American Empire

by Joshua Freeman

  For college life, see Helen Lefkowitz Horowitz, Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1987); Bethany E. Moreton, “Make Payroll, Not War: Business Culture as Youth Culture,” in Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s, ed. Bruce J. Schulman and Julian E. Zelizer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).

  For physical fitness, see the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, “History of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports (1956–2006),” http://www.fitness.gov/50thanniversary/toolkit-firstfiftyyears.htm.

  For religion and spirituality, see Mark Oppenheimer, Knocking on Heaven’s Door: American Religion in the Age of Counterculture (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003); Leo Calvin Rosten, ed., Religions of America: Ferment and Faith in an Age of Crisis; A New Guide and Almanac (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1975); Paul Boyer, “The Evangelical Resurgence in 1970s American Protestantism,” in Rightward Bound, ed. Schulman and Zelizer; Mark Oppenheimer, “The Sixties’ Surprising Legacy: Changing Our Notions of the Possible,” Chronicle of Higher Education 50 (October 3, 2003): B11–B12.

  For the ethnic revival, see Matthew Frye Jacobson, “Hyphen Nation: Ethnicity in American Intellectual and Political Life,” in A Companion to Post-1945 America, ed. Jean-Christophe Agnew and Roy Rosenzweig (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002); Kenneth D. Durr, Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Donna R. Gabaccia, We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).

  Chapter 13: The Politics of Stagnation

  For changes in Congress and partisan politics, see Julian E. Zelizer, Taxing America: Wilbur D. Mills, Congress, and the State, 1945–1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Edward Berkowitz, Something Happened: A Political and Cultural Overview of the Seventies (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006); Benjamin Ginsberg and Martin Shefter, Politics by Other Means: The Declining Importance of Elections in America (New York: Basic Books, 1990); H. W. Brands, The Strange Death of American Liberalism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001).

  For Gerald Ford and the Ford administration, see Yanek Mieczkowski, Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005).

  For CETA, see Grace A. Franklin and Randall B. Ripley, CETA: Politics and Policy, 1973–1982 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984); William Mirengoff, Lester Rindler et al., CETA: Accomplishments, Problems, Solutions: A Report by the Bureau of Social Science Research, Inc. (Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1982).

  For the demise of détente, see James Mann, The Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York: Viking, 2004); Robert D. Schulzinger, “The Decline of Détente,” in Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America, ed. Bernard J. Fireston and Alexej Ugrinsky (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1993).

  On neoconservatives and foreign policy, see John Ehrman, The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs, 1945–1994 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995); Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).

  For Carter’s economic policy, see Anthony S. Campagna, Economic Policy in the Carter Administration (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995); W. Carl Biven, Jimmy Carter’s Economy: Policy in an Age of Limits (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); Melvyn Dubofsky, “Jimmy Carter and the End of the Politics of Productivity,” in The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post–New Deal Era, ed. Gary M. Fink and Hugh Davis Graham (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998); Judith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010); William Greider, Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal Reserve Runs the Country (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).

  For energy policy, see John C. Barrow, “An Age of Limits: Jimmy Carter and the Quest for a National Energy Policy,” in Carter Presidency, ed. Fink and Graham; Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991).

  For Carter’s foreign policy, see William Stueck, “Placing Jimmy Carter’s Foreign Policy,” in Carter Presidency, ed. Fink and Graham; Stephen E. Ambrose and Douglas G. Brinkley, Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938, 8th revised ed. (New York: Penguin, 1997).

  For the urban fiscal crisis, see Joshua B. Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor Since World War II (New York: New Press, 2000); William E. Simon, A Time for Truth (New York: Berkley, 1978); Todd Swanstrom, The Crisis of Growth Politics: Cleveland, Kucinich, and the Challenge of Urban Populism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985).

  For Proposition 13 and the tax revolt, see Clarence Y. H. Lo, Small Property Versus Big Government: Social Origins of the Property Tax Revolt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Paul Peretz, “There Was No Tax Revolt!,” Politics and Society 11 (June 1982): 231–49; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (London: Verso, 1990); Robert O. Self, “Prelude to the Tax Revolt: The Politics of the ‘Tax Dollar’ in Postwar California,” in The New Suburban History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006); Daniel A. Smith, “Howard Jarvis, Populist Entrepreneur: Reevaluating the Causes of Proposition 13,” Social Science History 23 (Summer 1999): 173–210; David Lowery, “After the Tax Revolt: Some Positive, If Unintended, Consequences,” Social Science Quarterly 67 (December 1986): 736–50.

