God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican
Page 114
as traditionalist, 497, 500, 501
Twitter account of, 498, 500
Vatican Bank reform and, 403, 504, 505, 508, 509–13
Francis, Saint, 270, 496
Franco, Antonio, 572n
Franco, Francisco, 135, 555n
Franco, Hilary, 2, 652n–53n
Frankel, Martin, 395–96, 415
Frankel, Marvin, 293, 294, 297, 298
Franklin National Bank, 204–6, 224–27, 229, 232, 233, 234–35, 240, 241, 245, 290, 298, 300, 614n, 615n, 622n, 640n, 643n
collapse of, 289
falsified bank records at, 289
financial problems of, 204–5
SEC investigation of, 226–27
Franssu, Jean-Baptiste de, 701n
as Vatican Bank president, 511–12
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 334, 336–37, 392, 394, 588n
Freemasons, Freemasonry, 2, 7, 16, 28, 35, 74, 178–79, 302–3, 333, 339, 540n, 642n, 644n
Italy’s outlawing of, 48
papal condemnation of, 178
secret lodges of, 2, 7, 83, 178, 222, 603n, 620n
see also Propaganda Due (P2)
French Revolution (1789), 11, 12
Freyberg, Ernst von, 493, 504, 506, 507, 508, 511, 700n
Friends of Israel, 67–68
Fummi, Giovanni, 57–58, 71, 112, 159
Gabriele, Paolo, 465–67, 478–79
arrest of, 478
background of, 465–466
Benedict XVI’s pardoning of, 486
as source of Vatileaks documents, 468, 469, 470, 474, 478–79, 485
trial of, 485–86
Gaddafi, Muammar, 221, 313, 350n
Gaeta, 14, 20
Galeazzi, Enrico, 104, 158, 179
Galeazzi-Lisi, Riccardo, 95, 161, 594n, 597n
Galli, Giancarlo, 373, 398, 606n, 685n
Gambino, Agostino, 342, 357
Gambino, John, 294–95
Gambino crime family, 294, 295
Gannett News Service, 280, 637n
Gänswein, Georg, 430, 433, 466, 467, 474, 475, 478, 480, 491, 492n, 498, 687n
Gantin, Cardinal Bernardin, 274, 658n
Garner, Graham, 296, 642n
Gasparri, Cardinal Pietro, 35, 42, 44, 45, 544n, 559n
Gauthe, Gilbert, 398, 399, 404, 675n
“gay lobby,” 462–65, 491–92
Gelli, Licio, 212, 222, 230, 234, 235, 241–44, 272n, 291, 313, 314n, 377, 603n, 620n, 639n, 642n, 644n, 646n, 652n, 659n
Ambrosiano collapse and, 345n
Calvi and, 287, 301, 302, 303, 321
indictment against, 362
P2 Masonic lodge headed by, 178
prison escape of, 345
search warrant for Villa of, 301–2
Sindona and, 179
Swiss arrest of, 338, 345
Gemelli Hospital, see Agostino Gemelli Hospital
Generali, 58, 120, 129, 158, 159n, 171, 181, 532n, 578n, 580n
Holocaust victims paid by, 394n
as profiting from Holocaust, 127–28
subsidiaries of, 126
U.S. blacklisting of, 124–25
Vatican’s stake in, 122, 124, 125
Volpi as head of, 122–25
Gerini, Alessandro, 379, 668n
Germany, Imperial, 40, 41–42
Germany, Nazi, see Nazi Germany, Nazis
Germany, Weimar, 29n, 43, 51, 53, 572n
Germany, West, 144–47, 155, 159n, 209, 211, 227, 432, 472
Gerstein, Kurt, 91, 92
Gestapo, 78, 124, 130, 131, 564n
Giani, Domenico, 468, 470, 475, 478
Ginder, Richard, 177, 602n
Giordano, Michele, 382–83
Gisevius, Hans Bernd, 131–32
Giuliano, Boris, 291, 292
global recession, 437–38
