Tales from Both Sides of the Brain : A Life in Neuroscience (9780062228819)
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optic chiasm, 42–44, 70, 96
orchestra metaphor, 352–54
Owen, Ray, 21
Oxford University: Chomsky and Miller at, 181–82
P1/N1 complex, 263, 264
Paone’s (New York City restaurant), 197
Paris, France: Gazzaniga’s filming in, 144
parking ticket story, Gazzaniga’s, 127–28
Pasquale (Pisa lab animal technician), 95
Pauling, Linus, 6, 8–9, 90
Penfield, Wilder, 41
Pentagon Papers: Buckley spoof about, 136–37
perception: attention and, 228; and challenges to split-brain research, 216–24; and electrophysiology, 204; Sperry’s comments about, 345; and transfer of higher-order information, 216–24. See also visual system
PET (positron emission tomography), 204, 277, 278
Phelps, Elizabeth, 152
Phillips House (Sharon, Vermont): as Gazzaniga’s home, 286, 287–92, 288
physics, emergence and, 343–44
Physiological Psychology (Morgan), 44, 45
Piccolo Mondo (New York City restaurant), 172–73, 192, 213
“Picnic” (Allen song), 103–4
pigeons, split-brain, 142–43
Pike House (Dartmouth), 210–11, 210, 232, 234–35, 263
Pinker, Steven, 212, 283, 283, 325–26
Pius XII (pope), 320
P.K. (case): of Geschwind and Kaplan, 49–50
The Plausibility of Life (Kirschner and Gerhart), 356
Playboy magazine, 18
Plum, Fred, 158–59, 192, 193, 207–8, 209
politics: and Gazzaniga as Caltech graduate student, 23, 26–32, 91–92
Posner, Jerry, 190, 191
Posner, Michael, 190–92, 193, 231, 232, 282
postdoctoral fellows, 22–23, 47, 141–42, 161, 206, 235, 260, 298. See also specific person
postmortem brains: Hutsler study of, 273
Potts, Gordon, 194, 196
Premack, Ann, 102
Premack, David: Buckley’s Firing Line interview with, 137, 137; and Cognitive Neuroscience Institute meetings, 211–12; and Gazzaniga’s move to UCSB, 97; and Gazzaniga’s studies on NYU Medical School patients, 129–31; influence on Gazzaniga of, 100–101, 102, 127, 131; influence on psychology of, 182; language capacities studies of, 101, 128–31; mental structures of chimpanzees studies of, 128–29; motivation studies of, 61, 101–2, 125; picture of, 101; Pinker comments by, 212; “theory of mind” of, 102; and two minds concept, 131; at University of Pennsylvania, 102; and violence meeting, 108, 109
“Premack Principle,” 61
President’s Council on Bioethics: Catholics as members of, 316–17, 320; first meeting of, 313–14; Gazzaniga asked to be member of, 312; stem cells discussion of, 312–14, 316–26; vote and report of, 322–25, 323
Primate Center (University of California, Davis), 255–56
primates: Feynman’s interest in Gazzaniga’s testing of, 66–67. See also chimpanzees; monkeys
Princeton University, Gazzaniga as visiting scholar at, 235–36
probability game, 294–96
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) report, 49, 55
proprioception, 268, 268n
prostate cancer, Gazzaniga’s, 332–34
P.S. (case), 33, 141, 146–50, 148, 153–54, 154, 196, 224, 271
PSA testing, 332
psychobiology, 114
psycholinguistics, 181
psychology: behaviorism as ideological backbone of, 113–14; developmental, 337–38; focus of studies in, 278; major influences on, 182; revolution in, 113–14. See also neuropsychology
psychophysical isomorphism, 46–47
psychophysics, 161, 161n
public affairs: Gazzaniga’s interest in, 108–9
“pure word deafness,” 130
rabbits: Gazzaniga’s split-brain research on, 7–9, 13, 14
radiology, 174–75, 195
Rafal, Robert, 273
Raichle, Marcus, 92, 192, 303, 304
Ramachandran, V. S., 283
rats: research on, 7, 120, 125–26, 126, 335
Ravello, Italy: Holtzman and Gazzaniga in, 163
Rayport, Mark, 176, 342, 343
“readiness” response, 225
Recanzone, Greg, 261
reductionism, 335–36, 341–42, 343–44, 345, 346, 350
Reeves, Alex, 207
Reggie (Caltech shop technician), 22, 73–74
reinforcement: and challenges to two minds idea, 133; Gazzaniga’s NYU work on, 119–21, 125–27
Republican National Convention (San Francisco, 1964), 91–92
