American Empire

by Joshua Freeman

  For housewives and housework, see Juliet B. Schor, The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (New York: Basic Books, 1991); Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1963); Selma James, “A Woman’s Place,” in Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion of the Community (Bristol, UK: Falling Wall Press, 1972).

  Chapter 6: “We the Union Army”

  For the effect of World War II on the struggle for African American rights, see Robert Korstad and Nelson Lichtenstein, “Opportunities Found and Lost: Labor, Radicals, and the Early Civil Rights Movement,” Journal of American History 75 (December 1988): 786–811.

  For state and local antidiscrimination laws, see Paul D. Moreno, From Direct Action to Affirmative Action: Fair Employment Law and Policy in America, 1933–1972 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997); Martha Biondi, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003); Duane Lockard, Toward Equal Opportunity: A Study of State and Local Antidiscrimination Laws (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

  For Supreme Court rulings, see Michael J. Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Eric Arnesen, Brotherhoods of Color: Black Railroad Workers and the Struggle for Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).

  For black voting and officeholding, see Charles M. Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Timothy B. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999); William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).

  For broadened notions of democracy, see Nicholas Lemann, Out of the Forties (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985); Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York, Basic Books, 2000); Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Hill & Wang, 1998).

  For the desegregation of sports, see Jules Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).

  For liberal views of race relations and civil rights, see Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944); Martin Bauml Duberman, Paul Robeson: A Biography (New York: Knopf, 1989); David L. Chappell, A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).

  For Brown, see Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality (New York: Knopf, 1976); James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); “Roundtable: Brown v. Board of Education, Fifty Years After,” Journal of American History 91 (June 2004): 19–118.

  For Emmett Till, see Stephen J. Whitfield, A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991); Ann Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi (New York: Dial, 1968).

  For the Baton Rouge and Montgomery bus boycotts, see Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: Free Press, 1984); David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Random House, 1986); Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988); Rosa Parks with Jim Haskins, Rosa Parks: My Story (New York: Dial Books, 1992); Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996); Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: A Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Harper & Row, 1982).

  For concern about the international impact of southern racism, see Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000); Penny M. Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).

  For Eisenhower and civil rights, see Steven F. Lawson, Running for Freedom: Civil Rights and Black Politics in America Since 1941 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991); Herbert S. Parmet, Eisenhower and the American Crusades (New York: Macmillan, 1972).

  For Alaska and Hawaii statehood, see Stephen Haycox, Alaska: An American Colony (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002); Benjamin F. Shearer, ed., The United States: The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004).

  For civil rights activity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, see Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1992 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1993); Robert J. Norrell, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Civil Rights Movement in Tuskegee (New York: Knopf, 1985); Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Clarence Taylor, Knocking at Our Own Door: Milton A. Galamison and the Struggle to Integrate New York City Schools (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (New York: Macmillan, 1972).

  Chapter 7: “Hour of Maximum Danger”

  For Kennedy, see Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (Boston: Little, Brown, 2003); Herbert S. Parmet, JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (New York: Dial, 1983); Garry Wills, The Kennedy Imprisonment: A Meditation on Power (Boston: Little, Brown, 1982); James N. Giglio, The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991).

  For Eisenhower’s foreign policy, see Blanche Wiesen Cook, The Declassified Eisenhower: A Divided Legacy of Peace and Political Warfare (New York: Doubleday, 1981); Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower, vol. 2, The President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984); Richard M. Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978); Zachary Karabell, Architects of Intervention: The United States, the Third World, and the Cold War, 1946–1962 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999).

  For the CIA, see John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986); William Colby, Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978); Philip Agree, Inside the Company: CIA Diary (New York: Stonehill, 1975).

  For the Soviet side of the Cold War, see Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996); William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: Norton, 2003).

  For Latin America, see Deborah Levenson-Estrada, Trade Unionists Against Terror: Guatemala City, 1954–1985 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); Greg Gandin, The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Walter LeFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York: Norton, 1993); Greg Gandin, “Off the Beach: The United States, Latin America, and the Cold War,” in A Companion to Post-1945 America, ed. Jean-Christophe Agnew and Roy Rosenzweig (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006); Richard M. Nixon, Six Crises (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962); Aleksandr Furesenko and Timothy Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble”: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (New York: Norton, 1997).

  For Kennedy-era masculinity, see Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday, 1983).

  For Rostow and modernization theory, see W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960); W. W. Rostow, The Diffusion of Power: An Essay in Recent History (New York: Macmillan, 1972).


  For debates over economic growth, see John Kenneth Galbraith, A Life in Our Times (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); David L. Stebenne, Arthur J. Goldberg: New Deal Liberal (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

  For Kennedy and the civil rights movement, see Raymond Arsenault, Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Maurice Isserman, If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (New York: Basic Books, 1987); Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001); Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights Movement (New York: Plume, 1990).

  For voting rights, see Gene Graham, One Man, One Vote: Baker v. Carr and the American Levellers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972); Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civil Life (New York: Free Press, 1998); Lucas A. Powe Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2000).

