This Sceptred Isle

by Christopher Lee

  38. Samuel Wallis (1728–95), circumnavigator. The Polynesian island group Wallis and Fortuna are named after him.

  39. Burgoyne (1722–92) commanded the British troops who headed south from Canada. In 1777 he famously captured Fort Edward and Ticonderoga, but the logistical support he had been promised failed to materialize, hence his surrender at Saratoga. Gentleman Johnnie, as he was popularly known, was also a playwright. Before the war he had written a country comedy, The Maid of the Oaks (1774) and, in 1786, The Heiress. George Bernard Shaw studied him and Burgoyne’s character can be found in The Devil’s Disciple. Horatio Gates (1728–1806) was an Essex man from Maldon who joined the English army. He bought an estate in Virginia and became a Patriot. Cornwallis took British revenge on Gates at the Battle of Camden in 1780 and the latter lost his command. He died in New York having freed his Virginian slaves.

  40. Cornwallis (1738–1805) suffered mixed sentiments because he was against the blanket taxing of the colonists. He recovered from the disaster of Yorktown and became Governor General of India from 1786 to 1793. He was once more appointed Governor General in 1804 and died in India. He was also Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1798–1801) and was credited with putting down the 1798 Irish Rebellion.

  41. Michael Fry, The Scottish Empire (East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 2001).

  42. Fry, The Scottish Empire, 101.

  43. For the story of the Long Century see the three seminal works on this hypothesis: Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution 1789–1848 (London: Abacus, 1988); Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital 1848–1875 (London: Abacus, 1988); Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire 1875–1914 (London: Abacus, 1989).

  44. For the best explanation of this phenomenon, see R. F. Foster, ‘The Ascendancy Mind’, Modern Ireland 1600–1972 (London: Allen Lane, 1988).

  45. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1937 (London/New Haven, CT: Yale, 1992).

  46. David W. Bebbington, Evangelicals in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989).

  47. Freeman’s Journal (13 January 1799).

  48. St James Chronicle.

  49. E. N. Williams, A Documentary History of England (Vol. 2, London: Penguin, 1965).

  50. Not to be confused with the Confederate commander, General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson (1824–63).

  51. Churchill, A History of the English-speaking Peoples, 310.

  52. Letter from Peel to Henry Hobhouse, MP, 12 December 1828.

  53. Marquess of Hastings, The Private Journal of the Marquess of Hastings KG, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in India (ed. Marchioness of Bute, London: Saunders and Otley, 1858).

  54. For more on this see, Dr Saul David, The Indian Mutiny 1857 (London: Viking, 2002).

  55. This partition was revoked in 1912. In 1947 Bengal was split between India and the new State of Pakistan.

  Index

  (Monarchs are those of England/Britain unless otherwise stated)

  Abercromby, Gen. James ref 1

  Act of Reformation ref 1

  Act of Uniformity ref 1

  Act of Union (Ireland) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Act of Union (Scotland) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Acts of Supremacy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Adams, Sam ref 1

  Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen ref 1

  Adrian I, Pope ref 1

  Adrian IV, Pope ref 1

  Ælfthryth ref 1

  Ælla, King ref 1

  Ælle, King ref 1

  Æthelbald, King ref 1

  Æthelberht, King ref 1, ref 2

  Æthelflaed ref 1

  Æthelfrid ref 1

  Æthelred of Mercia ref 1, ref 2

  Æthelred of Wessex ref 1

  Æthelred the Unready ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Æthelwald ref 1

  Afghan Wars ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 passim, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Africa ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6 passim, ref 7, ref 8

  Agincourt, Battle of ref 1, ref 2

  Agricultural Revolution ref 1

  Ailwin, Henry fitz ref 1

  Aiscough, William ref 1

  Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of ref 1

  Albert, Prince ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Alexander I of Russia ref 1, ref 2

