Tales from Both Sides of the Brain : A Life in Neuroscience (9780062228819)
Page 41
Gazzaniga, Dante Achilles (father), 9–12, 10, 27
Gazzaniga, Donald (oldest brother), 12
Gazzaniga, Francesca (daughter), 290, 291, 292, 314–15, 316, 327
Gazzaniga, Kate (daughter), 282, 284
Gazzaniga, Linda (first wife), 30, 93, 107, 108, 120, 159, 290
Gazzaniga, Marin (daughter), 93, 107, 118–19, 282, 290–91
Gazzaniga, Michael: Charlotte’s marriage to, 166–67, 167; divorce of, 159; family background of, 9–13; life insurance for, 331–32; Morgan as model for, 44–45; peak experiences for, 359; physical fitness program for, 198–99; prostate cancer of, 332–34; summing up of research of, 361; surgical skills of, 81. See also specific person or topic
Gazzaniga, Michael Scott (nephew), 332–33
Gazzaniga, Zack (son), 290, 291–92, 314, 315
Gell-Mann, Murray, 17
genetics, 355–57
Gerhart, John, 356–57
Gertrude (Plum’s assistant), 192, 193
Geschwind, Norman, 41, 49–50, 49, 50–51, 52–53, 60
Gibson, Alan, 133
Gifford Lecture Series (University of Edinburgh): Gazzaniga’s lectures for, 104, 334–37
Gleevec (cancer drug), 350, 351
gliablastoma multiforme, 50
Glickstein, Mitch, 22, 24, 25–26
goal-directed behavior, 86–87, 125–26, 126, 132, 234
goals, “normative systems” and, 132
goldfish, 20, 295
Goldwater, Barry, 28, 28, 30
Goodman, Corey, 189
Gould, Stephen Jay, 211, 252
Governing Council of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, 305
Graduate Committee for Political Education (Caltech), 27–32
graduate students, 141–42, 157–58, 161, 260. See also specific person
Grafstein, Bernice, 51–52
Grafton, Kim, 298
Grafton, Scott, 196, 297–99, 309, 311
Granger, Rick, 214
Gray, Charles, 261
Green, Ron, 238, 289
Green, Sue, 289
Grey, Robert D., 254, 256, 256
Griffith, Robert B., 11
groups: Festinger and Lewin studies about, 122
Guica, Phil, 207
Hamilton, Charles, 17, 18, 74, 301
hand gestures: copying, 84–87
Handbook of Physiology (Rose and Mountcastle), 56
Handy, Todd, 263, 311
Hanover Inn (Hanover, New Hampshire): Grafton-Gazzaniga meeting at, 297–98
Harman, Gilbert, 212
Harvard University: Sperry colloquium at, 50
hearing, 240–41, 242–44
hemodynamics, 8
Hensel, Abigail and Brittany (conjoined twins), 224, 267
Hillyard, Steven, 19, 82, 83, 203–4, 225, 226, 227, 231, 272–73
Hilton, Paris, 144
Hinton, Geoffrey, 188–89
H.M. (case), 107
Hollywood Palladium: Allen-Buckley debate at, 29, 30–32, 31, 282
Holtzman, Ann Loeb, 162, 165, 167, 168, 169, 186
Holtzman, Jeffrey “Jeff”: Ann’s relationship with, 162, 165, 168; attention studies and, 191, 228, 229–30, 231; and brain imaging techniques, 194–95; and cost of dinner parties, 192; death of, 162, 167–69, 207, 208–9; and Eleganza motor home, 172, 206; eye tracker of, 161–62, 162, 175, 176, 177, 208; Fendrich and, 208; and Gazzaniga-Charlotte wedding, 166–67, 167; Gazzaniga’s relationship with, 162, 163–69, 163; and help of Cornell radiologists, 196; and Kosslyn-Farah studies, 178; and Làdavas’s research, 179; picture of, 163; and semi-split mind studies, 241; Sergent’s studies and, 221–22
Horowitz, Vladimir, 172
horse’s mouth: story about number of teeth in, 14–15
Hubel, David, 96
Hullar, Theodore, 254
Human Connectome Project, 306
humans: and origins of split-brain research, 44, 45–46; summing up of story about, 361. See also specific case or research
Hume, David, 132
Hurok, Sol, 29, 29n, 32
Hutchins, Robert, 29–30
Hutsler, Jeffrey, 272, 273, 274
Huxley, Aldous, 23
Il Bambino (New York City restaurant), 120, 120, 131
individual variation, 67–75, 310, 354
information: Gazzaniga’s studies of how information is integrated into normal brain, 98–100; Shannon’s theory of, 181, 181n
Inter-University Consortium on Perception, 117
interdisciplinary approach: about neurobiology of memory, 188–89, 189; benefits of, 271–72; cognitive neuroscience and, 186–90; and Cognitive Neuroscience Society, 284; and Cornell “program project” grant, 211; and diversity of interest in split-brain research, 280; influence on Gazzaniga of, 205; and neuroinformatics program, 304; at Stony Brook, 142–43; and violence as topic of Gazzaniga’s first forum, 108–9