God Does Not Exist (Mussolini), 44
Goldman Sachs, 508, 512
Göring, Hermann, 63, 72, 129
Gotti Tedeschi, Ettore, 457, 468, 487, 507n, 511, 686n, 687n
alleged mental instability of, 475, 482–83
Banco Santander and, 442, 443
Bertone and, 455
Caloia compared with, 443
character of, 443
dismissal of, 475–77, 479, 484, 490
money laundering investigation into, 448
as Opus Dei member, 443
search warrants executed on, 481–82
secret dossier of, 474–75, 480
statements to Italian prosecutors by, 481–82
transparency advocated by, 443, 450
as Vatican Bank head, 442, 443, 445, 446, 448, 449–50, 455, 456, 472–73, 474–75
Gowen, William, 139–40, 145, 150
Grand Hotel, Rome, 176, 204
Gran Italia, 313–14
Great Britain, 1–7, 11, 35, 41, 55. 56. 57, 68, 69, 70, 75, 78, 79, 85, 91, 92, 95, 98–99, 106, 107, 111, 113, 115–16, 119, 124, 125n, 126, 127, 130, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 145, 149, 151, 193, 388, 391, 540n, 553n, 554n, 560n, 569n, 573n, 577n, 583n, 589n
Great Depression, 53–61, 225, 549n
Greece, 122, 124, 164, 615n
Greeley, Andrew, 250, 272n, 273, 276
Gregorian University, 189, 259, 403
Gregory III, Pope, 496, 631n
Gregory X, Pope, 541n
Gregory XVI, Pope, 12, 13, 79
Greiser, Arthur, 144, 590n
Griesa, Thomas, 294, 297, 298, 299
Groër, Cardinal Hans Hermann, 372n, 434
Grösz, Jósef, 84, 571n
Groupement Financier Luxembourgeois (Grolux S.A.), 57, 59, 112, 115, 550n, 573n, 575n
Guardia di Finanza, 287, 300, 468
Guardian, 357, 424, 440, 456, 574n–75n
Guerri, Cardinal Sergio, 297, 642n
Gugel, Angelo, 304, 466–67
Guilfoyle, Bishop George, 280–82
Guzzi, Rodolfo, 242, 243n, 293, 295, 626n
Gypsies, 125, 146, 387
charge that Vatican was repository of looted gold of, 387
Hadrian VI, Pope, 114, 255, 277
Hague, The, 30, 427, 697n
Haig, Alexander, 306, 623n
Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 68, 70
Hambros Bank, 177, 223n, 607n, 615n, 620n
Hammer, Richard, 335, 337, 617n, 618n
Harvey, James, 428, 466–67
Hebblethwaite, Peter, 172, 255n
Heir, Marvin, 339, 340, 341, 384, 385
Herranz Casado, Cardinal Julián, 402, 470
Herzl, Theodor, 67–68
Himmler, Heinrich, 135, 570n
Hiroshima, Japan, 252, 335
Hitler, Adolf, xii, 10, 34n, 49, 65–67, 72, 73, 79, 85–86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107, 112, 119, 123, 132, 133, 135, 149, 164, 390n, 422, 435, 552n, 555n, 556n, 557n, 559n, 560n, 564n, 565n, 572n, 656n
anti-Catholic sentiment, 62
Final Solution and, 76, 90, 109, 570n
Pius XII and, 62–63, 78, 82
secular ideology of, 62
Sudetenland claims of, 71
Vatican’s endorsement of, 65
Hitler Youth, 421–22
Hlond, August, 86, 561n
Hnilica, Pavel, 370–71, 666n
Hoffman, Paul, 161n, 183, 558n, 598n, 610n
Höffner, Joseph, 321, 606n, 658n
Holocaust, xii, 76–77, 145, 164, 308, 395, 434, 435, 482, 496, 560n, 572n, 582n
Allies’ condemnation of, 95, 97
Allies’ silence about, 109
in Croatia, 88–90
