God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican
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background of, 365
Benedict XVI and, 430–31, 441
car accident of, 376
Casaroli and, 361, 362
Castillo Lara and, 375, 381
De Bonis effort to undermine and, 368
Enimont scandal and, 373
Gotti Tedeschi compared with, 443
and Italy’s investigation into Vatican Bank, 374
John Paul II and, 366, 397
Nicora and, 441
power and influence lacked by, 367–68, 440, 441
reform of Vatican Bank and, 366, 376, 381–82, 396, 398, 413, 438, 440
resignation of, 441–42
Sodano and, 371–72, 373, 381
transparency preached by, 366, 375, 379
as Vatican Bank chairman, 362, 365–75, 378–80, 381, 383, 392, 396–98, 413, 414, 430–31, 438, 441
white finance advocated by, 437, 441
Calvi, Anna, 3, 313, 324, 326
Calvi, Carlo, 312–16, 317, 321, 322, 329, 333, 531n, 648n, 653n
Marcinkus and, 315, 316
Calvi, Clara, 3, 5, 202, 313, 318, 324, 339n, 616n, 620n, 640n, 653n
Calvi, Roberto, 8, 195–97, 205, 208, 212, 218n, 222, 225, 226, 235, 238, 246, 258, 260, 272n, 285, 286–91, 292, 295, 296, 300, 301, 310, 312–29, 332, 340, 343, 345, 351, 352, 353, 357, 358, 364, 365n, 370, 379, 381, 415, 427, 440, 469, 490, 509, 611n, 613n–16n, 615n, 620n, 622n, 624n, 625n, 626n–27n, 639n, 640n, 644n, 646n, 647n, 650n, 651n, 653n, 654n, 659n, 681n
as Ambrosiano head, 2, 5, 288–89, 318, 328, 331
Ambrosiano joined by, 196, 201–2
Ambrosiano shares sold by, 314
Argentine plans of, 222
arrest of, 312, 313, 328
and attempted murder of Rosone, 324
background of, 195
Banca Cattolica purchased by, 206–7, 290
Carboni and, 321
Centrale and, 288, 312, 317
criminal investigation of, 286–88, 289, 300, 312
death of, 1–7, 329, 330, 332, 336, 338, 344, 371, 531n–33n, 652n, 653n
in flight to London, 326–27, 329, 338
as freemason, 2, 7, 339
Gelli and, 287, 301, 302, 303, 321
indemnity letter given to Marcinkus by, 319–20, 321, 327–28
letter to John Paul II from, 5, 326
Marcinkus and, 202–3, 207, 236, 237, 239–40, 244, 288, 292, 296, 309, 319–26, 358
Marcinkus’s letters of patronage given to, 319, 321, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 339, 344, 348, 490
missing attaché case of, 4, 239, 324, 370–371
Opus Dei and, 325
P2 and, 222, 318
paranoia of, 235
parliamentary investigation into, 330, 339
Pazienza hired by, 313, 320, 321, 353
share prices manipulated by, 287
shell companies and offshore banks of, 201–3, 204, 207, 236, 238–40, 242, 243, 286, 288, 312, 319, 320, 328, 333, 338–39, 344, 345, 352
Sindona and, 196–97, 201–2, 204–5, 206, 225, 235–36, 242, 244, 290, 291
suicide attempt of, 4, 317
trial of, 317–18
U.S. bank holdings of, 205
Vatican and, 303, 326
Vatican Bank’s partnerships with, 226, 236–37, 238–40, 242, 243–44, 312, 343, 440
Calvi Affair, The (Gurwin), 600n
Calvi family, 4, 5, 6, 7, 317, 326, 329, 330, 532n
Calvi murder investigation, 1–7, 415, 531n–33n, 652n, 653n
Canali, Cardinal Nicola, 155–56, 171–72
Canaris, Wilhelm, 135
