Edward I

by Michael Prestwich

  [480] E. 159/68, m. 80.

  [481] E. 101/5/11.

  [482] E. 159/68, m. 79.

  [483] A. Z. Freeman, ‘A Moat Defensive: the Coast Defense Scheme of 1295’, Speculum, xlii (1967), pp. 446-8.

  [484] Ibid., p. 446; Chron. Hagnaby, B.M. Cotton. MS, Vesp. B. xi, f. 38.

  [485] Chron. Cotton, p. 305.

  [486] Freeman, op. cit., pp. 447-58.

  [487] C.P.R., 1292-1301, p. 180.

  [488] C. 47/2/11.

  [489] E. 159/69, m. 26.

  [490] Chron. Cotton, p. 313.

  [491] C.P.R., 1292-1301, pp. 245, 291.

  [492] E. 372/144.

  [493] Chron. Rishanger, p. 157; Chron. Guisborough, p. 274; E. 101/5/26, mm. 4, 5.

  [494] E. 101/5/28.

  [495] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, ff. 89v, 90v-92, 96-7, 105v.

  [496] C.C.R., 1296-1302, pp. 41, 99-102.

  [497] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, 91-3, 98-104v.

  [498] F. W. Brooks, ‘The Cinque Ports Feud with Yarmouth’, Mariner’s Mirror, xix (1933), p. 44.

  [499] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, f. 57.

  [500] For the naval aspects of the Scotch wars see W. Stanford Reid, ‘Sea Power in the Anglo-Scottish War, 1296-1328’, Mariner’s Mirror, lx (1960), pp. 7-23.

  [501] C.C.R., 1296-1302, pp. 290, 307, 313.

  [502] Powicke, Thirteenth Century, p. 655; C.C.R., 1296-1302, p. 348; Libor Quotidianus, pp. 275-7.

  [503] C.C.R., 1296-1302, pp. 486-7.

  [504] E. 101/5/30.

  [505] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, ff. 130-1.

  [506] C.C.R., 1296-1302, p. 612; C.P.R., 1301-7, p. 203.

  [507] E. 101/13/8.

  [508] B.M. Harl. MS, 626, ff. 12-13.

  [509] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 271-9.

  [510] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, ff. 102-3, 130-1; C.C.R., 1296-1302, pp. 482-3.

  [511] C.P.R., 1301-7, pp. 52-3; E. 101/9/7/2-6; E. 101/10/21/1, 5, 6.

  [512] C.C.R., 1296-1302, p. 612; C.C.R., 1302-7, p. 76.

  [513] B.M. Add. MS, 17360, ff. 21-7; E. 101/11/2, ff. 2, 5v, 7-10; E. 101/10/29; E. 101/371/8/39; E. 101/364/14.

  [514] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, ff. 99-112.

  [515] E. 101/13/16, ff. 9-13; E. 101/368/27, f. 37; E. 101/369/11, ff. 139/40; E. 101/547/13; Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1941.

  [516] F. W. Brooks, The English Naval Forces, 1199-1272 (London, 1932), pp. 187-8.

  [517] N. H. Nicolas, A History of the Royal Navy, ii (London, 1847), app. vii, pp. 507-10.

  [518] C.C.R., 1288-96, p. 460.

  [519] Chron. Guisborough, p. 274.

  [520] Memoranda de Parliamento, 1305, ed. F. W. Maitland (Rolls series, 1893), no. 217.

  [521] B.M. Add. MS, 7965, ff. 96-7.

  [522] W. Stanford Reid, ‘Trade, Traders, and Scottish Independence’, Speculum, xix (1954), pp. 210-22.

  [523] Tout, Chapters, ii, pp. 131-45; C. Johnson, ‘The System of Account in the Wardrobe of Edward I’, T.R.H.S., 4th ser., vi (1923), pp. 50-72; J. H. Johnson, ‘The System of Account in the Wardrobe of Edward II’, T.R.H.S., 4th ser., xii (1929), pp. 75-104; Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, pp. ix-xxvi.

  [524] Tout, Chapters, ii, pp. 14, 39.

  [525] ‘Annales de Oseneia’, in Annales Monastici, iv, p. 325.

  [526] Tout, Chapters, i, p. 47.

  [527] A. Beardwood, ‘The Trial of Walter Langton, Bishop of Lichfield, 1307-1312’, Trans. American Phil. Soc., n.s., liv, part 3 (Philadelphia, 1964), pp. 6-7, and passim.

  [528] E. 143/9/2.

  [529] Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, p. xiv.

