.

  [267] Ibid., p. 330.

  [268] Sixth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (London, 1877), Appendix, p. 344.

  [269] Statutes of the Realm, i, pp. 137-9.

  [270] M. Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England, pp. 143-4.

  [271] Parl. Writs, i, p. 347.

  [272] Ibid., pp. 349-56.

  [273] Ibid., pp. 366, 377.

  [274] Ibid., pp. 369-70.

  [275] Ibid., p. 369; M. Powicke, op. cit., p. 115.

  [276] B.M. Cotton. MS, Vesp. B. xi, f. 53.

  [277] Chron. Langtoft, ii, pp. 330-2.

  [278] H. Rothwell, ‘Edward I and the Struggle for the Charters, 1297-1305’, Studies in Medieval History presented to F. M. Powicke, pp. 319-32.

  [279] Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 294.

  [280] Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 99-104; M. Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England, pp. 118-22.

  [281] Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 95-6, 207-9; E. 101/3/11, 30.

  [282] Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, pp. xxix-xxxi, xxxvi-xxxvii; J. G. Edwards, ‘The Battle of Macs Madog and the Welsh Campaign of 1294-5’, E.H.R., xxxix (1924), p. 3.

  [283] Account of John Sandale and Thomas of Cambridge, paymasters in Gascony, E. 372/160.

  [284] Wardrobe account, 1294-5, E. 372/144.

  [285] Sandale and Cambridge’s account, E. 372/160.

  [286] N. B. Lewis, ‘The English Forces in Flanders’, Studies presented to Powicke, p. 311; C. 47/2/20.

  [287] Chron. Guisborough, pp. 272, 279.

  [288] J. F. Lydon, ‘An Irish Army in Scotland, 1296’, The Irish Sword, v (1962), pp. 184-90.

  [289] E. 159/69, m. 11d. This is transcribed by Stevenson, Documents, ii, pp. 20-I, but regrettably the sum is given as £1,000 a week, which led J. H. Ramsay to point out in ‘The Strength of English Armies in the Middle Ages’, E.H.R., xxix (1914), p. 222, that the amount was inadequate for the force specified. £5,000 was in fact quite sufficient.

  [290] Wardrobe account in E. 372/144.

  [291] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 304-5; E. 101/7/8. I have preferred my own addition to that of Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 285. His total is 21,500.

  [292] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 312-16.

  [293] E. 101/12/17.

  [294] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 298; Liber Quotidianus, pp. 241-3.

  [295] E. 159/73, M. 16.

  [296] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 342-3.

  [297] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 243-70.

  [298] S.C. 1/61/63.

  [299] Willehni Rishanger, Chronica et Annales, ed. H. T. Riley (Rolls series, 1865), p. 447.

  [300] Parl Writs, i, pp. 358-9.

  [301] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, ff. 116-28.

  [302] E. 159/75, m. 6.

  [303] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, ff. 116-28.

  [304] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 370-1; B.M. Add. MS, 8835, ff. 72-90.

  [305] Palgrave, Documents, pp. 204-5.

  [306] E. 101/11/15.

  [307] Barrow, Robert Bruce, pp. 181-2.

  [308] E. 101/13/16.

  [309] E. 101/369/11, f. 136.

  [310] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 379-80; C.P.R., 1301-7, p. 529.

  [311] E. 101/531/11.

  [312] E. 101/370/16, f. 17v.

  [313] E. 101/373/15.

  [314] S.C. 1/61/68.

  [315] Supra, p. 58.

  [316] Parl. Writs, i, p. 266.

  [317] Ibid., p. 270.

  [318] Ibid., pp. 294, 312-15.

  [319] Ibid., pp. 270, 325, 342, 358, 370, 371, 379.

  [320] Chron. Cotton, p. 307.

  [321] E. 401/1656. Although catalogued as an exchequer receipt roll, this document is in fact a record of the financial burdens placed on the hundred between 1294 and 1297.

  [322] Norfolk plea roll of 1298, J.I. 1/587, mm. 6d, 7.

  [323] Notts. plea roll, J.I.
1/672, m. 7d.