  Alexander I of Scotland ref 1

  Alexander II of Scotland ref 1, ref 2

  Alexander III of Scotland ref 1

  Alexander III, Pope ref 1

  Alexandra of Denmark ref 1

  Alfred the Great ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Alfred the Innocent ref 1, ref 2

  Allenby, Gen. Edmund ref 1

  Althorp, Lord ref 1

  Amherst, Geoffrey ref 1

  Amiens, Treaty of ref 1

  Angles ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14

  Anglo-Saxons ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Anjou, Duke of ref 1

  Anne of Bohemia ref 1

  Anne of Cleves ref 1, ref 2

  Anne of Denmark ref 1

  Anne, Queen ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Antarctica ref 1

  Antrim, Earl of ref 1

  aristocracy, beginnings of ref 1, ref 2

  aristocracy, growing influence of ref 1

  Arkwright, Richard ref 1

  Arthur of Brittany ref 1

  Arthur, King ref 1, ref 2

  Arthur, Prince of Wales ref 1, ref 2

  Arundel, Archbishop ref 1

  Arundel, Earl of ref 1, ref 2

  Ashley, Maurice ref 1

  Asquith, H. H. ref 1

  Asser ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  assizes in ref 1

  Astor, Lady ref 1

  Athelstan, King ref 1

  Attlee, Clement ref 1

  Austen, Jane ref 1

  Australia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  transportation to ref 1

  Austria ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  and Treaty of Vienna ref 1

  and World Wars, see First World War; Second World War

  Avice of Gloucester (Isabel) ref 1

  Ayscough, Anne ref 1

  Bacon, Francis ref 1

  Baden-Powell, Robert ref 1

  Balaclava, Battle of ref 1

  Baldwin, Stanley ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Balfour, Arthur ref 1, ref 2

  Balkans ref 1, ref 2

  Ball, John ref 1

  Balliol, John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Balmoral Castle ref 1

  Bancroft, Bishop ref 1

  Bank of England ref 1, ref 2

  Bannockburn, Battle of ref 1, ref 2

  Barbon, Praisegod ref 1

  Barons’ Wars ref 1, ref 2

  Barrington, Lord ref 1

  Bathori, Sigismund ref 1

  Bavaria, Prince of ref 1

  Bayeux Tapestry ref 1

  beaker ref 1

  Becket, Thomas à ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Bede, Ven. ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Belgium ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Bentham, Jeremy ref 1

  Berengaria of Navarre ref 1

  Bericus ref 1

  Bermuda ref 1, ref 2

  Bertha, Princess ref 1

  Berwick, Treaty of ref 1

  Berwick, Duke of ref 1, ref 2

  Bevan, Aneurin ref 1

  Beveridge, William ref 1

  Bevin, Ernest ref 1

  Bible ref 1

  Geneva ref 1

  King James Version of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  language of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Welsh ref 1

  Bill of Rights ref 1

  Birkbeck, George ref 1

  Bismarck, Otto von ref 1

&
nbsp; Black Death ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Blair, Tony ref 1

  Blanche of Castile ref 1

  Blenheim, Battle of ref 1, ref 2

  Bloody Assizes ref 1

  Blount, Charles ref 1

  Blücher, Marshal Gebhard von ref 1

  Boer Wars ref 1, ref 2 passim, ref 3

  Boleyn, Anne ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Bonar Law, Andrew ref 1

  Book of Common Prayer ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Boston Tea Party ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Boswell, James ref 1

  Bosworth, Battle of ref 1

  Boudicca ref 1, ref 2

  Bow Street Runners ref 1

  Boycott, Capt. ref 1

  Boyne, Battle of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Bracken, Brendan ref 1