  For crime and punishment, see David Levinson, ed., Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002); Marie Gottschalk, The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006); Sasha Abramsky, American Furies: Crime, Punishment, and Vengeance in the Age of Mass Imprisonment (Boston: Beacon, 2007); David Garland, “Capital Punishment and American Culture,” Punishment & Society 7 (October 2005): 347–76.

  For ERA, abortion, and gay rights, see Philip Jenkins, Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); Matthew D. Lassiter, “Inventing Family Values,” in Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s, ed. Bruce J. Schulman and Julian E. Zelizer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Fred Fejes, Gay Rights and Moral Panic: The Origins of America’s Debate on Homosexuality (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).

  Chapter 14: The Corporate Revolution

  For economic decline in general, see Robert Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble (London: Verso, 2002); Michael A. Bernstein and David E. Adler, eds., Understanding American Economic Decline (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

  For the steel industry, see David Bensman and Roberta Lynch, Rusted Dreams: Hard Times in a Steel Community (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987); Mark Reutter, Making Steel: Sparrows Point and the Rise and Ruin of American Industrial Might (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1988); William Serrin, Homestead: The Glory and Tragedy of an American Steel Town (New York: Times Books, 1992); Milton Rogovin and Michael Frisch, Portraits in Steel (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993).

  For the automobile industry, see Steve Babson, Working Detroit: The Making of a Union Town (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1984); Ruth Milkman, Farewell to the Factory: Auto Workers in the Late Twentieth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Dana Frank, Buy American: The Untold Story of Economic Nationalism (Boston: Beacon, 1999).

  For the impact of factory closings, see Jon C. Teaford, Cities of the Heartland: The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Becky Nicolaides, My Blue Heaven: Life and Poli
tics in the Working-Class Suburbs of Los Angeles, 1920–1965 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007); Michael K. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign (New York: Norton, 2007).

  For the decline of union power, wages, and benefits, see Kim Moody, An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism (London: Verso, 1988); Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and John Schmitt, The State of Working America, 2000/2001 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001).

  For the reorganization of production, see Steve Babson, ed., Lean Work: Empowerment and Exploitation in the Global Auto Industry (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995); Richard Feldman and Michael Betzold, eds., End of the Line: Autoworkers and the American Dream; An Oral History (New York: Illini Books, 1988).

  For corporate reorganization and financialization, see David M. Gordon, Fat and Mean: The Corporate Squeeze of Working Americans and the Myth of Managerial “Downsizing” (New York: Free Press, 1996); Alfred D. Chandler Jr., “Corporate Strategy and Structure: Some Current Considerations,” Society 28 (March–April 1991): 35–38; Mary Zey and Brande Camp, “The Transformation from Multidivisional Form to Corporate Groups of Subsidiaries in the 1980s,” Sociological Quarterly 37 (Spring 1996): 327–51; Mary Zey and Tami Swenson, “The Transformation and Survival of Fortune 500 Industrial Corporations Through Mergers and Acquisitions, 1981–1995,” Sociological Quarterly 42 (Summer 2001): 461–86; Steve Fraser, Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2005).

  For the political mobilization of business, see David Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America (New York: Beard Books, 1989); John Judis, The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of Public Trust (New York: Pantheon, 2000).

  For labor law reform efforts, see Joseph A. McCartin, “Turnabout Years: Public Sector Unionism and the Fiscal Crisis,” in Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s, ed. Bruce J. Schulman and Julian E. Zelizer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008); Marc Linder, Wars of Attrition: Vietnam, the Business Roundtable, and the Decline of Construction Unions (Iowa City: Fanpihua Press, 1999).

  For diminished regulation, see Thomas O. McGarity and Sidney A. Shapiro, Workers at Risk: The Failed Promise of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Westort, CT: Praeger, 1993); Eugene N. White, “Banking and Finance in the Twentieth Century,” and Richard H. K. Vietor, “Government Regulation of Business,” in The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, vol. 3, The Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

  For meatpacking, see Wilson J. Warren, Tied to the Great Packing Machine: The Midwest and Meatpacking (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2007); Charles R. Perry and Delwyn H. Kegley, Disintegration and Change: Labor Relations in the Meat Packing Industry (Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1989); Deborah Fink, Cutting into the Meatpacking Line: Workers and Change in the Rural Midwest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); Roger Horowitz, “Negro and White United and Fight!”: A Social History of Industrial Unionism in Meatpacking, 1930–90 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997); Peter Rachleff, Hard-Pressed in the Heartland: The Hormel Strike and the Future of the Labor Movement (Boston: South End Press, 1993).