  [530] C.C.R., 1302-7, p. 81.

  [531] Tout, Chapters, ii, pp. 16-17.

  [532] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, f. 13v.

  [533] E. 101/368/18/61; The Register of William Greenfield, Lord Archbishop of York, 1306-1315, ed. W. Brown and A. H. Thompson, i (Surtees Soc., cxlv, 1931), p. 16.

  [534] Flores Historiarum, iii, p. 274; Tout, Chapters, ii, p. 17 n. 5.

  [535] C. L. Kingsford, ‘John de Benstede and his missions for Edward I’, Essays in History presented to R. L. Poole, ed. H. W. C. Davis (1927), pp. 332-59.

  [536] Tout, Chapters, ii, p. 21.

  [537] Chron. Langtoft, ii, pp. 344-6.

  [538] S.C. 1/61/62a.

  [539] Liber Quotidianus, p. 245.

  [540] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, ff. 42, 51v.

  [541] Tout, Chapters, ii, pp. 113-15; E. 372/130.

  [542] J. F. Willard, ‘An Exchequer Reform under Edward I’, The Crusades and other Historical Essays presented to Dana C. Munro by his former students, ed. L. J. Paetow (New York, 1928), pp. 225-43.

  [543] Tout, Chapters, ii, p. 90.

  [544] Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, p. 227.

  [545] Ibid., pp. 1-liii.

  [546] Tout, Chapters, ii, pp. 100-1.

  [547] H. Jenkinson, ‘Medieval Tallies’, Archaeologia, lxxiv (1925), pp. 289-351;

  Willard, Parliamentary Taxes on Personal Property, 1290 to 1334 (Cambridge,

  Mass., 1934), pp. 233-9.

  [548] E. 159/77, m. 61.

  [549] E. 101/365/6, f. 28v; E. 401/155; E. 403/117.

  [550] Tout, Chapters, ii, p. 97.

  [551] C. 62/80.

  [552] E. 101/11/15/1, 2, 17, 18.

  [553] Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, pp. 57, 60.

  [554] Tout, Chapters, iv, pp. 392, n. 3, 394, n. 2.

  [555] The Registers of John de Sandale and Rigaud de Asserio, Bishops of Winchester, 1316-23, ed. F. J. Baigent (Hants. Record Soc., 1897), p. xx.

  [556] Chron. Guisborough, pp. 294, 303; Tout, Chapters, v, pp. 238-9.

  [557] T. Madox, The History and Antiquities of the Exchequer (2nd edn., 1769), i, p. 270, n. b; ii, pp. 304-5.

  [558] Tout, Chapters, vi, p. 61; C.P.R., 1281-92, p. 190.

  [559] Morris, Welsh Wars, pp. 125, 163; E. 101/03/13; E. 101/4/1.

  [560] E. 101/7/11.

  [561] C.V.C.R., 1277-1326, p. 309.

  [562] The account of the Riccardi for this war is in E. 372/132.

  [563] Rôles Gascons, iii, no. 2938.

  [564] E. 372/160.

  [565] Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 106; Amersham had been a king’s clerk as early as 1279, C.P.R., 1277-81, p. 321.

  [566] Stevenson, Documents, ii, no. cccclv.

  [567] Ibid., no. ccccxlviii; C.P.R., 1292-1301, p. 315.

  [568] A. B. Emden, A Biographical Dictionary of the University of Oxford from A.D. 1176 to 1500, i (Oxford, 1957), pp. 4-5.

  [569] Gough, Scotland in 1298, pp. 265-8; E. 101/6/30.

  [570] Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 135.

  [571] A. Z. Freeman, ‘The King’s Penny: the Headquarters Paymasters under Edward I, 1295-13e, Journal of British Studies, vi (1966), p. 19.

  [572] Gough, Scotland in 1298, pp. 265-8; E. 101/6/30.

  [573] Barrow, op. cit., p. 139.

  [574] E. 101/7/8; E. 101/9/9; E. 101/11/11. To the receipts shown in this last mentioned account of Weston’s should be added the sum shown to have been paid to him by the receiver of victuals at Berwick, in B.M. Add. MS, 17360, f. 54.

  [575] Memoranda de Parliamento, pp. 169-70.

  [576] A fact which makes A. Z. Freeman’s failure to discuss him in ‘The King’s Penny’, Journal of British Studies, vi (1966), rather strange.

  [577] E. 101/7/20; Liber Quotidianus, pp. 139-42; E. 101/11/19.

  [578] Barrow, Robert Bruce, p. 190.