  Bradshaw, John ref 1

  Bramham Moor, Battle of ref 1

  Breda, Declaration of ref 1, ref 2

  Brétigny, Treaty of ref 1

  Bride, King ref 1

  Brigantes ref 1, ref 2

  Bright, John ref 1

  British Empire ref 1

  beginnings of ref 1, ref 2

  beginnings of a dissolution of ref 1

  built on needs of trade ref 1

  and cost of colonies ref 1

  deep legacy of ref 1

  end of ref 1

  last wars of ref 1

  Raj ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7; see also India

  see also Britain: colonial expansion by; individual colonies and countries

  British South Africa Company ref 1, ref 2

  Brodrick, St John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Brontë, Charlotte ref 1

  Bronze Age ref 1

  Brown, John ref 1

  Bruce, Robert, the elder ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; see also Robert the Bruce

  Bruce, Robert, the younger ref 1; see also Robert the Bruce

  Brueys, Admiral Paul ref 1

  Brummell, Beau ref 1

  Brunanburh ref 1

  Brunanburh, Battle of ref 1

  Buckingham, Duke of ref 1

  Bulgaria ref 1

  Burgh, Hubert de ref 1, ref 2

  Burgoyne, Gen. John ref 1

  Burke, Edmund ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Burnell, Robert ref 1

  Burnet, Gilbert ref 1, ref 2

  Bute, John Stuart ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Byng, Admiral John ref 1

  Byrhtnoth ref 1

  Byron, Lord ref 1, ref 2

  Cabot, John ref 1, ref 2

  Cade, Jack ref 1

  Cadwallon ref 1

  Caesar, Julius ref 1, ref 2

  Calder, Vice Admiral Robert ref 1, ref 2

  calendar, Gregorian replaces Julian ref 1

  Calvin, John ref 1

  Calvinism ref 1, ref 2

  Campbell of Glenlyon ref 1

  Canada ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10

  Canning, George ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Canning, Stratford ref 1

  Canning, Viscount Charles ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Cape Breton Island ref 1, ref 2

  Cape Finisterre, Battle of ref 1

  Cape of Good Hope ref 1, ref 2

  Caratacus ref 1

  Cardigan, Lord ref 1

  Carey, George ref 1

  Carey, Robert ref 1, ref 2

  Carington, Charles ref 1

  Carington, William ref 1

  Carleton, Dudley ref 1

  Caroline of Ansbach ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Caroline of Brunswick ref 1, ref 2

  Carteret, John, Lord Granville ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Cassivellaunus ref 1

  Castlereagh, Viscount ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Catherine of Aragon ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Catherine of Braganza ref 1

  Catherine of Valois ref 1, ref 2

  Catholicism ref 1 passim, ref 2, ref 3

  and Declaration of Indulgence ref 1

  decline of, in Britain ref 1

  early thriving of, in England ref 1

  and Emancipation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4 passim, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17

  England’s break from, see Henry VIII

  Gregory VII invigorates ref 1

  in Ireland, see Ireland: religious identity in

  Jesuits ref 1

  King John seizes lands of ref 1

  and moneylending ref 1

  as potential enemy of state ref 1

  and Quebec ref 1

  restrictions on ref 1

  schism and corruption in ref 1, ref 2

  in Scotland, see Scotland: religious identity in

  seventeenth-century opposition to ref 1

  and transubstantiation ref 1

  see also Act of Settlement

  Catuvellauni settle ref 1

  Cawnpore, massacre of ref 1

  Cecil, Robert ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Cecil, William ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  censuses ref 1, ref 2

  Chadwick, Edwin ref 1

  Chamberlain, Joseph ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Chamberlain, Neville ref 1

  Champlain, Samuel de ref 1

  Charlemagne ref 1, ref 2

  Charles Albert of Bavaria ref 1

  Charles I ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  execution of ref 1, ref 2

  Charles II ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5 passim, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Charles II of Spain ref 1

  Charles IV of France ref 1

  Charles IX of France ref 1

  Charles V, Emperor ref 1, ref 2

  Charles VI of France ref 1

  Charles VI, Emperor ref 1

  Charles VII of France ref 1

  Charles X of France ref 1

  Charles, Archduke ref 1

  Charlotte, Queen ref 1

  Chartists ref 1, ref 2

  Chaucer, Geoffrey ref 1, ref 2

  Chesterfield, Lord ref 1, ref 2

  child labour ref 1, ref 2

  China ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Chronicle of Lanercost ref 1