research: complexity of teaching and, 104; erroneous findings in, 216, 299–303; and general principles in study of neurologically disrupted patients, 83–84; and hiring of researchers, 258–60; and isolation of researchers, 24–25; nonscientists interest in scientific, 24–25, 28, 62, 137–38, 137; and researcher-patient relationship, 87–88, 164, 244; summing up of Gazzaniga’s, 361. See also specific research or researcher
residents, medical, 157–58, 173
Resort at Squaw Creek (Lake Tahoe): summer institute at, 281, 281
“reunified” view of split brain, 216–22
Reuter-Lorenz, Patti, 210, 225, 228–29, 231, 232, 282
Riecken, Henry, 122
right brain: and basic principles of the brain, 339; function of, 88, 114–15, 132, 234, 308, 339; speech/language and, 89, 148–49, 153–55, 265–71, 269, 272, 273. See also left brain/right brain; specific research, researcher, case, or topic
risk-taking: of Festinger, 116; Gazzaniga’s views about, 115, 205
Risse, Gail, 144
Rizzolatti, Giacomo, 93, 94, 94, 95–96
Roberts, David, 139, 235–36, 247
Rockefeller University, Miller at, 179–80, 183
Rockefeller University Faculty Club, 180, 184–85
Rockmore, Dan, 303–4
Rolling Stone magazine, 62
Rose, Jerzy, 56, 58
Roser, Matt, 310
Ross-Loos Medical Group (Los Angeles), 12
Rumelhart, David, 212
Rusk, Dean, 136
Sachs, Ernest, 138–39
Safire, William, 321
Sage Publishing Company, 331
San Francisco, California: Cognitive Neuroscience Society meetings in, 282, 283
Sandel, Michael, 320
SANE organization, 31
Sarah (chimpanzee): and Premack’s motivation studies, 101–2
Sarkany, Geysa, 200
Sarno, Martha Taylor, 127
Savelberg, Hank, 289
Schachter, Stanley, 108, 109, 120, 122, 152–53, 187–88, 187, 255
Schacter, Daniel, 282, 285
Scharf, Manny, 212
Schechter, Nisson, 166, 167
Science magazine, 61, 75, 303, 305
science/scientists: advances in, 77–78; Buckley’s Firing Line interviews with, 137–38, 137; collaboration among, 142, 147; competitive nature of, 49–52, 54; and difference between scientists and science, 46; in early 1960s, 40–41; errors of, 216, 299–303; flexibility of, 230–31; forward movement of, 47; limitations of, 336; luck in, 20–21; motivation of, 4; nonscientists interest in research of, 24–25, 28, 62, 137–38, 137; postdoctoral layer in, 22–23; public communication about, 25; replication in, 147; as reviewers, 54; and sharing credit for an intellectual idea, 54; sharing resources in, 104–9, 304. See also specific scientist
Scientific American magazine: Sperry article in, 3–4
Seinowski, Terry, 211, 252
“selective, chemotatic fiber growth” idea, 51–52
self: narrative about, 119
self-cueing, 59, 70, 79–83
Seltzer, Richard, 314
“semantic incongruity” brain wave, 272–73
semi-split mind, 239–44
“senior hires,” 260
senses: attention and, 228; and basic principles of the brain
, 339; and semi-split mind, 239–40; Seymour’s study of, 223. See also sensory-motor integration; specific sense
sensory-motor integration: and advances in science, 78; and copying hand gestures, 84–87; cueing and, 70–71, 72, 79–87; expansion of studies about, 129; filming and, 68; and Gazzaniga’s studies at UCSB, 98–100; and how it works, 67–75; individual variation and, 67–75; and variation in split-brain surgery, 146
September 11, 2001, 311–12
Sergent, Justine, 219, 220–22, 223
sex: emotional reactions to pictures about, 89–90; and Mead’s comments about Caltech men, 18–19
Seymour, Sandra, 222–23, 225
Shannon, Claude E., 181n
Sharon, Vermont: Gazzaniga’s home in, 286, 287–92, 288
Shepherd, Gordon, 189, 214
Sherrington, Charles, 337
Shimamura, Art, 282–83
Shoreham, Long Island: Gazzaniga’s home in, 179, 200
Sidtis, John, 241
Sigma XI organization, 131
Singer, Jerry, 153
Singer, Wolf, 212
Sinsheimer, Bob, 21, 108
Skinner, B. F., 137, 137
Skinner, Donald, 333
Sloan Foundation, 185–86, 185
smell: Rayport’s study about, 342–43
smiles: left brain and, 244–46
Smith, Frank, 16
Smith, William B., 14
Smylie, Chris, 290, 291
Smylie, Deezy, 167, 199
Smylie, Ray, 291
The Social Brain (Gazzaniga), 124–25, 198, 236
social justice: Gazzaniga’s views about, 27
social services: Gazzaniga’s views about, 27
Society for Neuroscience, 190, 247, 253
Society of Neurology and Psychiatry, Boston, 50
somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), 318, 318n
somatosensory information. See touch
Sonycorder, 197–98