  [579] J. L. Grassi, ‘The Clerical Dynasties from Howdenshire, Nottinghamshire and Lindsey in the Royal Administration’ (Oxford D.Phil. thesis, 1959). Others beside Sandale were William de Bevercotes, William Thorntoft, William Greenfield, Philip Willoughby, John Husthwayt, William Melton, Robert Woodhouse, Robert Cottingham and John Swanland.

  [580] The Registers of John de Sandale and Rigaud de Asserio, Bishops of Winchester, 1316-23, pp. xvii-xlvii.

  [581] Cal. Docs. Scot., ii, no. 1223.

  [582] E. 101/13/36/26.

  [583] B.M. Add. MS, 8835, ff. 52, 54.

  [584] Rot. Parl., i, pp. 162, 192, 199; Memoranda de Parliamento, nos.
58, 270, 358.

  [585] R. Nicholson, Edward III and the Scots, the Formative Years of a Military Career, 1327-1335 (Oxford, 1965), p. 181.

  [586] C. G. Cruikshank, Elizabeth’s Army, pp. 143-58.

  [587] Book of Prests, ed. Fryde, p. 214, n. 3.

  [588] E. 39/93/115, m. 3.

  [589] Liber Quotidianus, pp. 73, 90, 313.

  [590] Victoria County History of London, i, ed. W. Page (London, 1909), pp. 555, 564.

  [591] Calendar of Papal Registers, ii, p. 39.

  [592] Ibid., p. 9.

  [593] Registrum Sinionis de Gandavo, Diocesis Saresbiriensis, A.D. 1297-1315, ed. C. T. Flower and M. C. B. Dawes (Cant. and York Soc., xli, 1934), ii, pp. 653, 683; C.P.R., 1301-7, p. 535.

  [594] C.P.R., 1292-1301, p. 573.

  [595] A. Beardwood, ‘The Trial of Walter Langton’, pp. 29-31.

  [596] Denholm-Young, Seignorial Administration, pp. 77-84.

  [597] As for example C.C.R., 1288-96, pp. 133, 188, 247, 314, 316.

  [598] Records of the Trial of Walter Langeton Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, 1307-1312, ed. A. Beardwood (Camden Soc., 4th ser., vi, 1969), pp. 156-7.

  [599] R. Röhricht, ‘Etudes sur les derniers temps du royaume de Jérusalem. A. La croisade du prince Edouard d’Angleterre’, Archives de l’ orient latin, i (Paris, 1881), pp. 618-20; C.P.R., 1266-72, pp. 442, 452, 463, 535, 545, 574, 617; Powicke, Henry III and the Lord Edward, ii, pp. 568-9; Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, pp. 223-4.

  [600] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 141; Tout, Chapters, ii, pp. 112-13.

  [601] Ibid., ii, pp. 113-15; vi, pp. 78-9. See also Morris’s calculations in Welsh Wars, pp. 196-7. Strangely, Morris did not make use of the main enrolled wardrobe account.

  [602] Morris, Welsh Wars, p. 219. See also R. A. Griffiths, ‘The Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd’, Welsh History Review, 3 (1966-7), p. 134.

  [603] J. G. Edwards, ‘Edward I’s Castle-Building in Wales’, Proc. Brit. Ac., xxxii (1946), pp. 62-3; R. Allen Brown, H. M. Colvin, A. J. Taylor, The History of the King’s Works, i (London, 1963), pp. 394, 406-7.

  [604] Sandale’s account is in E. 372/160. This is summarized and quoted in part by Bemont, Rôles Gascons, iii, pp. clxviii-clxix

  [605] E. 372/144.

  [606] C. 61/71; E. 403/99.

  [607] E. 372/160.

  [608] Chron. Langtoft, ii, pp. 202-4.

  [609] F. Trautz, Die Könige von England and das Reich, 1272-1377 (Heidelberg, 1961), p. 147, nn. 225, 231.

  [610] J. de Sturler, ‘Deux comptes enrôlés de Robert de Segre, receveur et agent payeur d’Edouard Ier, roi d’Angleterre aux Pays-Bas (1294-1296)’, Bull. de la commission royale d’histoire, cxxv (1959), p. 598.

  [611] B. D. Lyon, ‘Un compte de l’échiquier relatif aux relations d’Edouard Ier d’Angleterre avec le duc Jean II de Brabant’, Bull. de la commission royale d’his-toire, cxx (1955), p. 81; E. 159/68, m. Sod; C.P.R., 1292-1301, pp. 134-232.

