Eleanor of Castile: The Shadow Queen

by Sara Cockerill

  6 Dissent, Defeat, Victory

  1. CPR 1247–58 641, DBM 4, 66–7, 72–4, Jobson 20–1, Carpenter Reign 187–90, Burt Chapter 4, Howell p. 154–5.

  2. Flores iii 253–4, DBM 90–3 104–5, 258–9 Prestwich 25, Howell 157 Jobson 24 – 25.

  3. CPR 639, 641, Foedera 374, 378 Flores iii 253–4, DBM 92–3, 258–9. CM v 697–8 Jobson 26

  4. CM v 653–4, HIII I 385, Jobson 34, Morris 39, Prestwich 27–8 Parsons Q&S p. 17

  5. Prestwich p. 28 Jobson 34–5, Morris 40, 43

  6. Carpenter Reign pp. 235–7, 250 Burt Ch 4

  7. Siete Partidas 1,1,11

  8. CM v 744–5, Flores ii 424–5 Maddicott 185, Morris 40–41 Jobson 34, 37, Jobson 34 Barker The Tournament in England 1100–1400 23, HIII I, 400–401

  9. HIII I 408–9, Bémont p. 173, Howell 162–3 Jobson 38

  10. Shirley Royal letters ii 802, CCR 1259–1261 259 Parsons Q&S p. 17, HIII II 693 Howell 165

  11. DBM 220–3 Prestwich 32, Maddicott 194, Howell 163–4 Jobson 48–51 Studd Acts of the 742, 715, 733–4 Parsons Q&S 17, 263

  12. CM 46–7, Ann London I 54–5, DBM 228, 230, 232 Jobson 49 Howell 164 Morris 45,

  13. Prestwich 33, Studd 790–2, Jobson 52–4 Maddicott 199, Morris 45, 47 Smith Llywelyn 127–31

  14. CCR 1259–61 134, 301

  15. Maddicott 200, Morris 46–7, Jobson 54–5.

  16. CPR 1258–66 126, 181, Prestwich 24, 34, Jobson 55 Huscroft Thesis p. 19

  17. Annales London p. 54, Prestwich 34, Jobson 55, Morris 47

  18. Saul For Honour and Fame p. 36 Crouch Tournament 44, 53–4, Willam of Newburgh ii p. 422

  19. Morris 48, Jobson 61, Parsons Q&S p. 22

  20. Maddicott p. 194 and Burt Chapter 4 confirm.

  21. CR 1259–61 467, Howell 179–80, Jobson 62, Prestwich 35

  22. Flores ii 466–7, Howell 180 Jobson 62–3, Morris 49–50 Maddicott 207, 209, Prestwich 35,

  23. Howell 180–1, Studd Itinerary 57–8 Prestwich 37, Trabut-Cussac 22–7

  24. Larroque, Le Chateau Fort de Mauléon, Beresford New Towns of the Middle Ages 352–3. On Eleanor’s intervention: SC 1/11/3

  25. Gerv Cant ii 211, Prestwich 32, Morris 52–3, Jobson 78 3 Howell 181 Carpenter Reign 271

  26. CR 1261–4 133, Morris 53 Prestwich 38, Howell 188

  27. Ann Dunstable 220 Morris 53–4, Prestwich 38 Jobson 79–80, 83, 86 HIII II 437, Howell 187–8, 193–4

  28. Flores ii 478, Prestwich 39 HIII II 438 Jobson 84 86–7

  29. CPR 1258–66 264–6 Jobson 88 Prestwich 39, 91 HIII II 439

  30. Morris 55, Jobson 90–1

  31. Flores ii 482, Prestwich 39, 41, HIII II 439, Morris 56, Jobson 91, 93

  32. CR 1261–3 308-Flores 482–3, HIII 440, 9, Prestwich 40 Jobson 95

  33. Foedera 430, Flores ii 484–5, Prestwich 41 Parsons Q&S 196 Maddicott 245–6 Denholm Young 142 Jobson 102

  34. CIR 1261–64 308–9 Dunstable 225 Howell 199 Jobson 102

  35. Howell 195, 197

  36. CCIR 1256–59 2–3, CPR 1258–66 p. 220, CChR 2.84 Parsons Birth

  37. Parsons notes the absence of gossip as to the lack of an heir as a mystery and favours 1280–1281 for the birthdate of the ‘missing’ son: Birth p. 264. On the possible 1260 birth: Studd Acts 824