Canesi, Carlo Alessandro, 196, 317
Canon Law, 48, 178, 252–53, 558n
capitalism, 698n
Catholic Church’s distrust of, 23, 30, 437, 439
Protestants and, 23, 443
Capone, Al, 189, 608n
Caprio, Giuseppe, 297, 360, 673n
Carboni, Flavio, 3, 4, 7, 309, 321, 324–27, 338, 370–71, 415, 532n, 650n–51n, 666n
Cardinal Francis Spellman Foundation, 366–68, 371, 373, 396, 440, 441, 664n
Carter, Jimmy, 240–41, 313, 417, 625n
Casaroli, Cardinal Agostino, 251, 297–98, 306n, 307, 313, 322, 332, 345, 357, 363, 366, 372, 604n, 628n, 651n, 663n
Caloia and, 361, 362
Marcinkus and, 327, 331
in negotiations with Italy, 346–47
Vatican’s finances overseen by, 327
Casa Santa Marta, 498, 505, 660n
Casey, William, 306–7, 308, 310
Castel Gandolfo, 73, 200, 246, 253, 454, 455, 559n, 597n
Castillo Lara, Cardinal Rosalio José, 371, 374–75, 377, 380, 381, 666n, 667n
Catholic Action, 55, 79, 152–53, 166, 195–96, 595n
Catholic Center Party, 42, 66, 67
Catholic Church:
Anti-Semitism of, 110, 386, 393, 537n
birth control policies of, 606n
book-banning by, 11, 34
capitalism distrusted by, 23, 30, 437, 439
doctrinal upheaval in, 247–48, 598n
funding of pensions in, 661n
interest-bearing loans condemned by, 11–12, 22–23
money as theme in history of, xiii
Nazi fugitives aided by, xi–xii, 384, 385
in Nazi Germany, 64, 65–66, 73–74
Papal bills paid by, 360n
sexual abuse in, see sexual abuse scandal
see also Vatican
Catholic Church, American, 71n, 152, 198, 282, 360n, 398, 405, 407, 408n
Conference of Catholic Bishops of, 43, 403, 409, 463
corruption in, 280–82
financial contribution to Vatican by, 194
Peter’s Pence contributions from, 47, 406, 417
sexual abuse scandal in, 398–411, 417, 470, 673n–75n, 677n–78n, 697n
Vatican loan requests to, 40–41, 43, 46–47, 55, 544n
see also specific dioceses
Catholic Church, German, 144
Catholic News Service, 432, 572n
Catholics:
Anti-Semitism of, 12, 23
Jews aided by, 104n, 105
modernist, 19, 24, 29, 31, 33–35, 39, 542
Catholic University of Milan, 402, 443
Cavallo, Luigi, 242–43
Cayman Islands, 228, 414
Celestine V, Pope, 627n
Centrale Finanziaria, La, 204, 206, 239, 328, 611n, 615n, 646n
Calvi and, 288, 312, 317
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 119, 135n, 137, 166, 170n, 172–73, 179n, 204, 273n, 305, 381, 392, 394, 587n, 588n, 591n, 594n, 602n
covert aid to Vatican of, 151–52, 153, 308–09
John Paul II and, 307, 308
National Foreign Assessment Center of, 279
ratlines and, 151
Central Powers, 40–42
Ceramica Pozzi, 161, 596n
Chamberlain, Neville, 75, 556n
Chase Manhattan Bank, 180, 232, 322, 648n
Chase National Bank, 177n, 583n
Cheli, Giovanni, 315, 316, 648n
Chelsea Cloisters, 3, 531n, 532n
Chicago, Ill., 189, 407, 608n
Chicago Diocese, 283n, 332, 364n, 544n, 608n
Chiminello, Antonio, 374, 667n
Chiomenti, Pasquale, 345–46
Christian Democratic Party, 153, 155, 157, 166, 170, 172, 175, 183n, 224, 229, 287, 301, 314, 335, 345, 366, 367, 598n
Chrysler, 210, 322
Churchill, Winston, 90, 142, 151, 279, 569n