Final Solution in, 90–92, 109
in Hungary, 105, 106, 107–8
insurance companies’ profits from, 127–28
John XXIII and, 164–65
Pius XII and, 86–87, 90–94, 95, 96–98, 101–10, 143, 165, 386
in Poland, 91, 96, 105, 125, 144
restitution claims and, 383–94, 398, 423, 426, 482
in Romania, 125–26
in Slovakia, 84�
��85
U.N. condemnation of, 96
Holt Rinehart, 335, 337
Holy See, see Vatican
Holy Year Jubilee, 343, 348, 657n
Holy Years, 55, 343, 549n, 657n
Hornblow, Michael, 307, 331, 334–35, 413, 665n
Horne, J. Paul, 607n, 614n
Horthy, Miklós, 107–8, 571n
Hudal, Alois, 102–3, 146–48, 150, 151, 155, 566n, 570n, 591n, 594n
Hume, Cardinal Basil, 257, 277
Hummes, Cardinal Claudio, 418, 423, 496
Hungary, 43, 84, 86, 128, 132n, 164, 306, 308, 423, 568n, 571n
Holocaust in, 105, 106, 107–8
Soviet takeover of, 141
Huntley, Anthony, 1, 531n
IBM, 180, 213
I. G. Farben, 131, 340
Imperial Papacy, 53–54, 166, 498
Independent Commission of Experts, 390–91, 392, 584n
Index of Prohibited Books, 11, 34
indulgences, 534n, 657n
as source of Vatican income, 9–11, 14–15
condemned by Martin Luther, 10–11
Industrial Reconstruction Institute (IRI), 58–59, 176n
Infallible? An Inquiry (Küng), 247
In God’s Name (Yallop), 272n–73n, 349, 635n, 639n
Innocent X, Pope, 536n
Inquisition, 98n, 552n
Institute for the Works of Religion (IOR), see Vatican Bank
Institutional Investor, 188, 233, 607n, 614n
insurance companies:
as profiting from Holocaust, 127–28
in World War II, 122–29
use of reinsurance to launder profits, 126–127
Inter-Allied Commission, 51, 53, 134
Intermax, 240, 343
International Commission on Holocaust-Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC), 392, 394n
International Eucharistic Conference, 555n
International Herald Tribune, 230, 598n
International Red Cross, 89, 589n
Interpol, 209–10, 293, 364, 600n
Interracial Justice as a Principle of Order (LaFarge), 73
IOR, see Vatican Bank
Ireland, 35, 400
Iron Curtain, 151, 152, 279, 334
Islam, 37, 69, 304, 432, 433, 437, 539n, 684n
Israel, 104n, 249, 253, 391, 393, 648n
Italcementi, 157, 158, 159, 180, 604n, 658n
Italgas, 59, 158, 161, 180
Italian East Africa, 70–71, 99
Italian-Ethiopian Wars, 69, 182
Italian nationalists:
Austria and, 13–14
France and, 14
Pius IX and, 13–14, 18
Rome captured by, 20–21
Italian People’s Party, 44, 46, 49
Italmobiliare, 158–59, 347, 350, 658n
Italy:
Allied bombing of, 95, 99, 106
Allied invasion of, 98
Ambrosiano liquidation forced by, 344
Anti-Semitism in, 72, 73, 74–75, 84, 122
Arab oil boycotts and, 221
communism in, 142, 152–53, 169, 220, 241
construction industry in, 179–80
currency control laws in, 287, 312
deportation of Jews from, 104–5
“Economic Miracle” in, 170
election of 1948 in, 152–53, 155, 166
election of 1962 in, 172
Ethiopia invaded by, 68–69, 110, 554n
Finance Ministry of, 460
financial crisis in, 457
financial probes in, 340
Freemasonry outlawed in, 48