  38. CPR 1258–66 325. Dunstable 227, DBM 266–7, 333–6, Maddicott 257, 259 Jobson 104–5, Prestwich 41,

  39. Maddicott 263, Jobson 108 Carpenter A Noble in Politics p. 324

  40. AM iii 227, Flores ii 487, Gloucester ii 743–6, Shirley Letters Vol II p. 253–4, CM 61 Ger Cant ii 234, HIII II 456–8 Jobson 108, Maddicott 26–5 Morris 60 Howell 151,

  41. Maddicott 265 Denholm Young 125 Jobson 108–9

  42. CPR 362 AM iii 232, Denholm Young 126–7 HIII II 459–61 Jobson 108–10 Prestwich 43

  43. Parsons Q&S p. 164 McKitterick, Trinity Apocalypse p 20.

  44. Carpenter Battles of Lewes and Evesham 17–18, 20, 22–3, Jobson 109–114 Carpenter 20–1, Jobson 112–4 Denholm Young 128 Powicke 464, Prestwich 44

  45. AM iii 232 Sadler Second Barons War pp. 53–4, 61–2 Denholm Young 128, Jobson 115 Morris 62, Vegetius p. 91 Carpenter 33.

  46. Wykes 151–2, Maddicott pp. 272–5, 282, Jobson 117

  47. CPR 318, 343, 364, 374, Flores iii 261, CM 63, AM iii 232–3 Ann Lond 64, Carpenter Battles 35, Jobson 117, 121 HIII II 465, Prestwich 45 Maddicott 272–5

  48. Maddicott 287, Carpenter Reign pp. 281–291.

  49. Hilton Royal Consorts p. 191 Maddicott 282

  50. CPR 324–9

  51. Jobson 123 Howell 214

  52. CLR 5.142–43

  53. Maddicott 307, HIII II 486 Jobson 130

  54. CLR 5.150, Parsons ‘Birth’ p. 258

  55. Maddicott 309–10 318, 321 Jobson 133–5

  56. CPR 1258–1266 p. 400 Parsons Q&S p. 161, 188, 192

  57. Flores iii 264 CPR 1258–66 420, CR 114 Maddicott 322, 330 Parsons 24

  58. Maddicott 329–333 Jobson 135–6 Morris 65

  59. Prestwich 49, Jobson 136–40 Maddicott 334–9

  60. Maddicott 339 Jobson 140–141

  61. Morris 67, Carpenter, Battles 50–4, Jobson 140–2

  62. Jobson 141, 144 Cox Battle of Evesham 13–14, Carpenter Battles 58–9, Carpenter last hours of Simon de Montfort 395–406

  63. CM 80, AM iv pp. 173–5, Jobson 144, 146 Maddicott 342

  7 Queen in Waiting

  1. Shirley Royal Letters 440, Morris 71, Jobson 150

  2. CClR 1264–68 pp. 70–71, Maddicott 326, 335–6. Botfield & Turner pp. 9–10, 65–6. AM iv 175, Jobson 150

  3. Jobson 150–2

  4. CIM I nos 609–940 CPR 1258–66 465, 466, 467, 493, AM ii 367, Robert of Gloucester ii 768, AM iii 239

  5. CPR 1258–1266 453 Parsons Q&S 146–7, 188 Shirley Royal letters no 647 Translation author

  6. CPR 1258–1266 458 466, 476, 522, 555, 578, Parsons Q&S p. 164, 180, 188, 189. Haselbury was only held for a few weeks.