  [612] E. 405/1/5.

  [613] C. 62/73; E. 405/1/11.

  [614] C. 62/71.

  [615] Treaty Rolls, 1234-1325, ed. P. Chaplais (London, 1955), pp. 132-3.

  [616] I have given fuller details of these subsidies in my thesis, ‘Edward I’s Wars and their Financing, 1294-1307’, pp. 445-54. E. B. Fryde, ‘Financial Resources of Edward I in the Netherlands, 1294-1298’, Revue Belge, xl (1962), pp. 1170-85, has calculated the total paid out as £142,026. But he has not included all the allies: the archbishop of Cologne being the most notable omission. Nor has he made use of the Jornalia Rolls, E. 405/1, which are invaluable in filling some of the gaps in the sadly deficient series of exchequer issue and receipt rolls.

  [617] F. Bock, ‘Englands Bezeihungen zum Reich unter Adolf von Nassau’, M.I.Ö.G., erg. bd xii (1932-3), p. 209; J. de Sturler, op. cit., p. 601.

  [618] This has been published by F. Funck-Brentano, ‘Document pour servir à l’histoire des relations de la France avec l’Angleterre et l’Allemagne sous le règne de Philippe le Bel’, Revue Historique, xxxix (1889), pp. 328-34, and in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Constitutiones, iii (Hanover, 1904), pp. 632-5.

  [619] The alleged bribery of Adolf of Nassau has been a matter of bitter controversy. See in particular G. Barraclough, ‘Edward I and Adolf of Nassau’, Cambridge Historical Journal, vi (1940), pp. 225-62; F. Kern, ‘Analekten zur Geschichte des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts, ii, die Bestechung König Adolfs von Nassau’, M.I.Ö.G., xxx (1909), pp. 423-43; V. Samanek, ‘Der Angebliche Verrat Adolfs von Nassau’, Historisches Vierteljahrschqt, xxix (1935), pp. 302-41; F. Trautz, Die Könige von England und das Reich, 1272-1377, pp. 149-72.

  [620] B.M. Add. MS, 7965.

  [621] Liber Quotidianus, passim.

  [622] B.M. Add. MS, 7966a, passim.

  [623] E. 101/360/25.

  [624] E. 101/264/14, B.M. Add. MS, 8835.

  [625] L. F. Salzman, Edward I (London, 1968), p. 212.

  [626] Dialogus de Scaccario, translated in English Historical Documents, ii, 1042-1189, ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (London, 1953), pp. 491-2.

  [627] E. 159/75, m. 7.

  [628] M. H. Mills, ‘Exchequer Agenda and Estimate of Revenue, Easter Term 1284’, E.H.R., xl (1925), p. 231.

  [629] Supra, pp 243-5.

  [630] B. P. Wolfe, The Crown Lands, 1461-1536 (London, 1970), p. 22.

  [631] Mills, op. cit., p. 233.

  [632] My calculation from the figures provided by Margaret Howell, Regalian Right in Medieval England (London, 1962), pp. 212-33.

  [633] Mills, op. cit., p. 233.

  [634] J. F. Willard, ‘The Taxes upon Moveables in the Reign of Edward I’, E.H.R., xxviii (1913), pp. 5 1 9-2 1; Willard, Parliamentary Taxes on Personal Property, 1290 to 1334 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934), p. 344.

  [635] Willard, Parliamentary Taxes, pp. 55-6.

  [636] A. T. Gaydon, The Taxation of 1297 (Bedfordshire Historical Record Soc., xxxix, 1959), pp. x-xvii.

  [637] J. A. C. Vincent, Lancashire Lay Subsidies (Lancashire and Cheshire Record Soc., xxvii, 1893), p. 192.

  [638] Willard, op. cit., pp. 96-101.

  [639] Harvey, A Medieval Oxfordshire Village, Cuxham 1240 to 1400, pp. 105-8.

  [640] Surrey Taxation Returns. 15ths and 10ths. Part A — the 1332 assessment (Surrey Record Soc., xviii, 1922), pp. xxx-xxxiv.

  [641] A Lincolnshire Assize Roll for 1298, ed. Thomson, passim.

  [642] Willard, Parliamentary Taxes, p. 202.

  [643] Vincent, op. cit., p. 169.

  [644] ibid., pp. 184-5; E. 401/132; E. 401/1644. E. B. Fryde, in Book of Prests, p. li, has calculated arrears in the autumn of 1295 to have been about £7,000. This is based on the evidence of the final account, a document which, unlike the receipt rolls, gives no precise indication of the timetable of payment.

