Eleanor of Castile: The Shadow Queen

by Sara Cockerill

  37. CPR 1281–92 38 (with Edmund the King’s brother) 194, 218. Parsons Intercession p. 147, 149, 156

  38. Gesta Abbatum Sancti Albani ed. Riley pp. 410–11 Parsons C&H p. 8 Q&S p. 153 Howell 86, 91–2, 161. The petition of the townsfolk is at SC 1/11/90 reproduced and translated at Transactions of the St Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and Archaeological Society (1929), p.263.

  39. Parsons Intercession p. 151 Q&S 4–5, 38, 44 SC 1/30/44 Reg Pecham ii 555, 765–66

  11 The Queen and Her Interests

  1. Cotton Nero D II f 179v Morris 142–3 Binski The Early Portrait pp. 211–15. I differ from Binski on the extent to which Henry III’s effigy shows his sleepy eye. Readers will be able to form their own view.

  2. Reg Pecham ii 56–7, 555, 765–66, Parsons Q&S pp. 4–5

  3. SC 1/15/66, 1/30/44 Parsons Q&S 43–4, Intercession p. 152

  4. Green Vol 2 325, 335, Vol 3 p. 14–15

  5. CPR 1281–1292 414, Parsons Q&S 132, 134, 309 L&R p. 28, Raban Mortmain Legislation and the English Church 1279–1500 p. 76

  6. Parsons C&H 66, 76, 159, Botfield and Turner Manners p. 97

  7. Part II Title VII Law 8

  8. Parsons Q&S p. 51, 275 Powrie p. 102, Gee Women Art and Patronage p. 60, Steane The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy

  9. Martin The History and Description of Leeds Castle, HKW ii 695–8, 973, 504, Tolley p. 175–6 Gee p. 59 Parsons Q&S p. 246

  10. Parsons Q&S 53, C&H p. 11, English Administration p. 376, 397. Re forks: In the delightfully named ‘Coryat’s Crudities Hastily Gobbled up in five months travel in France Italy etc’ (1611). The use of a fork was considered a laughable Italian affectation by Ben Jonson in Volpone Act IV Scene 1.

  11. Landsberg the Medieval Garden p. 128 Parsons Q&S p. 51–2 C&H p. 12, Tolley p. 184–5.

  12. RWH 3243, 3224, 3245, Parsons C&H 12, 100, 124, 150 QS 54 English Administration p. 376, Tolley p. 176, Harvey Medieval Gardens p. 78 McLean Medieval English Gardens pp. 102, 228

  13. Parsons Q&S p. 53 C&H 70,104 Manners, 102 Harvey, p 78 Landsberg, p. 86, Tolley p. 176

  14. Parsons Q&S p. 53 HKW ii 695–8, Harvey pp. 82, 103–6 Tolley p. 176 Gee p. 61, Landsberg p. 60

  15. Gee p. 60 Parsons English Administration p. 376, 398, HKW II ii 970–2, McLean 1981 p. 102, Harvey p. 78

  16. Harvey pp. 127–30, Hobhouse plants in Garden History p. 78 Taylor Global migrations of ornamental plants p. 26 AM Coates Flowers and their histories pp. 11–12, Tolley p. 176 RHS Gardening p. 159 McLeod In a Unicorn’s Garden p. 199. The Cailloel is also referred to as Cailhou and Kaylewell

  17. Landsberg p. 128 Gee p. 61, HKW II 53

  18. Foedera 568 Prestwich 115–7 Parsons Q&S 55, 276 Morris p. 174, Steane Archaeology, Almond Medieval Hunting Chapter 3. On Quenington see A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 2 (1907), p. 113. In all probability the two names of Quenington and Down Ampney represent one event – a holiday with the substantial party divided between a couple of premises in the neighbourhood. Down Ampney at that stage appears to have been less of a place than Quenington, and began to acquire a church of its own only in the 1260’s and courtesy of the Quenington preceptor

  19. Tolley p. 173–5, Parsons C&H p. 19 Davis Medieval Warhorse pp. 9–11

  20. Parsons Q&S p. 53, 276 English Administration p. 376, 398 QCB p. 178 Harvey p. 106 Yapp Birds of English Medieval Manuscripts 343, Hutchinson ‘Attitudes towards Nature’ 5–37 Prestwich p. 115

  21. Chess: Ancient precursors and related games (Encyclopædia Britannica 2002) Vale, The Princely Court: p. 177 Parsons Q&S p. 12 Gee Women Art and Patronage p. 63