  7. CPR 1258–66 492 Prestwich 55, Howell 234, Jobson 153–4,

  8. CPR 1258–66 653, Prestwich 55, Jobson 154 Powicke II 518–9, Morris 73–4

  9. CPR 1258–66 617, Howell p. 235, CR 1268–72, 49, De Antiquis Legibus Liber p. 87.

  10. Powicke II 532–8, Jobson 157–8 Morris 78

  11. Morris 79, Jobson 159–60

  12. CPR 1258–66 638, CPR 1266–72 460, 484, CChR ii 149–50, Parsons 170, 188

  13. Leicestershire: Parsons 126 179, CPR 1266–72 168, 179, CChR I 133. Norfolk: Parsons 182, CPR 1266–72 372, CChR I 133. Northampton: Parsons 184, CPR 1266–72 168, 179, CChR ii 133. Spelhoe was a now defunct district which contained several villages including Kingsthorpe and Overstone: Weston Favella A History of the County of Northampton: Volume 4, pp. 63–64. Stafford: CPR 1272–81 471–2, Parsons 190. Queen’s Gold: CPR 1266–72 p198

  14. CPR 1266–72 p. 169, 243, 262, 305, 317, 343, 391, 401, Parsons Q&S p. 101

  15. CPR 1266–72 pp. 360, 402, Parsons Q&S p. 126

  16. CCR 349, Parsons C&H 33, 36

  17. CCR 349, Parsons C&H 26, 86–7, 97, 98–9

  18. Howell 145, 168

  19. CLR 6 no 272, CPR 1266–72 p. 349, Parsons C&H p. 28, AM iv 212, Coss The Knight in Medieval England 120

  20. Flores iii 14 AM iv 217–8 Prestwich p. 68, Powicke 562

  21. CPR 1266–72 425, C Ch R (1257–1300) 177 149, Lloyd English Society and the Crusade 113–5, Prestwich p. 70, Howell 246

  22. Lloyd The Lord Edward’s Crusade 126–7, Morris p. 87

  23. Prestwich p. 72 Morris p. 89, Studd thesis pp. 826–7 Powicke 2 576, Johnstone Wardrobe p. 12, CPR 1266–72 412, Martinez pp. 185–6

  24. Powicke p. 570, Lethaby Westminster Abbey and the King’s Craftsmen A Study of Medieval Building p. 119, Wilson Westminster Abbey p. 27

  25. AM iv 27, 226–7 Carpenter Reign pp. 409–25 Howell The Children of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence p. 67 Powicke 2 p. 569, 575 Carpenter Westminster Abbey in Politics in TCE vii 48–59


  26. CR 1268–72 p. 162, Parsons Q&S 28 C&H 53 Morris 91, Ledger book of Vale Royal pp. 1–19

  8 The Crusade

  1. Morris p. 90, 92, Lloyd 116–24 Powicke II pp. 577–9 Prestwich p. 70

  2. Parsons Q&S pp. 26, 97, 170, 179, 182, 184

  3. Prestwich p. 73, Powicke II 583, Foedera 484 Howell p. 250 Huscroft Thesis pp. 20–22, 24–26

  4. CPR 431 CR 1268–72 211–2, 290–1, Liber de Antiquibus Legibus 125 Hilton p. 192 Wykes 236 Prestwich p. 73 Ann Winchester 109 Powicke II p. 580, Huscroft thesis p. 22. 26–32

  5. Tyerman God’s War pp. 810–812, Powicke p. 598–9 Morris 93–4, Dunbabin Charles 1 of Anjou 3–5, 57, 195–7 Clifford 19, Prestwich 73–74

  6. Fadrique was back in Castile by March 1272, counselling the king during the early phase of the nobles’ conspiracy The World of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror Chapter 7