  [324] Select Cases in the Exchequer of Pleas, ed. H. Jenkinson and B. E. R. Formoy (Selden Soc., xlviii, 1932), pp. 196-8.

  [325] Yorks. plea roll, J.I. 1/1105, m. 3.

  [326] G. C. Homans, The English Villagers of the Thirteenth Century (New York, 1941), pp. 329-30.

  [327] Select Cases in the Exchequer of Pleas, pp. 194-5.

  [328] M. Powicke, op. cit., p. 124.

  [329] E. 159/71, mm. 105-6.

  [330] Parl. Writs, i, p. 369. M. Powicke’s statement, op. cit., p. 125, that in 1300 no payment to the infantry was recorded before they reached Carlisle is not in accordance with the facts. Liber Quotidianus, pp. 243-4, shows that they were paid on their way from the counties.

  [331] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 245-8; for a further discussion of franchises, see infra, pp. 225-35.

  [332] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 379-80; supra, p. 99.

  [333] Parl. Writs, i, p. 326.

  [334] Infra, p. 235.

  [335] Parl. Writs, i, p. 371.

  [336] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 93.

  [337] A Lincolnshire Assize Roll for 1298, ed. W. S. Thomson (Lincoln Record Soc., xxxvi, 1944), p. xxvi.

  [338] E. 101/13/34/30.

  [339] Parl. Writs, i, pp. 270-5.

  [340] Halmota Prioratus Dunelmensis, ed. J. Booth and W. H. Longstaffe (Surtees Soc., lxxxii, 1889), p. 1.

  [341] Infra, pp. 129-33.

  [342] M. Powicke, Military Obligation in Medieval England, pp. 144-61.

  [343] N. D. Hurnard, The King’s Pardon for Homicide before A.D. 1307 (Oxford, 1969), pp. 218-19, 248-50, 311-24; Rôles Gascons, iii, pp. 183-4.

  [344] Parl. Writs, i, p. 270.

  [345] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 99; E. 101/3/11.

  [346] H. J. Hewitt, The Organisation of War under Edward III (Manchester, 1966), pp. 63-71.

  [347] E. 101/351/9.

  [348] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, fr. 8v, 9, 21v, 26v.

  [349] Ibid., f. 73.

  [350] Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 95-6.

  [351] Liber Quotidianus, p. 245.

  [352] Chron. Guisborough, p. 246.

  [353] Cal. Docs. Scot.,ii, no. 822; E. 39/93/15, mm. 1, 5d.

  [354] Infra, p. 110.

  [355] Nicholai Triveti Annales, ed. T. Hog (London, 1845), p. 225.

  [356] Edwards, ‘The Battle of Macs Madog and the Welsh Campaign of 1294-5’, E.H.R., xxxix (1924), p. 11.

  [357] Hagnaby chronicle, B.M. Cotton. MS, Vesp. B. xi, f. 37.

  [358] Chron. Guisborough, pp. 220-1.

  [359] Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 186-9.

  [360] Hagnaby chronicle, B.M. Cotton. MS, Vesp. B. xi, f. 40.

  [361] Chron. Guisborough, p. 263.

  [362] The Chronicle of Bury St. Edmunds, 1212-1301, ed. A. Gransden (London, 1964), pp. 143, 146.

  [363] T. F. Tout, The History of England from the Accession of Henry III to the Death of Edward III (London, 1905), p. 211.

  [364] Chron. Guisborough, pp. 278, 298.

  [365] Ibid., pp. 327-8.

  [366] Chron. Rishanger, p. 415.

  [367] Chron. Guisborough, pp. 325-8; Chron. Langtoft, ii, p. 316; Chron. Rishanger, p. 386.

  [368] E. 101/12/17.

  [369] Chron. Rishanger, pp. 441-2; H. Johnstone, Edward of Caernarvon, pp. 52-3. She is mistaken in thinking that the Welsh had deserted Edward: there were none on the campaign.

  [370] Supra, pp. 97-9.

  [371] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 139.

  [372] Ibid., pp. 212, 223-5.

  [373] Ibid., p. 200.

  [374] Ibid., p. 214.

  [375] Ibid., p. 244.

  [376] E. 101/531/7.