  For the computer industry, see Paul E. Ceruzzi, A History of Modern Computing, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003); Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday, 1984); John Markoff, What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry (New York: Viking, 2005); Sanford M. Jacoby, Modern Manors: Welfare Capitalism Since the New Deal (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997); Eden Medina, “Computers,” in Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History, vol. 1, ed. Eric Arnesen (New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007).

  For the retail industry, see Nelson Lichtenstein, ed., Wal-Mart: The Face of Twenty-First-Century Capitalism (New York: New Press, 2006); Sandra S. Vance and Roy V. Scott, Wal-Mart: A History of Sam Walton’s Retail Phenomenon (New York: Twayne, 1994); Charles Fishman, The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World’s Most Powerful Company Really Works—and How It’s Transforming the American Economy (New York: Penguin Press, 2006).

  Chapter 15: The Reagan Revolution

  For Reagan’s political and personal outlook, see John Patrick Diggins, Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History (New York: Norton, 2007); Randall Balmer, God in the White House: A History; How Faith Shaped the Presidency from John F. Kennedy to George W. Bush (New York: HarperCollins, 2008); Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: PublicAffairs, 2000); Thomas W. Evans, The Education of Ronald Reagan: The General Electric Years and the Untold Story of His Conversion to Conservatism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).

  For the intellectual and cultural tone of Reaganism, see Haynes Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years (New York: Norton, 1991); Nicolaus Mills, ed., Culture in an Age of Money: The Legacy of the 1980s in America (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1990); William A. Henry III, Visions of America: How We Saw the 1984 Election (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1985).

  For economic policy, tax cuts, and the budget, see David M. Gordon, Thomas E. Weisskopf, and Samuel Bowles, “Right-Wing Economics in the 1980s: The Anatomy of a Failure,” in Understanding American Economic Decline, ed. Michael A. Bernstein and David E. Adler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); David Alan Stockman, The Triumph of Politics: How the Reagan Revolution Failed (New York: Harper & Row, 1986); Iwan W. Morgan, Deficit Government: Taxing and Spending in Modern America (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1995).

  For military spending, see Benjamin Ginsberg and Martin Shefter, Politics by Other Means: The Declining Importance of Elections in America (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Michael Edelstein, “War and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century,” in The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, vol. 3, The Twentieth Century, ed. Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

  For environmental policy, see Philip Shabecoff, A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement, revised ed. (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003); J. R. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York: Norton, 2000).

  For labor, see Steve Babson, The Unfinished Struggle: Turning Points in American Labor, 1877–Present (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999); Jonathan D. Rosenblum, Copper Crucible: How the Arizona Miners’ Strike of 1983 Recast Labor-Management Relations in America (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 1995); John Logan, “Permanent Replacements and the End of Labor’s ‘Only True Weapon,’” International Labor and Working-Class History 74 (2008): 171–92.

  For financial industry corruption and its cultural effect, see Robert M. Collins, Transforming America: Politics and Culture in the Reagan Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007); Steve Fraser, Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2005).

  For income inequality, see Thomas Byrne Edsall, with Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991); Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1990).

  For AIDS policy, see Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987); Jennifer Brier, Infectious Ideas: U.S. Political Responses to the AIDS Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009).

  Chapter 16: Cold War Redux

  For Afghanistan, see Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983); Steve Coll, Ghost Wars:
The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004).

  For Reagan and the Soviet Union, see David S. Painter and Thomas S. Blanton, “The End of the Cold War,” in A Companion to Post-1945 America, ed. Jean-Christophe Agnew and Roy Rosenzweig (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006); Richard Reeves, President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005); James Mann, The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War (New York: Viking, 2009): Melvyn Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War (New York: Hill & Wang, 2007).

  For Central America policy, see Greg Grandin, Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006); Jeane Kirkpatrick, “Dictatorships and Double Standards,” Commentary 68 (February 1979): 34–45.

  For Lebanon and Grenada, see Peter Huchthausen, America’s Splendid Little Wars: A Short History of U.S. Engagement from the Fall of Saigon to Baghdad (New York: Penguin, 2003); Mike Davis, Buda’s Wagon: A Brief History of the Car Bomb (London: Verso, 2007).

  For Iran-Contra, see Jane Mayer and Doyle McManus, Landslide: The Unmaking of the President, 1984–1988 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988).

  For the end of the Cold War in Europe, see Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York: Penguin, 2005).