  7. Powicke pp. 598, 608–9 Dunbabin pp. 194, 196–7

  8. Tyerman God’s War p. 812, Sainte-Chappelle p. 815, Clifford p. 42, Parsons Viscountess Jeanne p. 141

  9. Foedera 501 CPR 1266–72 528, 611 AM iv 239–241, CM 131, Salzman p. 31 HIII II 599, 607–8, Denholm Young p. 150 Prestwich p. 74–5 Morris 106, Studd Marriage of Henry of Almain pp. 175–7

  10. Martinez, pp. 181–2, Ballesteros 460–475

  11. Clifford 22 Tomasi et al. Palaces of Sicily, 46–55. Caronia, et al. La Cuba di Palermo, Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, p. 392.

  12. Parsons Birth p. 260, Liber de Antiquibus Legibus p. 171

  13. Denholm Young pp. 150–151 Maddicott 370–1, Morris 106, Inferno xii 118–20.

  14. Tyerman The Crusades 45–46, Tyerman God’s War pp. pp 784–799. 807, Runciman A History of the Crusades pp. 314–329,

  15. Prestwich p. 75, Asbridge The Crusades p. 643

  16. Liber de Antiquibus Legibus 143 HIII II p. 600–602 Prestwich pp. 75–6 Asbridge p. 643

  17. Asbridge p. 643 Morris p. 98–9 HIII II p. 602

  18. Denholm Young pp. 151–2 Parsons Birth p. 259, Crouch William Marshal: Knighthood War and Chivalry 1147–1219 p. 20. Rishanger 78 suggests the news was not obtained until landing in Sicily on the return journey, but this seems implausible.

  19. Clifford p. 27

  20. Powicke p. 602 Prestwich p. 75–6. Ibn al furat 157–9 in Riley Smith, Levillan Encyclopedia of the Papacy p. 657 Tyerman God’s War p. 813. There is an isolated suggestion based on a fairly liberal reading of a single letter of 1275 that Edward did consent, but this seems implausible. As Clifford p. 28 notes, if he had done, there would have been no motive for the later attack on him.

  21. Salzman p. 35 Houseley Fighting for the Cross – 86–8

  22. Israel and the Palestinan Territories Thomas/Kohn p. 235 Itineraria Phoenicia Lipinski p. 304, http://www.akko.org.il/en/, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/Akko.html The websites give a detailed account of the buildings. The former also provides a number of photographs of the Hospitallers’ compound

  23. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Early%20History%20-%20Archaeology/Akko-%20The%20Maritime%20Capital%20of%20the%20Crusader%20Kingdom

  24. Vegetius: The timing can be fixed courtesy of the inscription ‘Maistre Richard, votre clerc, que vostre livere escrit, En la ville d’Acre sans nul contredit’. Lewis Thorpe, ‘Maistre Richard, A Thirteenth-Century Translator of the ‘De Re Militari,’ of Vegetius.’ Scriptorium 6 (1952) 39–51. M. D. Legge, ‘The Lord Edward’s Vegetius.’ Scriptorium 7 (1953), 262–65. The Polos: Travels of Marco Polo Chs 1–9 (Yule and Cordier 1902, Project Gutenberg) detail the travels of the senior Polos.

  25. Houseley pp. 174–176 Saul For Honour and Fame p. 35

  26. Prestwich p. 80–81, 240–1 Tyerman God’s War p. 813, Tyerman England and the Crusades pp. 126–30

  27. Denholm Young p. 152

  28. Morris p. 100 Guisborough 208–10, Holinshead Vol II p. 474–5 Ibn al-Furat xi-xii 157–9, Gestes des Chiprois 779.

  29. Foedera 495, Parsons Q&S 29–30 Hilton p. 193

  30. HIII p. 603, 605–6

  31. Salzman 32 Foedera 497 Les Registres de Gregoire X et Jean XXI ed. Guirard and Cadier no 817, Powicke p. 608

  32. Foedera 497, 488 Parsons FW, p. 210, HIII p. 606 Morris p. 102–3, Prestwich p. 82 Salzman p. 33

  9 The Triumphant Return

  1. Foedera 497, 499 Powicke ii p. 589, Tyerman God’s War p. 813

  2. Liber de Antiquibus Legibus 158, Rishanger 78 Registres de Gregoire X nos 209, 326, 814, Prestwich p. 83, HIII ii 608–12 Ormrod Edward III p 15. Simon the younger had died.