  Church of England:

  beginnings of ref 1

  Charles II seeks to restore ref 1

  establishment of ref 1, ref 2

  reform in ref 1

  spiritually impotent ref 1

  and Test Acts ref 1, ref 2

  see also Protestants

  Churchill, John, Duke of Marlborough ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14

  Churchill, Lord Randolph ref 1, ref 2

  Churchill, Sarah ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Churchill, Winston ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Cicero ref 1

  Civil List ref 1

  civil service ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Clare, Richard de ref 1

  Clarendon, Lord ref 1

  Clarke, Anne ref 1

  Clarkson, Tom ref 1

  Claudius, Emperor ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Clement III, Pope ref 1

  Clinton, Bill ref 1

  Clive, Robert ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Cnut, King ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Cobham, Viscount ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  coins ref 1

  Coke, Edward ref 1

  Colet, John ref 1

  Coligny, Gaspard de ref 1

  colonial expansion ref 1, ref 2 passim; see also individual colonies, countries

  colour TV ref 1

  Columba ref 1

  Columbus, Christopher ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Combination Acts ref 1, ref 2

  Compton, Henry ref 1

  Compton, Spencer, Lord Wilmington ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Comyn, John III ref 1

  Con, George ref 1


  Congregationalists ref 1

  Conroy, John ref 1

  conscription ref 1

  Conservative Party, see Tories

  Constance of Castile ref 1

  Constantine, King of the Scots ref 1

  constitutional monarchy, established ref 1

  Cook, Capt. James ref 1, ref 2

  Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of Shaftsbury ref 1, ref 2

  Cope, John ref 1

  Corn Laws ref 1

  Cornwallis, Gen. Charles, Marquess ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Cornwallis, Admiral William ref 1, ref 2

  Counter-Reformation ref 1

  Country Party ref 1

  Cranmer, Thomas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Crashaw, Richard ref 1

  Crécy, Battle of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  crime and punishment ref 1

  Crimean War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Cromwell, Oliver ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 passim, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Cromwell, Richard ref 1, ref 2

  Cromwell, Thomas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Crusades ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Culloden, Battle of ref 1

  Culpeper, Nicholas ref 1

  Culpeper, Thomas ref 1

  Cumberland, Duke of ref 1, ref 2

  Cunliffe, Prof. Barry ref 1

  Curwen, John ref 1

  Curzon, Lord ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Cyprus ref 1

  Czechoslovakia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Dale, Thomas ref 1, ref 2

  Dalhousie, Lord James ref 1

  Danby, Earl of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Danegeld ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Danelaw ref 1, ref 2

  Dardanelles ref 1

  Darwin, Charles ref 1

  David I of Scotland ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  David II of Scotland ref 1, ref 2

  Declaration of Indulgence ref 1

  Defoe, Daniel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

  Denmark ref 1, ref 2

  Derby, Lord ref 1, ref 2

  Despenser, Hugh Jr ref 1

  Despenser, Hugh Sr ref 1

  Dettingen, Battle of ref 1

  Devereaux, Robert the elder, Earl of Essex ref 1, ref 2

  Devereaux, Robert the younger, Earl of Essex ref 1

  Dickens, Charles ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Diggers ref 1

  Dilke, Charles ref 1

  Dio, Cassius ref 1

  Disraeli, Benjamin ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Dissenters ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Divine Right of Kings ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Domesday ref 1, ref 2

  Dominica ref 1

  Donne, John ref 1

  Douglas, Earl of ref 1

  Douglas, Thomas, Earl of Selkirk ref 1

  Douglas-Home, Alec ref 1

  Dover, Treaty of ref 1