  22. Branner Manuscript Painting in Paris pp. 3–7 Parsons QCB p. 178.179, 94 Tolley p. 170

  23. Parsons Q&S p. 3 C&H p. 13 note 39.

  24. Tolley p. 170–171, Thorpe ‘Master Richard: A Thirteenth Century Translator of the ‘De Re Militarii of Vegetius’’ 39–50, Legge ‘The Lord Edward’s Vegetius’, Morgan The Douce Apocalypse pp9, 41, 96

  25. Parsons C&H p. 13 QCB 179, 195, Escanor lines 15597–15746, The paintings are described at HKW 129, 502, 760, 914, 916

  26. Parsons English Administration p. 376, QCB p. 181–2 Spiegel ‘Pseudo-Turpin, the Crisis of the Aristocracy …’ 207–23, Romancing the Past: pp. 71–74, 78–80

  27. Entwistle The Arthurian Legend in the Literatures of the Spanish Peninsula 109, 113 de Malkiel Arthurian Literature in Spain and Portugal in Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages pp. 406–7 Hilton p. 197 Parsons Q&S p. 28, 265, QCB 182, Procter Alfonso X 15–19 113, Keller Alfonso X 150–2

  28. Binski The Painted Chamber at Westminster, Parsons QCB p. 184 Green 2: 284

  29. Parsons QCB p. 179, C&H pp. 63–4, 190 Botfield & Turner p. 136. The link to the Trinity Apocalypse is more controversial: see Gee 46–48. Suzanne Lewis will be making the full case in favour of the link to Eleanor in a forthcoming book.

  30. Parsons C&H p. 8, 17 Taylor Alms and Oblations pp. 107–108 Wilkinson p. 119

  31. Hinnebusch The Early English Friars Preachers 34–7, 44–5, 78–9, Parsons C&H p. 16–17, PPR p. 114, 116–117

  32. Parsons PPR p. 111, Howell pp. 23, 44, 65,93–6 258–9

  33. Howell pp. 94–5 Wilkinson p. 12, 83

  34. Parsons PPR p. 108, 113, C&H 30–1, 63–4 71bis, 74, 78, 94, 95, 102, 117, Botfield & Turner p. 136, New Cambridge Medieval History V Abulafia pp. 274–5 Traditionally the rosary is attributed to St Dominic, but the material does not support this attribution. However, it is certainly the case that prayer counting by reference to paternoster and ave beads was a developing practice, and one encouraged by the Dominicans: Binz Mysteries of the Rosary p. 3, Reinburg Prayer and the Book of Hours pp. 39–40 Dodd, Musson The Reign of Edward II new perspectives p. 227, Parsons p. 41–2, 271

  35. Parsons PPR pp. 118–9, 121–2

  12 The Queen’s Family

  1. Morris p. 231, Taylor Alms and Oblations pp. 108–9, HKW ii p. 698

  2. Parsons Birth p. 262 irons out the difficulties in the sources which suggest a later date, or a different name. Richardson & Sayles ‘The English Parliaments of Edward I’ 136, CCR 1272–9, 197–8, AM iv 263 Parsons p. 263 Prestwich p. 101.

  3. Green Vol 2 pp. 402–403. The upheavals of the Barons’ war and Eleanor’s early insignificance from the chroniclers point of view disrupt the statistics prior to 1265

  4. Prestwich p. 126 opts for the figure of 14 based on the strict evidence, Parsons for 16, including the child of the first year of the marriage and the unnamed boy hypothesised for 1280–1. On grand multiparity see Bugg, G.J., Atwal, G.S. and Marchs, M. (2002) Grand multipara in modern setting. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 109, 249–253, Humphrey, M.D. (2003)

  5. Itinerary p. 46 Parsons Birth p. 257, 263

  6. Phillips Edward II 47–8, 50, 51–2 Tout ii 166 AM iii 392 Johnstone 24, 26–7

  7. Parsons C&H p. 10, Green Vol 2, 282–5, 303–4, 414

  8. Trivet 310, Parsons Q&S p. 4 note 4, 9 Green Vol 2 p. 406–7, 412, 414, 420, 421, 423

  9. Green Vol 3 p. 4, 19, 39 Gee pp. 19, 22–24, 49, 149–50

  10. Parsons C&H p. 10–11, 75, 82, 96, 105, 108, 111, 116, 119, 124

  11. Salzman p. 47, Manners p. 96, Johnstone Edward of Carnarvon 76, Szabolcs de Vajay (1989), p. 393. Parsons C&H p. 76 was unable to trace the lineage of Rotheric, and there still appears no obvious candidate amongst Alfonso’s numerous illegitimate progeny