  3. Foedera 499, 500, 501 Prestwich 83, HIII II 608, Salzman 34–5, Dunbabin 186–7 Parsons Q&S p 30

  4. Foedera 504, HIII II p. 612, Prestwich p. 83–4 Salzman p. 35, AJ Taylor Master James of St George EHR LXV 1950 433–57

  5. Foedera 503 Salzman 36 HIII p. 614

  6. O’Callaghan Alfonso X and the Cantigas Santa Maria, pp. 128–133, Ed Valladolid The Chronicle of Alfonso X p. 3, HMS, p. 374 Martinez p. 242–6, 354

  7. Morris p. 108, Parsons Q&S p. 31

  8. SC/1/18/88–90, Guisborough pp. 110–11, Prestwich p. 85 RG vol iii p. x, Trabut-Cussac p. 41

  9. Trabut-Cussac p. 41, 42–4, 47, Prestwich 85, Salzman 37 RG vol iii p. x Morris p. 109. Studd The Marriage of Henry of Almain p. 162–177

  10. Foedera 505, 506, Lodge p. 54–6 RG iii p. x, Salzman 37 Trabut-Cussac p. 43. One of Gaston’s sureties was Sir Arnald de Gaveston

  11. Chron Bury p. 56, AM ii 385 Parsons, Birth p. 252–3

  12. Foedera 506 Salzman 37 Trabut-Cussac p. 45 Chaytor, A History of Aragon and Catalonia Ch 6

  13. Foedera 506 Morris 109, Trabut-Cussac p. 42–5 Huscroft Thesis p. 87

  14. Powicke p. 615

  15. Itinerary, Foedera 507 Morris p. 110, Trabut-Cussac pp. 46–7 Salzman pp. 38–9. RG vol 3 p. x

  16. CCIR 1272–1279 70–71 Liber De Antiquis Legibus p. 170 Parsons Q&S p. 31 Parsons English Administration, p. 388

  17. CCR 1272–9 97, CPR 1272–81, 55–6, Foedera 513, 514, Flores iii, 43, HIII II p. 616–7, Salzman pp. 39–40 Itinerary, Parsons Q&S p. 31, Morris p. 110 Howell pp. 288–9

  18. CCR 1272–9 68–71, Prestwich p. 89,

  19. Foedera 515, Prestwich p. 90, Howell p. 290, Richardson The coronation of Edward I 97–8

  20. CLR 1226–40, 444, AM iv 259–60, Morris 111–112 Liber de Antiquibus Legibus p. 13, Howell 23

  21. Parsons Q&S p. 70, 73, Morris 113–115, Howell 18–20 266–70

  22. Morris 129

  23. Itinerary, Foedera 517, Morris p. 119

  24. Parsons Q&S 39 Johnstone Wardrobe p. 397 Prestwich p. 126

  10 The Queen’s Work

  1. Parsons Q&S 122, McFarlane Had Edward I a Policy p. 248–67, Spencer Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England p. 6–7, 28, Wolffe Royal Demesne 45–6, 52–5, 65–66

  2. Parsons Q&S 85. I am indebted to Michael Prestwich who has pointed out to me that the figures arrived at in this passage may not be bomb proof. In particular, some of the figures used may be post mortem expenditure on items such as the crosses, which were obviously exceptional.