  For civil rights activity in the North, see Joshua B. Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor Since World War II (New York: New Press, 2000); Clarence Taylor, The Black Churches of Brooklyn (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).

  For the Kennedy assassination, see Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965); Michael R. Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963–1964 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997).

  Chapter 8: The Democratic Revolution

  For overviews of the 1960s, see Stephen Macedo, ed., Reassessing the Sixties: Debating the Political and Cultural Legacy (New York: Norton, 1997); Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

  For higher education, see Jodi Vandenberg-Davies, “‘There’s Got to Be More Out There’: White Working-Class Women, College and the ‘Better Life,’ 1950–1985,” International Labor and Working-Class History 62 (Fall 2002): 99–120; Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1987); Nicholas Lemann, The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999); Perdita Buchan, “Cliffe Notes,” Harvard Magazine 104 (May–June 2002): 16–18.

  For intellectual and cultural dissent, see Howard Brick, Age of Contradiction: American Thought and Culture in the 1960s (New York: Twayne, 1998); Godfrey Hodgson, America in Our Time (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976); Thomas Frank, The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip Consumerism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).

  For youth culture, see Joan Didion, The White Album (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979); William Graebner, Coming of Age in Buffalo: Youth and Authority in the Postwar Era (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990); Thomas Hine, The Rise and Fall of the American Teenager (New York: Bard, 1999); Bradford W. Wright, Comic Book Nation: The Transformation of Youth Culture in America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).

  For rock and roll, see Joel Whitburn, The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits (New York: Billboard Publications, 1987); Peter Guralnick, Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994); Peter Guralnick, Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke (New York: Little Brown, 2005).

  For student protest, see W. J. Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War: The 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS (New York: Random House, 1973); James Miller, “Democracy Is in the Streets”: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987); David Harris, Dreams Die Hard: Three Men’s Journey Through the Sixties (New York: St. Martin’s/Marek, 1982); Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam, 1987); Terry H. Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).

  For activist groups, see Amy Swerdlow, Women Strike for Peace: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Van Gosse, Where the Boys Are: Cuba, Cold War America, and the Making of the New Left (London: Verso, 1993); Daniel Horowitz, Betty Friedan and the Making of the Feminine Mystique: The American Left, the Cold War, and Modern Feminism (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998).

  For southern civil rights struggles, see Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988); Timothy B. Tyson, Blood Done Sign My Name: A True Story (New York: Crown, 2004).

  For Goldwater and the New Right, see Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (New York: Hill & Wang, 2001); Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative (Shepherdsville, KY: Bottom of the Hill Publishing, 1960); Michael Miles, The Odyssey of the American Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); John A. Andrew III, The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997); Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).

  For Engel v. Vital, see Lucas A. Powe Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2000); Patrick Allitt, Religion in America Since 1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).

  For Lyndon Johnson, see Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power (New York: Knopf, 1982); Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent (New York: Knopf, 1990); Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate (New York: Knopf, 2002); Robert Dalleck, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); Doris Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1976); Michael Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963–1964 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997); Irving Bernstein, Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Sidney M. Milkis, “Lyndon Johnson, the Great Society, and the ‘Twilight’ of the Modern Presidency,” in The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism, ed. Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005).

  For civil rights and women’s rights legislation, see Charles and Barbara Whalen, The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press, 1985); Dorothy Sue Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement: Workplace Justice and Social Rights in Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004); Nancy Woloch, Women and the American Experience, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984).

  For the antipoverty program, see James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle Against Poverty, 1900–1985 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986); Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Pantheon, 1971); Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York: Harper & Row, 1984).

  For the 1964 election, see Theodore H. White, The Making of the President, 1964 (New York: HarperCollins, 1969): Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots; Voting Rights in the South, 1944–1969 (New York: Lexington Books, 1976); Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995).

  For Medicare-Medicaid, see Jennifer Klein, For All These Rights: Business, Labor, and the Shaping of America’s Public-Private Welfare State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003); Edward Berkowitz, “Medicare: The Great Society’s Enduring National Health Insurance Program,” in The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism, ed. Milkis and Mileur.

  For immigration
reform, see Hugh Davis Graham, Collision Course: The Strange Convergence of Affirmative Action and Immigration Policy in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004); Kitty Calavita, Inside the State: The Bracero Program, Immigration, and the INS (New York: Routledge, 1992).

  For the environmental movement and legislation, see Ian Tyrrell, “Modern Environmentalism,” in A Companion to Post-1945 America, ed. Jean-Christophe Agnew and Roy Rosenzweig (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006); J. R. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York: Norton, 2000); Samuel P. Hays, in collaboration with Barbara D. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962); Andrew Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995); Adam Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

  For Watts, see Robert Conot, Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness (New York: Bantam, 1967); Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995).

  For labor and the Great Society, see Kevin Boyle, The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945–1968 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995); David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth-Century Struggle, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).