  12. Parsons C&H pp. 11, 64 65, 114, 77, 68–9, 101 Viscountess Jeanne p. 283–4, 286. Mathilde de Dammartin was also known as Agathe in some records

  13. Parsons C&H p. 11, 69, 77, 114 Countess Margaret pp. 669–680

  14. Parsons Q&S p. 87 C&H 158–60 p. 35–6. The butler’s role was not quite the superior one it was in the Victorian era; there were also heads of the pantry, the kitchen, the wardrobe, the chamber and the treasury

  15. Parsons C&H 33–35, 53, 55

  16. Parsons C&H 38–9, 155

  17. Parsons C&H p. 14–15, 37�
��8, 139

  18. Parsons Q&S p. 89

  19. Parsons Q&S p. 90, 91 Ch1 n 87; RWH 1286–9 p. 108

  20. Moorman Church Life in England p. 169. Parsons Q&S 97 Morris p. 117, Huscroft PHD, Prestwich p. 234 Reg Peckham I, 46–7; AM iv 373

  21. Parsons C&H 19, 77 Q&S p. 47, 143

  22. Parsons Q&S p. 35, 160, 182, 268 C&H 61, 74, 110, 155. Parsons describes the relationship with Grandison as ‘intriguing’.

  23. Parsons C&H p. 42–44, 45–6, Countess Margaret p. 671–3

  24. CClR 1279–1288 67–68, Parsons C&H p. 15, 44, 46, 48, 97

  25. Parsons C&H p. 49–52, 76 Morris pp. 118, 133, 159, 161

  26. CChR ii 190–1, 214, Parsons C&H p. 33, 53 Q&S 189, Spencer p. 187 202

  27. Parsons Countess Margaret 670–1, 676–8

  28. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 242, DNB John de Vescy

  13 The Golden Years

  1. Itinerary Foedera 519 Clifford 47, Smith Llywelyn 367–9, Morris 138

  2. CPR (1272–81) pp. 77, 85, 98, Foedera 520, Clifford 47 Howell p. 294

  3. CCR 1272–9, 197–8, AM iv 263

  4. Itinerary, Foedera 521 CFR (1272–1307) p. 45 Clifford 42

  5. Foedera 527–8 Itinerary, Prestwich pp. 174–5, Salzman p. 48–9

  6. Morris p. 125 Mundhill The King’s Jews p. 133, Watt The English Episcopate the state and the Jews p. 141 Abulafia p. 116

  7. Each of Abulafia p. 102, Roth History of the Jews p. 71, and Huscroft Expulsion p. 120 see the Statute as a well meaning but highly imperfect attempt to provide a commercial modus vivendi for the Jewish population. See also Mundhill The Kings Jews p. 138, 153–4. On Burnell’s views, see his attempts to impede Archbishop Pecham in his aggressive stance against the Jews in the 1280s: Mundhill The King’s Jews pp. 139–40

  8. Prestwich p. 175, Salzman p. 49–50 Morris 141

  9. Chapter 10 above, SC 1/30/135, SC1/30/97

  10. World of James of Aragon Chap 7,. Ballesteros, Alfonso X, chap. 15.

  11. Morris p. 127–8 HKW ii 715–23, Jones p. 51, Goodall pp. 200–201, Siete Partidas II.XI.ii

  12. AM iv, pp. 266–7, FW, p. 216, Itinerary, Prestwich p. 316, Salzman 49, Perry p. 165

  13. Maddicott p. 371, Morris 141, Salzman 50–51

  14. Itinerary, AM ii p. 122

  15. Beresford p. 15 The Parish of St Andrew Holborn pp. 11–12. AM ii p. 122

  16. J Morris Welsh Wars p. 115–116

  17. Ballesteros pp. 818–27, Macdonald ‘Alfonso the Learned and Succession’ 647–53 The World of James of Aragon…, chap. 3, n. 46 González, Fernando III, vol. 2, 107–9

  18. AM ii p. 123 Morris p. 121, 145 Clifford p. 49.

  19. Itinerary, Kanter p. 40

  20. Morris p. 147 Parsons Q&S 272

  21. Morris p. 150, 154 Vegetius p. 91 see also p. 56 J Morris 130, 138–9. See Caesar’s deforestation of the holy grove of Massillia Bellum Civile book 3, Vegetius p. 62 advising the opening of safe ways without regard to the labour involved.