speech/language: attention and, 226–27; and basic principles of the brain, 338–39; and copying of hand gestures, 84, 85–86, 88; cueing and, 82–83; Dax-Broca research about, 36, 36n; and functions of brain, 114; and Gazzaniga’s studies at NYU School of Medicine, 127–31; and human cortical areas, 272–74; Miller’s interest in psychology of, 181; motor skills and, 85–86; Premack’s studies on, 101, 128–31; and P.S. case, 148–49, 153–54, 154; radiology and, 174–75; right hemisphere and, 89, 148–49, 153–55, 154, 265–71, 269, 272, 273; and semi-split mind, 242–44; and sensory-motor integration studies, 72–73, 75; and Tulving’s studies of memory, 279; visual system and, 82–83; and W.J. case, 35–37
Spelke, Liz, 101
Sperry, Norma, 46
Sperry, Roger: animal studies of, 39, 46, 50–51, 69; awards and honors for, 49, 75; and basic principles of the brain, 337; and chemoaffinity process, 46; commitment to developmental neurobiology of, 73; as competitor, 49–52, 53, 67; and complexity of research, 58; contributions of, 23, 46–49; and early reports about split-brain research, 77; and emergence concept, 344–45; and free will, 106, 107; and Gazzaniga as undergraduate intern, 5; Gazzaniga’s appreciation for, 75; and Gazzaniga’s early interest in brain, 3–4; and Gazzaniga’s first grant, 97; Gazzaniga’s first meeting with, 5; and Gazzaniga’s graduate studies, 13, 19–20; and Gazzaniga’s move to UCSB, 97; Gazzaniga’s relationship with, 23–24, 49, 60, 75, 116; and Geschwind’s research, 50–51, 52, 53, 60; health of, 46; and human subjects, 41; influence on psychology of, 182; initial interest in split-brain research by, 16, 44, 45, 60, 61, 65–66; Istituto di Fisiologia (Pisa, Italy) visit of, 95; and language-right hemisphere connection, 89; Lashley as advisor to, 16; luck of, 20–21; manuscript publication story about, 53–54; nerve circuits article by, 3–4; neurospecificity work of, 20–21, 337; personality and character of, 5, 22, 23, 47, 52, 54, 65; picture of, 23; and psychophysical isomorphism, 46–47; public and private, 48–49; recommendation for Gazzaniga as UCSB department chairman from, 106; reputation of, 48; and sensory-motor integration studies, 69, 73; and sharing credit, 75; social consciousness of, 53–54; and standard neuropsychological testing, 63–65; and supervene-supersede discussion, 344–45, 346, 350; surgical skills of, 81; and teaching, 104, 273; and two minds concept, 131; UCSB job offer for, 97; and weighing of monkeys, 67; Weiss as mentor to, 173; Weiss feud with, 51–52; W.J. case and, 39, 77
Sperry (Roger) Laboratory (Caltech): ambience/culture of, 6, 9, 73–74, 91; areas of research at, 46–47; Gazzaniga as graduate student at, 17–26, 39, 67–75; Gazzaniga as undergraduate intern at, 5, 6, 7–9, 10, 48; nerve growth circuit research at, 7; and origins of split-brain research, 49; picture of, 6; and Sergent’s findings, 222; split-brain research at, 7–9, 13, 14, 19–20, 39; staff at, 21–22
split-brain research: advances in, 359–61; basic findings of, 3; benefits of, 20; as brain as simple and organized, 114–15; challenges to/misunderstandings about, 216–25; complexity of, 54; and corpus callosum sectioning, 15–17; early reports about, 77; establishing the basics of, 55–59; expansion of, 78; first report about, 49; and Gazzaniga as graduate student, 19–20; Gazzaniga Caltech internship research on, 7–9, 13, 14; Gazzaniga’s American Scientist review of, 131–32; and Gazzaniga’s tests on patients, 9; influence of revolution in psychology on, 113–14; and “integration” of brains, 216–25; interdisciplinary interests in, 280; neurology as basic to, 41; origins of human, 42–49; and “reunified” view, 216–22; scientific vocabulary about, 41; and two minds findings, 114; and University of Rochester epilepsy patients, 15–17. See also specific researcher, case, or topic
split-brain surgery: and basic principles of the brain, 339; brain imaging techniques and, 193–97; and complete splits question, 145–51, 193–97, 223; first, 39; and “reunified” view of split brain, 222, 223; variations in, 145–51, 223; Wilson’s views about, 139–40
“spreading depression” procedure, 7