Cicero, Ill., 189, 284, 608n
Cicognani, Cardinal Amleto, 106, 182, 184, 185
Ciga, 176, 323
Ciocci, Pietro, 374, 667n
Cipriani, Paolo, 448, 475, 479, 482, 483, 490, 504, 506, 507, 700n
Money-laundering investigation into, 448, 506–7
Vatican Bank resignation of, 506
Circolo della Caccia, 199
Circuit Court of Appeals, U.S., 409n, 426, 445
/> Cisalpine Overseas Bank (Nassau), 201–3, 204, 207, 210, 235n, 236, 238, 239–40, 243, 288, 296, 309, 319, 322, 327, 344, 613n, 615n, 616n, 624n, 625n, 642n, 647n
IOR share in, 201, 615n, 642n
Marcinkus as director of, 202, 238, 296, 320, 327, 642n, 646–647n, 650n
Citibank, 177n, 615n
Civiletti, Benjamin, 284–85, 638n
Civiltà Cattolica, La (Catholic Civilization), 16, 18, 23, 74, 403, 499, 663n
role in spreading blood libel, 554n
Civiltà Cristiana (Christian Civilization), 269, 270, 272
Claridge’s Hotel, London, 208, 296n, 531n
Clark, William, 306, 307
Clay, Lucius, 144, 583n
Clement VII, Pope, 596n
Clement VIII, Pope, 537n
Cleveland Diocese, 673n–74n
Clinton, Bill, 384n, 389, 390, 408n
CNN, 421, 494, 502, 512
Cody, Cardinal John, 194, 198, 250–51, 252, 256, 258, 263, 272n, 275, 276, 280, 283n, 331, 606n, 611n, 629n
Paul VI’s investigation of, 250–52, 256, 263–64
Coffey, Joe, 209–11, 213–15, 617n, 618n
Colagiovanni, Emilio, 395, 396, 415
Colby, William, 153, 587n, 651n
Cold War, 132, 141, 155, 159n, 163, 172, 174, 248, 417
College of Cardinals, 80, 213, 256, 262, 277, 338, 417, 418, 429, 494, 599n, 604n, 657n
Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, 386, 388
Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism, see Moneyval
Compendium, see Banco Ambrosiano Holding (BAH)
Conciliazione, 48–49
Conclave of Cardinals, 25, 44, 162–63, 174, 247, 249, 254n, 255–59, 269, 270, 272–76, 282, 418–19, 421, 423–24, 456, 493, 494, 495, 541n, 543n, 596n, 602n, 627n, 628n, 629n–30n, 681n
Confalonieri, Cardinal Carlo, 262, 270
Conference of Catholic Bishops, U.S., 43, 403, 409, 463
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 355, 406, 411, 417, 429, 433, 456, 678n
Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (Propaganda Fide), 148, 184, 463, 683n
Connors, Canice, 403–4
Constantinople, Turkey, 50–51, 121, 134, 550n, 580n, 586n
Constitution, U.S., 408, 646n
Continental Illinois National Bank, 177, 206, 615n
Cooke, Cardinal Terence, 215, 275, 321
Cooney, John, 558n–59n
Coopers & Lybrand, 243, 296, 309, 314, 323, 325, 642n
Coppola, Francis Ford, 363, 622n
Cornwell, John, 64, 108, 199n, 235n, 240, 250, 266n, 272n, 273n, 289, 541n, 599n, 634n, 635n, 639n, 653n
Corriere della Sera, 227, 260, 271, 331, 353, 379, 475, 622n
Corrocher, Graziella Teresa, 326, 329
Corte Suprema di Cassazione, 356, 358
Costa Rica, 222, 353
Counter Intelligence Corps, U.S. (CIC), 136, 139, 140, 145, 147, 150, 588n, 592n
Craxi, Bettino, 375, 376
Credito Artigiano S.p.A., 448, 449, 457
Credito Italiano, 58, 158
Credit Suisse, 52, 112, 156, 160, 177n, 179, 309, 512, 550n, 615n
Vatican cash exchanged for gold ingots from, 309