  [645] Vincent, op. cit., p. 195.

  [646] E. 159/73, m. 64d.

  [647] E. 159/80, m. 41.

  [648] E. 372/123; E. 372/136; E. 359/4A.

  [649] C.C.R., 1296-1302, pp. 461-3.

  [650] Willard, Parliamentary Taxes, p. 2; E. 159/75, m. 68.

  [651] C.C.R., 1302-7, p. 278; C.P.R., 1292-1301, pp. 600, 606.

  [652] E. 101/126/1.

  [653] E. A. Bond, ‘Extracts from the Liberate Rolls, relative to Loans supplied by Italian Merchants to the Kings of England in the 13th and 14th centuries’, Archaeologia, xxviii (1840), no. lxxxiii.

  [654] Willard, op. cit., p. 231.

  [655] E. 159/68, m. 7S.

  [656] E. I59/75, mm. 5d, 7, 10.

  [657] C.P.R., 1292-1301, p. 579; H. Hall, Formula Book of Legal Records (Cambridge, 1909), pp. 48-52.

  [658] C.C.R., 1302-7, p. 12.

  [659] E. 159/75, mm. 72, 79. E. 179/91/1, a subsidy roll for Derbyshire, shows that although all receipts were ordered to go to the Welsh, some had been used to pay for purveyance.

  [660] E. 401/1667, 1670, 1676, 1678.

  [661] J. F. Baldwin, The King’s Council in England during the Middle Ages (Oxford. 1913), p. 466.

 
[662] J. H. Ramsay, A History of the Revenues of the Kings of England, 1066-1399 (Oxford, 1925), ii, p. 71.

  [663] Supra, p. 82; Chew, ‘Scutage under Edward I’, E.H.R., xxxvii (1922), pp. 321-36.

  [664] Chron. Cotton, pp. 198-9.

  [665] Rose Graham, English Ecclesiastical Studies (London, 1929), p. 259.

  [666] H. S. Deighton, ‘Clerical Taxation by Consent’, E.H.R., lxviii (1953), pp. 163-70.

  [667] The Chronicle of Bury St. Edmunds, p. 124. This seems a reasonably accurate figure: a more recent estimate of the total value of the assessment is £210,644, Deighton, op. cit., p. 175, in which case a half would yield £105,322.

  [668] E. 159/68, mm. 68-70; The Rolls and Registers of Bishop Oliver Sutton, 1280-1299, ed. Rosalind M. T. Hill, v (Lincoln Record Soc., lx, 1965), pp. 149, 154.

  [669] E. 401/1629, 1635, 1638. E. B. Fryde, Book of Prests, p. li, has calculated the ultimate yield of this tax, less arrears, as £68,900.

  [670] ‘Annales de Wigornia’, in Annales Monastici, iv, p. 524.

  [671] E. 401/1643, 1647.

  [672] Infra, pp. 256-7.

  [673] Deighton, op. cit., p. 190; E. 159/78, m. 38d; Graham, English Ecclesiastical Studies, pp. 317-23.

  [674] E. 372/155B.

  [675] E. 159/69, m. 75; E. 159/70, m. 114.

  [676] E. 372/155B; E. 363/1, 2.

  [677] E. 401/1629, 1635, 1638, 1643, 1647, 1653. This figure includes the fines for protection levied in 1297 in lieu of the fifth demanded by the crown.

  [678] Parl. Writs, i, p. 105.

  [679] W. E. Lunt, Financial Relations of England with the Papacy to 1327 (Cambridge, Mass., 1939), p. 366.

  [680] Riccardi account, E. 101/126/1.

  [681] Lunt, op. cit., pp. 336-46.

  [682] Powicke, Henry III and the Lord Edward, ii, pp. 729-33.

  [683] S.C. 1/13/66.

  [684] Lunt, op. cit., p. 363 shows that the collectors claimed that £33,033 was seized, but Fryde, Book of Prests, p. li, gives the figure of £32,480 from the receipt rolls of the Exchequer.

  [685] Lunt, op. cit., p. 676.

  [686] Ibid., pp. 382-91.

  [687] W. E. Lunt, ‘William Testa and the Parliament of Carlisle’, E.H.R., xli (1926), pp. 332-57; H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, ‘The Parliament of Carlisle, 1307 — Some New Documents’, E.H.R., liii (1938), pp. 425-37.

  [688] Flores Historiarum, iii, p. 110.

  [689] A. L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216 (2nd ed. Oxford, 1955), pp. 364-6, 420.