International Neurology Association, 52–53
interpreter theory, 114, 150–53, 260, 293–96, 353, 360–61
“inversion recovery” process, 195
Isaacs, Henry, 274
Istituto di Fisiologia (Pisa, Italy): Gazzaniga’s postdoctoral fellowship in, 91, 92–96, 94, 97; Sperry visit to, 95
J. Alfred Prufrock House (Caltech), 17–18, 18, 19
Jackson, Christopher, 207
Jackson, John Hughlings, 41
Japan, emperor of: Geschwind and, 53
Jenkins, Fern, 38
Jenkins, William “Bill.” See W.J. (case)
Jerne, Niels, 212
Johns Hopkins Medical Center: mind/brain program at, 246
Johns Hopkins University Press, 212, 213
Johnson, J. D., 133–34
Joshua Tree National Park: Delbrück campers at, 26
Jouandet, Marc, 236–37
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 212–15, 214, 282, 304–5
journals, scientific: data submission to, 304–6. See also specific journal
J.W. (case): attention studies and, 226–27, 229, 230, 233; brain imaging and, 194–95, 196, 300; and challenges to split-brain research, 216, 217–18, 219, 221, 222–23, 224, 225; changing behavior of, 266–67; corpus callosum of, 241–44; and correcting scientific errors, 300; and doing two things at once, 264–65; Funnell study of, 308; interpreter theory and, 293–94; Luck’s study of, 226–27; MacKay’s testing of, 216, 217–18; Mangun’s study of, 264–65; memory of, 308; picture of, 33; and semi-split mind, 241–44; Sergent’s study of, 221; Seymour’s testing of, 222–23; smiles study and, 246; and speech/language, 155, 226–27, 266–71, 269, 272; UC Davis move of, 261, 262, 262; visual system of, 176, 241–44, 266–67, 270, 308
Kaas, Jon, 211, 252
Kahneman, Daniel, 335, 336
Kaiser Permanente, 12
Kant, Immanuel, 121
Kaplan, Edith, 49–50, 60
Kass, Leon, 312, 312n, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324
Keck Foundation, 304
Keech, Marian: flood prophecy of, 122–24
Kemeny, John, 306
Kendall, Willmoore, 30
Kendler, Howard, 91, 97
Kennedy, John F.: Allen-Buckley debate about, 30–32; torch comment by, 327
Kennedy, Robert, 92, 108
Killackey, Herb, 189
Kim, Jim, 326
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 92, 118
Kingstone, Alan, 231–32, 233–34, 300
Kirschner, Marc, 356–57
Klein, Ray, 231
Kleitman laboratory: Gazzaniga at, 25
Knight, Robert “Bob,” 227, 273
Kohs block test, 62–63, 64–65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 87, 129
“Konstant, Dr. and Mrs.”: at dinner parties, 192–93
Korsakoff’s syndrome patient, 173–74
Koslow, Steve, 303, 304, 306
Kosslyn, Stephen, 178, 214
Krubitzer, Leah, 261
Kusadasi, Turkey: interdisciplinary meeting in, 187–88, 187
Kutas,
Marta, 227, 231, 272–73
La Fenice et Des Artistes (Venice, Italy): meeting at, 251–53
laboratories, research: directors of, 47–48; focus of, 47–48; importance of key people in, 208; luck and, 48; outside scientists in, 105; successful, 48. See also specific laboratory or researcher
Làdavas, Elisabetta, 178–79
Lake Tahoe: Gazzaniga’s cabin on, 258, 285; summer institutes in cognitive neuroscience at, 280–82, 281
language. See speech/language
The Language Instinct (Pinker), 212
Lashley, Karl, 16, 42, 44, 104, 114, 273
Lauterbur, Paul, 60–61
layering, 5, 347, 348–51, 356–57
Lazar, Swifty, 197
L.B. (case), 33, 73, 82–83, 88, 89, 131, 222, 223, 233
LeDoux, Joseph, 139, 145, 147–50, 147, 151, 159, 160, 170–71, 172, 176
left brain: function of, 114–15, 153, 234, 338–39, 360; smiles and, 244–46. See also specific research, researcher, case, or topic
left brain/right brain: beginning of distinctions between, 60–67; collaboration between, 271; differences from cells to process in, 271–74; and filming, 61–67
Lewin, Kurt, 121–22
Lewis, David, 345–46
Lewis, Edward, 6, 21
liberalism: Gazzaniga’s views about, 27
Liepmann, Hugo, 52
Lipson, Hod, 340–41
Loeb, Ann. See Holtzman, Ann Loeb