  [377] Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1022.

  [378] E. 101/7/8.

  [379] E. 101/5/10.

  [380] E. 101/12/10.

  [381] E. 101/13/11, ff. 11-15; E. 101/369/11, f. 89.

  [382] J. E. Morris, ‘Mounted Infantry in Medieval Warfare’, T.R.H.S., 3rd ser., viii (1914), p. 84.

  [383] Morris, op. cit., p. 97.

  [384] A. E. Prince, ‘The Strength of English Armies in the reign of Edward III’, E.H.R., xlvi (1931), p.356.

  [385] C. G. Cruikshank, Elizabeth’s Army (2nd ed., 1966), p. 290.

  [386] C. H. Firth, Cromwell’s Army (3rd ed., 1921), pp. 34-5.

  [387] Cruikshank, op. cit., pp. 165-8.

  [388] Statutes of the Realm, i, p. 137.

  [389] J. E. Lloyd, A History of Wales, 3rd ed. (London, 1939), p. 704.

  [390] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 135.

  [391] E. 101/13/36/26.

  [392] Chron. Rishanger, p. 320; Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1782.

  [393] Ibid., nos. 822, 1123, 1187, 1410.

  [394] R. F. Walker, ‘The Anglo-Welsh Wars, 1217-67’, p. 502.

  [395] C.C.R., 1272-79, p. 426; C.V.C.R., 1277-1326, p. 312.

  [396] C.C.R., 1296-1302, pp. 487-90.

  [397] E. 404/1/2.

  [398] This is stated in a receipt for flour worth £21, made out to John de Gore, 28 Aug. 1303, E. 101/371/21/96.

  [399] Supra, p. 81.

  [400] C.P.R., 1272-81, p. 223.

  [401] C.V.C.R., 1277-1326, pp. 221, 241.

  [402] E. 101/9/7/2.

  [403] E. 13/26, m. 28.

  [404] E. 101/10/18/97.

  [405] Sixth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Appendix, p. 556.

  [406] E. 101/6/18/27.

  [407] Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 296-7.

  [408] Willelmi Malmesbiriensis Monachi, De Gestis Regum Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs, ii (Rolls Series, 1889), p. 487.

  [409] Stubbs, op. cit., p. 376.

  [410] Statutes of the Realm, i, pp. 27-8.

  [411] E. 404/481/1/4.

  [412] Pipe Rolls, 17 and 18 Henry II (Pipe Roll Society, xvi, xviii, 1893, 1894), passim. I owe this information to J. O. Prestwich.

  [413] H. M. Cam, The Hundred and the Hundred Rolls (London, 1930), p. 101.

  [414] Parl. Writs, i, p. 193.

  [415] C.C.R., 1272-79, p. 426; C.P.R., 1272-81, p. 219.

  [416] Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 153-5.

  [417] C.V.C.R., 1277-1326, pp. 214, 216, 224, 248.

  [418] E. 101/351/6.

  [419] E. 372/130; Chron. Oxenedes, p. 334.

  [420] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 255; Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, pp. xxxiv-xxxvi.

  [421] E. 159/69, mm. 19d, 76d, 80d, 85d.

  [422] E. 159/70, mm. 5, 119-20.

  [423] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, ff. 44-50, 89, 93, 96-7.

  [424] A Lincolnshire Assize Roll for 1298, ed. W. S. Thomson (Lincoln Rec. Soc., 1944), p. lxi.

  [425] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, f. 50.

  [426] Liberate Roll, C. 62/74, 14 Dec., 28 Jan.

  [427] Stevenson, Documents, ii, no. ccccxiii.

  [428] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 107-10; C.P.R., 1292-1301, p. 487.

  [429] E. 101/547/14.

  [430] In the main wardrobe book for the year, B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, ff. 58v-59.

  [431] C.P.R., 1301-7, pp. 159, 201.

  [432] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, ff. 25-35.

  [433] E. 101/13/36/220. This estimate cannot be earlier than 1302, as it mentions the countess of Hereford, and in that year the king’s daughter Elizabeth married the earl. 1304 is suggested by the fact that the date from which the estimate runs is April.

  [434] E. 101/7/10.