  3. Parsons Q&S p. 72 78, 80–81, 83, 122, Howell 164, 262–3, 273–4. On Eleanor of Provence’s approach: Paris CM 299, Howell p. 155–6, Treharne 78–9

  4. Parsons Q&S p. 84, 123, Guisborough 216, AM iv 363

  5. Examples of correspondence can be found at SC 1/30/54, 1/10/54, 1/11/51, 1/29/190, 1/29/205, 1/10/50, 1/10/53, and other examples can easily be found. Parsons pp. 114–6 Howell 116, 140

  6. Reg Pecham ii 619–20, trans 767–8, iii 937–8, translation author, with help from Tout Chapters v 270–1, Parsons Q&S pp. 120–1

  7. Parsons Q&S p. 123 Howell p. 278

  8. Itinerary, Howell p. 294 Parsons Q&S 184–5, 159, 195

  9. Itinerary Parsons Q&S pp. 164, 194

  10. Itinerary Parsons Q&S 188–90, Letters of the Queens of England 60, quoted by Howells at p. 294

  11. CChR ii 143, 192–3, Parsons Q&S p. 127.
A further assignment of Gascon property followed in June 1280: CPR 1272–1281

  12. Parsons pp. 128, 182–4, Blomfield History of Norfolk volume 6, pp. 297–302. Powicke II p. 704

  13. Parsons Q&S pp. 127–9 176–179, Parsons C&H p. 154

  14. The letters SC 1/11/11 SC 1/29/190 are set out at Parsons p. 129–131. The acquisitions are summarised at Parsons p169–70, 195 and are analysed by Parsons at pp. 129–131. See also Itinerary

  15. Parsons Q&S p. 128 134–6 HIII II 704 RWH 1286–9 xv

  16. Parsons Q&S p. 127, 136–7 Johnstone Wardrobe and Household of Henry 390

  17. Parsons Q&S pp. 107, 130–1, 176–7

  18. Parsons C&H pp. 18–19, 20

  19. Parsons Q&S p. 103–8

  20. Parsons Q&S pp. 76–7, C&H p. 20, Costain p. 39,

  21. Parsons Q&S p. 103, 144–5, 192 LR p. 40, C&H 75n 93n Manners 100–1, Tout v 236–7, 271n, Prestwich 124

  22. Parsons Q&S p. 108, 110 Some other examples are summarised at L&R p. 35

  23. Parsons Q&S p. 110, 112 Tout p. 238

  24. Parsons Q&S pp. 104–105, 181 Denholm-Young Seignorial Administration 140–1

  25. Parsons Q&S p. 109–10, 113–14 Adam Bassett lost his post because he was £30 in arrears

  26. Parsons Q&S pp. 74, 152, 163

  27. Parsons Q&S p. 74 101, 135, 250

  28. Parsons Q&S p. 102, 156, 272 Rolls of Chester ed. Stewart-Brown 214, 215, 230, 239 L&R 37

  29. Parsons Q&S p. 43–4

  30. Parsons Q&S 104, 109, 187, 305 C&H 21, 93 LR 35, Spencer Nobility and Kingship 188, 199, 202, 209. Cressingham, whose talents were snapped up by Edward after Eleanor’s death, died at Stirling Bridge and was skinned by the Scots: Guisborough p. 303

  31. Parsons Q&S p. 154 C&H p. 22, Reg. Pecham 1 38–9 Spencer, p. 28, Prestwich p. 105

  32. CCIR 1279–1288, 18, CPR 1281–92 62, 173, 184, 193, 213 CCLR 1288–96 91 224–5, Parsons Q&S p. 78–80

  33. Huscroft Expulsion p. 133–4 Parsons Q&S pp. 79, 140 L&R p. 30, 48

  34. SC 1/30/53, Parsons Q&S p. 139–141, Howell p. 299

  35. Parsons Q&S 79–80, 139, 142 150

  36. Huneycutt The High Medieval Queen, Parsons Intercession p. 148. Rodin’s sculpture is in Victoria Gardens