Loftus, William, 238
Los Angeles, California: Gazzaniga family move to, 12
Los Angeles Times, Gazzaniga’s article about crime prevention in, 108–9
Luce, R. Duncan, 189
luck: of Gazzaniga, 32, 97, 127, 257; importance of, 119; and origins of split-brain research, 49; role in science of, 20–21; and success of research laboratories, 48
Luck, Steve, 226–27, 231, 232–33
Lutsep, Helmi, 275–76
Lynch, Gary, 187–88, 187, 189, 211, 212, 214, 252, 257
MacArthur Foundation, 109n
MacBird, Lois, 22
MacKay, Donald M., 106–7, 131, 132–33, 137, 137, 216–19, 220
MacKay, Valerie, 106–7, 216–19, 220
Mangun, Ron, 210, 227, 231, 232, 261, 262–64, 263, 283
Manhattan Club (New York City): dinner parties at, 192
Marcussen, Buck, 275
Marín, Oscar, 192
Marx, Groucho, 30, 32
Mary Hitchcock Foundation, 16, 210
Mary Hitchcock Hospital. See Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT): Center for Group Dynamics at, 121–22; cognitive science program at, 185
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Press, 212, 213, 215, 281
match-to-sample test, 72–73
Maugham, Somerset, 346
Maxwell’s Plum (New York City restaurant), 192
McDonnell (James S.) Foundation, 200, 280
McHugh, Paul, 312, 313–14
Mead, Margaret, 18–19
Meadows, Jayne, 29
mechanical clock example, 348–49
Meehl, Paul, 108
Meilaender, Gil, 318–19, 324–25
memory: attention and, 230; false, 277; interdisciplinary meeting about neurobiology of, 188–89, 189; interpreter theory and, 152; and language/speech studies, 175; limitations of, 335; recognition, 279–80, 279n; semantic and episodic, 276, 277, 278–79; and sensory-motor integration studies, 73, 74–75; Sperry’s comments about, 345; Tulving’s studies on, 274–80; visual system and, 74
mental capacity: and advances in science, 78; and sensory-motor integration studies, 72–73
mentoring: Gazzaniga’s views about, 161
Meredith, Alex, 214
Merzenich, Michael, 283
Meselson, Matt, 17, 17n, 21
Metcalfe, Janet, 308
Meyer, Nicholas, 355
Miller, George, 47, 179–85, 179, 185, 190, 192, 235, 335, 345
Miller, Michael, 277, 278, 279, 294, 295, 296
Milner, Brenda, 107
mind: semi-split, 239–44. See also specific research or topic
Mitchell, D. E., 105
mobile van/trailer, 140, 141, 141, 164–65, 244. See also Eleganza motor home, GMC
modules/modularity: and basic principles of the brain, 338–39, 352; and copying hand gestures, 86–87; cueing and, 86–87; definition of, 59; emergence and, 346; function of, 59; and future of research about brain, 354–55; Gazzaniga’s views about, 346; interpreter and, 360–61; layering and, 348; and orchestra metaphor, 352–54; thinking about, 340–42; and unity, 352–54
monkeys: anterior commissure in, 145; attention of, 229; cueing and, 80, 81–82, 105–6; differences between brains of humans and, 147; emotions of, 80, 89; Feynman’s interest in Gazzaniga’s testing of, 66–67; filming of, 71; Gazzaniga’s NYU research about, 120, 126–27, 133–34, 144–45; Gazzaniga’s reinforcement studies about, 120, 126–27, 133–34; Gazzaniga’s Stony Brook research about, 144–45; Gazzaniga’s UCSB lab studies about, 98, 105–6; Gibson’s studies of hypothalamus of, 133; memories of, 73, 74–75; and monkey virus B, 66–67; and sensory-motor integration studies, 67–68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74–75; Sperry’s Caltech lab research on, 7, 16, 39, 47; visual system of, 81–82, 126–27, 133–34, 145, 147, 301; weighing of, 66–67
Moore, Roger, 238
Moorea (Tahiti): interdisciplinary meeting about neurobiology of memory in, 188–89, 189
moral issues, 317, 319, 320, 322. See also President’s Council on Bioethics
Morgan, Clifford T., 44–45, 107
Morse code of the brain, 92–96
Mortimer’s (New York City restaurant), 192
Moruzzi, Giuseppe, 93
motivation: and challenges to two minds idea, 133; Premack’s theory of, 61, 101–2, 125. See also reinforcement
motor skills, 84, 85–86, 239–40, 241. See also sensory-motor integration
Mount Rainier: climbing, 198–200, 298