  22. Ledger book of Vale Royal Abbey p. 5, Clifford p. 51. As usual, Alfonso’s name is wrong: Alfunso.

  23. AM p. 124 Vegetius p. 91 J Morris p. 142

  24. Beresford pp. 37–8

  25. Itinerary, Parsons Birth p. 263 Green vol 2 p. 321 CChR 209,

  26. Foedera 536, 544, 545, 554, Green Vol 2 p. 321

  27. Foedera 549–50, Prestwich p. 317, Lloyd The English Wool trade in the Middle Ages 66–69 Clifford p. 52. Re the selection of the younger son: John’s elder brother Godfrey died in puberty and no distinguished match appears to have been made for him. He was betrothed, but only very shortly before his death, to Margaret, daughter of the Count of Berg, as part of which transaction the Count’s claim to the Duchy of Limburg was sold to John of Brabant; it seems more than likely that this was a death bed match made to lend colour to the financial transaction

  28. Foedera 554

  29. Ballesteros, Alfonso X, pp. 786, 860–66 Foedera 540–1, 607 Flores iii, 48, Prestwich p. 316 Parsons QS 43, 272

  30. Prestwich 120, Morris 162 Salzman 54–5, Saul pp. 78–9

  31. Green Vol 2 p. 321. Salzman p. 56 Green p. 322 Parsons Birth p. 263

  32. Bellenger, Fletcher, Princes of the Church: p. 173

  33. Itinerary Parsons Q&S 89, 291

  34. Prestwich 249, 250–1, Registrum Peckham vol ii pp. 795–6 Larsen The School of Heretics: Academic Condemnation at the University of Oxford p. 44

  35. FW, p. 221 Parsons Q&S p. 33 Brunel Recueil des actes no 466

  36. Parsons English Administration pp. 388–9, Plucknett A concise History of the Common Law 5th ed. 1956 pp. 716–18, Pollock & Maitland The History of English Law before the time of Edward I 2d ed. 1898 2.283–6. For the sides’ positions: CPR 1272–81 p. 306, Parsons English Administration p. 389–90, 392. On the debts of Ponthieu: Parsons English Administration p. 374–5

  37. Foedera 566, 568, 584 Clifford 64–5, 92, Tournament, Crouch p. 45

  38. Lettres de rois, reines et autres personages au cours de France at Angleterre pp. 225–6, 232–233 Parsons English Administration p. 382

  39. Parsons English Administration p. 376, 377, 383, 397, 398

  40. Foedera 575, HKW vol 2 pp. 695–9 Morris p. 172

  41. Loomis Arthurian Enthusiast 116–7 Saul p. 80, Spencer p. 39 Crouch Tournament pp. 66–67

  42. Steane Archaeology, Parsons Q&S p. 179, SC1/11/51

  43. Ballesteros, pp. 919–20 Salzman p. 62

  44. CPR 1272–1281 362, 426, 445 CCIR 1272–1279, 80, Huscroft Thesis p. 93, Parsons p. 171

  45. Foedera 584, Clifford p. 61

  46. Foedera 586, 589, 590, Trabut-Cussac 67–8 C13 242–5, 248, Foedera 580–6, 594 Prestwich p. 319 Ballesteros, pp. 928–29.

  47. CCR 1279–88 59–60

  48. Itinerary Parsons Q&S 183

  49. Foedera p. 593, Green Vol 2 p. 286 Chronologia Johannis de Beke 74e, p. 227,

  50. Itinerary Parsons Q&S p. 143, 167, 171, 177, 190. Westcliffe, the property which attracted Archbishop Pecham’s particular reproach is near St Margarets at Cliffe, approximately the site of Walletts Court Hotel