Foreign Ministry of, 347
global financial recession and, 437
Great Depression in, 54, 58
Health Ministry of, 369
Justice Ministry of, 352, 377
kidnappings in, 220–21, 248
Lateran Pacts and, 48–49, 349
Left-wing movements in, 200, 220, 248–49
Libya invaded by, 37
Mafia-related violence in, 221, 292
money laundering law (2007) of, 448
Nazi occupation of, 99–100, 128–29
Neo-fascists in, 220
Papal States annexed by, 18–19, 21, 47
Parliament of, 330, 546n, 600n, 641n
political and social instability in, 156, 220–21, 235, 248
Senate of, 441, 575n
Sindona extradited to, 350, 351
Sindona’s extradition requested by, 231, 234–35, 240, 244–45, 257–58, 260, 262, 289, 300, 640n
socialists in, 36
Supreme Court of, 241, 651n
terrorism in, 167, 200n, 248–49, 253, 279, 287, 292
Treasury Ministry of, 59, 182, 330, 331–32, 443, 653n
unification of, 17
Vatican Bank investigated by, 286, 344–45, 374–77
Vatican Bank investments in, 157–58, 160, 176, 179–80, 181–82
Vatican immunity to laws of, 357–58
Vatican investments of, 58–59, 70, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 185–86
Vatican relations with, 28, 29, 36, 41, 47, 68, 100, 114, 182, 342, 345–47, 348–49, 352–53, 354–55, 356–58, 377, 379, 382, 444n, 447–49
in World War I, 41, 43
Izzi, Domingo, 379–80
Jacobs, Peter, 395, 396, 415
Japan, 90, 189, 221, 359n, 566n, 576n
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 308, 646n
Jasenovac concentration camp, 89, 387
Jauch and Hübener, 126, 133, 585n, 586n
Jerusalem, 68, 104n, 192, 249, 419
Jesuits, 73–76, 264, 365n, 424, 495, 497, 537n, 552n, 607n
Jewish Agency for Palestine, 92, 93, 106
Jews, Judaism, 12, 14, 15–18, 65n, 66, 67–68, 72, 76–77, 79, 84–93, 97, 99, 100, 107–10, 122–23, 125–29, 135, 144–48, 164–65, 180n, 278n, 340, 341, 342, 423, 433, 435, 535n–36n, 542n, 548n, 552n–55n, 556n, 561n, 563n–68n, 570n–72n, 579n, 585n, 589n, 591n, 594n
capitalism linked to, 23
Catholics’ aid to, 104n, 105
coerced conversion of, 66, 278n, 537n, 538n, 553n
Croatian massacres of, 89–90
deportation from Italy of, 101–5
expelled from Papal States, 51, 537n
Nazi attacks on, 63–64, 67, 74, 75, 76–77, 278n, 552n; see also Holocaust
Nazi seizure of property of, 340, 383–93
John XXIII, antipope, 163
John XXIII, Pope, 106, 170, 173, 258, 259, 262, 272n, 408, 420, 571n, 592n, 597n, 598n, 599n, 604n, 606n, 609n, 630n, 631n, 634n
background of, 164
birth control and, 606n
communism as seen by, 166
death of, 172
election of, 163
Holocaust and, 164–65
Marcinkus and, 191
popular enthusiasm for, 174–75
Second Vatican Council called by, 166–67, 171, 191–92
television and, 165
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 409, 678n
John Paul I, Pope, 206, 207–8, 258–74, 280, 311, 349, 630n–31n, 634n, 682n
background of, 259
death of, 265–72, 282, 283, 349, 632n, 633n, 635n, 645n
election of, 258
embalming of, 268, 271–72
Marcinkus and, 262–63