Crimi, Joseph Miceli, 298, 301
Croatia, 91, 92, 122, 124, 128, 139–40, 142, 144–46, 148–49, 150, 153n, 384–86, 387, 388–89, 390, 391, 427, 449n, 562n, 563n, 566n, 568n, 578n, 583n, 590n, 672n
Catholic Church in, 89–90, 105
gold looted from, 139–40, 384, 386, 391, 672n
Holocaust in, 88–90, 98, 105
John Paul II’s visit to, 390
role of Catholic clergy in, 89
Vatican and, 87–90, 387, 389, 391, 427
Crusades, 9, 21, 48, 88
Cuccia, Enrico, 234, 291
Curia:
anticommunism in, 181
finances of, 52–53, 359
formation of, 534n
“gay lobby” in, 462–65, 491–92
as Italian dominated, 283, 348, 604n
John Paul II reforms for, 347–48, 359, 360
Pius X and, 33, 35
Pius XI and, 54
spread of gossip and rumors within, 191, 311, 376, 628n, 634n
Cusani, Sergio, 376–77
Czechoslovakia, 71, 84, 112, 131, 184, 306, 560n
Nazi invasion of, 82
Soviet takeover of, 141
Dachau concentration camp, 75, 423, 592n
Daily Beast, 464n, 510
Daily Telegraph, 427, 431
Dardozzi, Renato, 342, 361–62, 366, 367, 378, 379, 439, 467, 664n, 667n, 668n, 686n
da Ros, Giuseppe, 266, 267, 633n
Davies, Arthur Gordon, 5–6
Da Vinci Code, The (Brown), 418, 483
Death in Rome (Katz), 605n
de Benedetti, Carlo, 321–23, 328, 651n
De Bonis, Donato, 240n, 348, 357–58, 366–69, 373, 375–76, 378, 381, 396, 429, 439–41, 442n, 490, 657n, 664n, 667n
Castillo Lara and, 371
death of, 441
dubious accounts held by, 368
investigation into, 343, 357
as link between commission of cardinals and Vatican Bank, 360, 361
Spellman foundation account and, 366–67, 371, 373
undermining Caloia by, 368
Vatican Bank influence of, 367–68, 371, 372, 375, 439, 440
Delfino, Francesco, 531n, 532n
Dell, Robert, 546n–47n
Della Chiesa, Cardinal Giacomo, see Benedict XV, Pope
de Lorenzo, Matteo, 211, 218
De Pasquale, Francesco, 452, 486
de Strobel, Pellegrino, 187, 194, 197, 198, 228, 232, 240n, 296, 312, 317, 319, 320, 327, 328, 331, 333, 343, 344, 347, 352, 355, 356, 363, 366, 615n, 650n
arrest warrant issued for, 351–352
Deutsche Bank, 332, 339, 340, 362, 442, 476, 490, 512
Deutsche Bank Italia, 488–89
de Weck, Philippe, 332, 347, 362–63, 378, 663n, 668n
as vice president of Vatican Bank lay board, 363, 378
DiFonzo, Luigi, 300n, 603n, 643n
di Jorio, Cardinal Alberto, 118, 155, 158, 163, 167, 171, 172, 197, 198, 199, 343, 368–69, 560n
Dolan, Cardinal Timothy, 495, 496
Doubleday, 358n, 399
Doyle, Thomas, 404–5, 675n
Draganović, Krunoslav, 140, 145, 146, 148–49, 150, 151, 153n, 155, 163, 564n, 589n, 591n, 592n
admission to receipt of looted gold, 140
oversight of Croatian Ratline, 145–146
Dulles, Allen, 131–32, 138, 147, 151, 153, 583n, 585n
Dulles, John Foster, 132, 151, 558n, 584n
Dziwisz, Cardinal Stanislaw, 304, 306n, 368, 370, 397, 466
Eastern Europe, Soviet hegemony in, 141, 157
Eckstein, Alejandro von, xi–xii
Eden, Anthony, 98–99, 590n
Egan, Cardinal Edward, 191, 404
Egmont Group, 487, 506
Egypt, 36, 221, 279
Eichmann, Adolf, 147–48
Einsatzgruppen, 91–92, 144
Eisele, Hans, 144