  [435] M. C. Prestwich, ‘Victualling Estimates for English Garrisons in Scotland during the Early Fourteenth Century’, E.H.R., lxxxii (1967), pp. 346-53.

  [436] Infra, p. 159.

  [437] E. 101/10/4. See also such victuallers accounts as E. 101/7/13 and E. 101/11/29.

  [438] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 8-13,104-34.

  [439] D. L. Farmer, ‘Some Grain Price Movements in Thirteenth-Century England’, Ec.H.R., 2nd ser., x (1957), p. 212.

  [440] E. 159/70, mm. 119-20.

  [441] Chron. Guisborough, p. 292.

  [442] Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 491-4.

  [443] A Lincolnshire Assize Roll, ed. Thomson, nos. 237, 240, 241, 305, 31
4, 317, 370, 371.

  [444] Norfolk assize roll, J.I. 1/587, m. 3d.

  [445] E. 13/22, m. 5.

  [446] Rot. Parl., i, p. 165.

  [447] The originals show this use of propaganda better than the calendared versions of the writs: see for example E. 101/552/4/8, and E. 101/585/5.

  [448] Statutes of the Realm, i, p. 137.

  [449] C.P.R., 1296-1301, pp. 578-9.

  [450] E. 101/580/8/1; B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, f. 53.

  [451] E. 101/10/18/39; E. 101/592/1/2.

  [452] E. 179/90; Rot. Parl., i, p. 164.

  [453] E. 101/10/18/83.

  [454] C.C.R., 1302-7, p. 68.

  [455] S.C. 1/27/15.

  [456] S.C. 1/31/62.

  [457] E. 13/26, mm. 6, 22, 30, 32, 36.

  [458] A Lincolnshire Assize Roll for 1298, ed. Thomson, pp. lxxvii-lxxix.

  [459] C.C.R., 1296-1302, p. 574.

  [460] E. 101/561/4/16; S. F. Hockey, ‘The Transport of Isle of Wight corn to feed Edward I’s army in Scotland’, E.H.R., lxxvii (1962), pp. 703-5.

  [461] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 133-4.

  [462] E. 13/25, m. 49d; E. 13/26, m. 30.

  [463] P. D. A. Harvey, A Medieval Oxfordshire Village: Cuxham, 1240 to 1400 (Oxford, 1965), p. 111.

  [464] C.P.R., 1301-7, p. 159.

  [465] D. L. Farmer, ‘An Examination of Price Fluctuations in Certain Articles in the Twelfth, Thirteenth and early Fourteenth Centuries’ (Oxford D.Phil. thesis, 1958), p. 80.

  [466] Farmer, ‘Some Grain Price Movements in Thirteenth-Century England’, Ec.H.R., 2nd scr., x (1957), p. 212; B.M. Add. MS, 8835, ff. 23-35.

  [467] C. S. L. Davies, ‘Provisions for Armies, 1509-50’, Ec.H.R., 2nd ser., xvii (1964), pp. 242, 245.

  [468] C.P.R., 1301-7, p. 129.

  [469] E. 101/585/5/12.

  [470] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 255.

  [471] Chron. Guisborough, pp. 324-5.

  [472] Chron. Rishanger, p. 210.

  [473] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 128.

  [474] Ibid., pp. 173, 177.

  [475] C. Jourdain, ‘Mémoire sur les commencements de la marine militaire sous Philippe le Bel’, Mémoires de l’academie des inscriptions et belles lettres, xxx (1880, pp. 377-418; C. de la Roncière, Histoire de la marine française, i (Paris, 1889), pp. 333-63.

  [476] R. J. Whitwell and C. Johnson, ‘The “Newcastle” Galley, A.D. 1294’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 4th ser., ii (1926), pp. 142-93; C. Johnson, ‘London Shipbuilding, A.D. 1295’, Antiquaries Journal, vii (1927), pp. 424-37; R. C. Anderson, ‘English Galleys in 1295’, Mariner’s Mirror, xiv (1928), pp. 220-41.

  [477] E. 163/2/4.

  [478] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, ff. 89, 90.

  [479] C.P.R., 1292-1301, p. 126.