John Paul II, Pope, 5, 144, 195, 275–77, 286, 295–96, 301, 305–10, 312, 314n, 321, 324–27, 331, 332, 338, 353, 362, 363, 365n, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372n, 379, 381, 382, 384–87, 394, 396, 400, 403, 405–6, 409, 410–11, 412, 415, 416–22, 424, 429, 430, 431n, 432, 433, 434, 441, 466, 474, 495, 497, 500, 502, 629n, 631n, 634n, 641n, 645n, 650n, 657n, 658n, 666n, 673n, 679n
Abs and, 339–41
anticommunism of, 279, 283, 305–6
anti-Semitism denounced by, 341, 393
assassination attempt on, 304–5, 312, 356–57
background of, 278–79, 636n
Caloia and, 366, 397
Calvi’s letter to, 5, 326<
br />
Castillo Lara and, 371
character of, 279
CIA and, 307, 308
Croatia visited by, 390
Curial reforms of, 347–48, 359, 360
death of, 415
doctrinal orthodoxy of, 419
election of, 273–77
forced labor of, 341
Holy Year declared by, 343
Jews supported by, 278n
letter to Brezhnev written by, 306
Marcinkus and, 280, 282–84, 286, 308, 309, 321, 334, 335, 342, 354, 355, 360, 366
naked photo of, 302, 644n
Opus Dei and, 365n
Pauline monks and, 282–83
poor health of, 412–13, 680n
Reagan and, 279, 305, 306, 307, 308
secular politics and, 279
sexual abuse scandal and, 400–401, 403, 405–6, 408–9, 410–11, 434
Sodano and, 375, 378
Vatican Bank and, 510–11
Johnson, Lyndon, 193, 610n
J. P. Morgan, 116n, 117, 448, 472, 479, 481, 554n, 573n
see also Morgan Bank
JPMorgan Chase, 177n, 472
Justice Department, U.S., 240, 241, 284–85, 335, 336, 349, 351
counterfeit securities investigation of, 209–19, 220
Kaas, Ludwig, 94–95, 566n, 567n
Kappler, Herbert, 100, 102, 129, 570n
Katz, Robert, 567n, 605n
Kennan, George, 561n, 593n
Kennedy, David, 205–6, 289, 615n, 639n
Kennedy, John F., 170n, 172, 200n
Kertzer, David, 535n, 537n
KGB, 262, 283, 304, 305, 308
Kirchensteuer, 65, 111, 111n–12n, 359
Knights of Columbus, 43, 381, 442
Knights of Malta, 362–63, 376, 429, 644n, 649n
König, Cardinal Franz, 255, 257, 270–71, 275, 276, 306n
Koran, 34n, 539n
Kraków, Poland, 278–79, 280
Kristallnacht, 75, 579n
Krol, Cardinal John, 282–83, 306, 321, 360, 637n
Kroll Security Group, 6, 533n
Krupp, Bertha, 53
Küng, Hans, 247, 264, 419
Ladbrokes, 257, 258, 273, 495, 630n
LaFarge, John, 73–74, 76
Laghi, Cardinal Pio, 306–7, 396, 405, 645n
Lai, Benny, 360, 554n, 662n, 673n
Lajolo, Cardinal Giovanni, 427, 460
Lambertini, Loreta, 27, 540n
Lamont, Tom, 58, 116n
Lang, Joseph, 673n–74n
Langrand-Dumonceau, André, 16, 23
Lateran Pacts (1929), 48–49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 75, 79, 83, 112, 114, 121, 149, 152, 155, 182, 183, 184, 349, 352, 353, 450, 547n, 559n, 575n, 592n
Latin America, 288, 309–10, 494, 497, 574n, 598n
Lausanne Immobilier, 57, 112, 126
Law, Cardinal Bernard, 400, 421n, 674n, 681n
Law of Papal Guarantees (1871), 24
Lead Us Not into Temptation (Berry), 399–400
League of Nations, 69, 70, 79, 554n
Ledl, Leopold, 210–14, 217, 218