Eisenberger, Irving, 209, 616n
Eizenstat, Stuart, 387, 389, 390
Eizenstat Report (1997), 384n
El Salvador, 264, 310
Emigrant Savings Bank, 332, 346
Enimont scandal, 372–73, 377, 379, 380, 381, 448n, 450
Ense, Winfried, 210–14, 218n
Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI), 244, 288, 372, 373, 595n
Eritrea, 69, 70
Espresso, L’, 173n, 177, 183, 232, 242, 287, 321, 329, 470, 504–5, 531n
Ethiopia, 70, 71
Italy’s invasion of, 68–69, 110, 554n
Europe:
postwar unemployment in, 155
refugees in, 142–43, 155
European Economic Community, 170, 489
European Union, 443–45, 447–48, 449, 450,
451, 456–58, 467, 468, 473, 477, 481, 483, 485, 487, 489, 490, 508, 644n, 684n, 688n
Fasco, 171, 176, 205, 602n, 607n, 614n, 615n, 639n
Fatto Quotidiano, Il, 468, 469
Faulhaber, Cardinal Michael von, 64, 67, 144, 552n, 559n
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 108n, 115, 118–19, 211, 212, 214, 215–17, 260, 292–95, 314n, 395, 408n, 574n, 643n
Ambrosoli murder investigation of, 299–300
Marcinkus’s interview with, 284–85, 335, 336
Marcinkus anger over disclosure of memo from, 285
Sindona’s disappearance investigated by, 293, 295, 298
Vatican Bank investigation of, 284–85
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 226, 229, 614n
Federal Reserve, U.S., 113, 224, 225, 226, 383, 614n
Felici, Cardinal Pericle, 257, 260–61, 271, 272, 274–77, 280, 635n
Ferruzzi Group, 373, 376
Fiat, 58, 171, 293, 376
Fiduciary Investment Services A.G., 209, 616n
Filipović-Majstorović, Miroslav, 89
Finabank, 223, 228, 602n, 613n, 622n
Final Conclave, The (Martin), 257, 627n
Financial Action Task Force (FATF), 380, 450, 458, 467
Financial Intelligence Authority (AIF), 473, 476, 511, 689n, 701n
Financial Times, 416, 448–49, 488, 503
Finmeccanica, 158, 159, 481
Fisher, Ivan, 351n, 601n, 623n
Fisherman’s Ring, 254n, 427
Flying Squad, Palermo, 291, 292
Foligni, Mario, 211, 214, 217, 218
Follieri, Raffaello, 408n
Fondiaria, 125, 128
Fontana, Mario, 252, 253–54
Fornasari, Mario, 217, 618n
Fortune, 178, 223, 354, 362, 451–52, 661n, 698n
Foundations of National Socialism (Hudal), 102–3
France, 11, 14, 18, 20, 22, 28, 30, 32, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42–43, 57, 68, 69, 78, 79, 84, 85, 87, 98, 104n, 111, 112, 113, 151, 164, 247, 384, 387, 391, 394, 437, 540n, 554n, 560n, 561n, 571n, 585n, 589n
Francis, Pope, xiii, 7, 95n, 419, 423–24, 464, 571n, 660n, 667n, 697n, 698n, 701n
AIF board replaced by, 511–12
AIF strengthened by, 508
background of, 497
Bertone replaced by, 507, 509
changing statements on doctrine by, 498–99, 500–501
charge of complicity in Argentine human rights abuses, 496–97
charisma of, 500
Curial reform of, 503, 508
election of, 494–96
as Jesuit, 495, 497
declining of Papal apartment, 497–498
modern technology mastered by, 498
money laundering condemned by, 508
personality of, 497
popular appeal of, 498, 499–500, 501–2, 503
public relations mastery of, 497–99
as social justice advocate, 497, 501