Mountcastle, Vernon, 56, 58
Mr. C. (aphasic patient), 183–84
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), 194–95, 196, 197, 203, 204, 222, 299, 302; and microscopes for neurosurgery operations, 235–39, 247
mutations, 355–57
Myers, Ronald, 16, 42–44, 45–46, 51, 69
N400 brain waves, 272–73
Nakamura, Richard, 145
National Academy of Sciences, 49, 55, 317–18
National Institute of Health (NIH), 38, 97, 211, 257, 303
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 306
National Review magazine, 27, 91, 135, 136, 237
National Science Foundation (NSF), 147, 170, 172, 304, 306
natural selection, 355–56
Nature magazine, 60, 61, 219, 222, 227, 305
Nature Neuroscience magazine, 305
“nature versus nurture” question, 272
Nature’s Mind (Gazzaniga), 212
Navy, U.S., 238
nerve circuits: and Gazzaniga’s early interest in brain, 3–4; Sperry’s article about growth of, 3–4
neural disconnection syndromes, 49
neural tract information, 310
neuroanatomy: as never changing, 273–74
neurobiology: and cognition, 183; Sperry’s contributions to, 23, 46
NeuroImage journal, 305
neuroinformatics program, 303–6
neurologic clinic (New York University): first steps into the, 127–31
neurology: as basic to split-brain research, 41
Neurology journal, 52, 60
neurons: and copying hand gestures, 86–87; layering and, 348; and Morse code of the brain, 96; Rizzolatti’s study of, 94; and size of brain, 340; Sperry’s studies about, 337
neurophysiology: Gazzaniga’s views about, 97
Neuropsychologia, 54
neuropsychology, 114, 127n, 158–59, 185
neuroscience: central question of, 359; future of, 334–37,
357; Gazzaniga’s views about, 357; interdisciplinary interests in, 280; key data of, 190; Lashley and beginning of, 114; questions about future research in, 354–55; and relationships between structure and function, 335–36. See also cognitive neuroscience
Neuroscience Research Program, 51
neurosurgery: computer simulation of, 200; MRI-guided microscopes for, 235–39, 247; and Rayport’s study, 342–43. See also split-brain surgery
Neville, Helen, 227
New Atlantic: Meilaender article about stem cells in, 324
New England Journal of Medicine, 50, 60
New England patients: Holtzman and, 164–65; surgical differences in, 146. See also specific case
New Jersey Stem Cell Institute, 315
New York City: Festinger-Gazzaniga lunches in, 120–21, 120, 124–25; Festinger’s views about, 116; Gazzaniga’s home in, 118; Gazzaniga’s life in, 170–74, 201, 206, 208; Gazzaniga’s moves to, 116, 117–19, 155; Gazzaniga’s views about, 118–19, 177–78. See also specific institution or business
New York Daily News, 162, 165
New York Hospital, 167, 194
New York Times, stem cell articles in, 321, 322–24
New York University: Gazzaniga’s homes while at, 118, 138; Gazzaniga’s job offer from, 115, 117–18; Gazzaniga’s research at, 119–21, 132, 144–45; and University Consortium on Perception, 117
New York University Club: cognitive neuroscience dinners at, 184
New York University School of Medicine: Gazzaniga’s research at, 127–31
Newton, Isaac, 35
N.G. (case): and beginnings of left brain/right brain distinction, 79; Blakemore’s testing of, 105; and challenges to two minds idea, 134–35, 222, 223; filming of, 61–62, 88, 89–90; language and, 89, 131; picture of, 33; reactions to sexual pictures by, 89–90; self-cueing by, 80; and sensory-motor integration studies, 73, 79, 87–90; Sergent’s testing of, 222, 223; vision and, 80
Nobel Prize: for Sperry, 75; for Yamanaka, 325
nonscientists, interest in scientific research of, 24–25, 28, 62, 137–38, 137
“normative systems,” 132–35
North Adams, Massachusetts: Gazzaniga family move to, 11–12
Norwich, Vermont: Gazzaniga’s home/office in, 206–7, 209, 247, 258
O’Brien, Conan, 307, 326
Odum, Homer, 31
Office of Graduate Student Affairs (Caltech): Gazzaniga as director of, 26
Office of Naval Research, U.S. Navy, 238
Olshausen, Bruno, 261
Olton, David, 189
One on One (New York City physical fitness facility), 198