St. Joseph’s Academy (New York City), 118
staff: importance of laboratory, 21–22
Stahl, Franklin, 17, 17n, 21
Stanford University: Chomsky-Miller discussions at, 181–82; Festinger’s graduate seminars at, 116–17
Steiner, Herman, 11
Stellar, Eliot, 45
stem cells: abortion and, 314–15, 320; and beginning of human life, 319; Black’s views about, 315–16; Catholics and, 316–17, 320, 325; cloning and, 318–19, 321–26; embryonic, 318–19; Gazzaniga’s New York Times op-ed about, 321; moral issues and, 317, 319, 320, 322; NAS report about, 318–19; President’s Council on Biotheics and, 312–14, 316–26; Yamanaka work with, 325
Steven, Megan, 309–10
Stony Brook (Long Island), New York: Gazzaniga home in, 138, 159; and Gazzaniga’s divorce, 159. See also Stony Brook, State University of New York at
Stony Brook, State University of New York at: collaborative efforts at, 142; design of, 142; differences in surgery among patients at, 145–46; Gazzaniga at, 65, 138, 139, 141–53; graduate students at, 141–42; interdisciplinary research at, 142–43
Strohbehn, John, 247
strokes, 41, 50, 50n, 128, 130, 161, 245, 275
Sturdevant, A. H., 6
summer institute, cognitive neuroscience, 280–82, 281, 297
“sunk cost fallacy,” 336
supervene-supersede discussion, 344–46, 350
Sutter, Mitch, 261
Swanson, Larry, 98
Swissair: dogs on flights of, 237–38
Switzerland: Gazzaniga’s sabbatical in, 236–37
synesthesia, 309–10, 309n
Syntactic Structures (Chomsky), 181
tachistoscopes, 164–65, 176
Tahiti: interdisciplinary meeting about memory in, 188–89, 189
teaching: Gazzaniga’s views about, 103, 104; Lashley’s comment about, 273; at University of California, 258
technology: blindness and, 175–79; computer, 197–98, 200. See also brain imaging
teenage brain, 309
Temin, Howard
, 17, 21
testing: and misunderstandings about split-brain research, 216; standard neuropsychological, 63–65. See also specific case or test
Teuber, Hans-Lukas, 107–8, 127
“theory of mind” (TOM), Premack’s, 102
Thomas, Lewis, 294–95
Time magazine, Gleevec cover of, 350
Tononi, Giulio, 350
touch: and copying of hand gestures, 84; and establishing the basics of split-brain research, 55, 56–59, 78; and semi-split mind, 240–41; testing of, 57; and variation in split-brain surgery, 146. See also sensory-motor integration
Towe, Arnold, 118
Townes, Charles, 331
tractor: Gazzaniga buys, 288–89
Tramo, Mark, 209, 210, 211, 238
transformation grammar, 182, 182n
transplantation, organ, 320
Trevarthen, Colwyn, 30, 68, 69, 73
“triple-story” test, 154
“truck”: as abstracting example, 4–5
trust, 254, 255, 259
Tueting, Sarah, 307
Tulving, Endel, 274–80, 275, 284
Tulving, Linda, 275
Tulving, Ruth, 275, 276–77
Turk, David, 310–11
“twenty questions” game, 217–19, 243
twins, 224, 239, 267
two minds: challenges to idea of, 131–35, 216–19; and “mind left”/”mind right” views, 114–15; and revolution in psychology, 113–14. See also split-brain research
unconscious, 159–60, 339, 360
University of California, Davis: administrators at, 254; Center for Neuroscience at, 253–61, 256; Gazzaniga’s home near, 257, 258, 289; Gazzaniga’s life at, 284; Gazzaniga’s move to, 251, 254–55, 257; and Gazzaniga’s return to Dartmouth, 284–86; Gazzniga’s offer from, 247; hiring at, 258–61, 285; and J.W. (case), 261, 262, 262, 266–71, 269, 272; Mind/Brain Center at, 262; summer institute in cognitive neuroscience at, 280–82; visiting-professor program at, 274–80
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA): brain imaging group at, 239
University of California, San Diego (UCSD): attention studies at, 225–26; Gazzaniga’s move to, 251–55
University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB): Gazzaniga as department chairman at, 106–7; Gazzaniga at, 44–45, 97–100, 105–9; Gazzaniga return from Italy to, 97; Gazzaniga’s home near, 107–8, 331; Gazzaniga’s lab at, 97–100; Gazzaniga’s promotion and tenure at, 106; Gazzaniga’s return to, 327; Gazzaniga’s testing of undergraduates at, 98–100; graduate program about neuroscience at, 354–55; and Morgan-Gazzaniga relationship, 44–45; offer of assistant professorship for Gazzaniga at, 91; Sage Publishing gift to, 331