  51. Parsons English Administration p. 389, Itinerary

  52. Ballesteros, pp. 935–41 948–50 966–71, 975–77

  53. Prestwich p. 319, Foedera 600, 611, Powicke C13 248, Green vol 2 p. 323, Clifford p. 60

  14 The Welsh Years

  1. Foedera 609 Runciman Sicilian Vespers p. 212–20, Clifford pp. 77–8

  2. Prestwich pp. 185–7 Powicke 13C pp. 415–7 J Morris 150 Morris pp. 175–6 Smith pp. 455, 470

  3. Morris p. 177–9 Prestwich p. 182, 183,189 Powicke 419 J Morris 153–5 Smith 460–1, 467.

  4. Parsons Q&S p. 164, 184

  5. Salzman p. 70 Morris p. 179 Prestwich p. 189 HKW 1 318–27 J Morris 158–9 Goodall The English Castle pp. 215–6

  6. Foedera 606, 615, 620–1, 625, 629, 634, 638, Parsons Q&S p. 48 Birth p. 265, J Morris pp. 160–1, 174, Prestwich p. 190 Green Vol 3 p. 3, Vol 2 p. 288 referring to document E36/24 (112), Chaytor, p. 103

  7. Vegetius Book III Dispositions for Action, HKW I 354–7, Prestwich p. 190 Morris p. 181, J Morris pp. 176–177

  8. Itinerary, Prestwich p. 190, 192–193, Morris p. 181–3, J Morris 173–4 178–80, 188–9 Smith 537–42, 550, Inquisitions Post Mortem, Vol. II, Edward I, 446, p. 265, Huscroft thesis p. 95 (proving that the Burnells who died were not nephews or ‘nephews’ of Robert)

  9. Prestwich pp. 190–191, 193–4. pp. 185–6 J Morris 181–3 Mortimer The Greatest Traitor pp. 10–12 Smith p. 552

  10. Prestwich p. 194, 202, Salzman p. 73 Morris p. 186

  11. Foedera 625, 665 Green p. 290

  12. Itinerary, Prestwich p. 195, 327 J Morris 186, 190–1, Clifford 81, HKW 1 338 Goodall pp. 218–20 Beresford, 37–40, 42, 93–5.

  13. Parsons Q&S pp168–9, 171

  14. AM ii 401 J Morris 192–5 Goodall p. 218 RR Davies The First English Empire p. 32

  15. HKW 1 369–72 Mabinogion p. 104. On
Eleanor’s recounting of the tale see lines 8–29 of Escanor.

  16. AM iii 293, Prestwich p. 196, Morris p. 188 Taylor p. 119

  17. Taylor p. 108 Pettifer Welsh Castles p. 71, Parsons Q&S p. 33

  18. Ann London 92, Parsons Q&S 162–3 Prestwich p. 202–3, Salzman p. 74–5, Morris 190 Smith 568, 578–9, Pollock and Maitland ii 501 n 1

  19. Trivet p. 309 Morris p. 190, Taylor pp. 99, 100, 113, 120, Parsons Q&S p. 197

  20. Parsons Q&S pp. 161, 168, 169, 189, 193, 195, 211, Taylor p. 124

  21. Taylor p. 112, 117, 121

  22. Prestwich p. 206 C13 p. 437, Morris p. 190, Salzman p. 75, L Beverley Smith ‘The Statute of Wales 1284’, Macdonald, Abulafia p. 119 Beresford 42–44

  23. Martinez pp. 500–520

  24. Itinerary Safford gives Llyn Cwn Dulyn, which is followed by Morris p. 192. However, the Gough itinerary, and the original documents are clear that the location is ‘Baladeulyn’ which approximates to modern Nantlle, a little further north; which used to have two lakes ‘Deu Llyn’. Taylor 97, 124,125, An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Caernarvonshire: III West cxliii, http://www.nantlle.com/history-nantlle-baladeulyn.htm. The Mabinogion pp. 61–2, 202–5, 214.

  25. Foedera 626, 627, Green Vol 2 p. 291 HMS p. 388

  26. AM ii 402, iii 313, Flores iii 62, Prestwich p. 120, Morris p. 192, Davies p. 31–2, Smith p. 504, Denholm Young The Tournament in the Thirteenth Century 353–5 Saul p. 80 Wickham Early English Stages Vol 1 p. 17

  27. Itinerary, Morris p. 193 Taylor 109, 115

  28. Parsons Birth p. 261–2 concludes that there is no reason to doubt 19 August as the date or Windsor as the location. Salzman 78–9 Reg Pecham 2.233

  29. Morris p. 195 Taylor p. 108–9, 115, 122, Prestwich p. 126, J Morris p. 199–201 Huscroft p. 98

  30. Itinerary, Prestwich p. 206–7 Morris p. 195, Salzman p. 76, Morris Bigod Earls 52–3, 130, 144

  15 Gascony

  1. AM iv 300, Prestwich pp. 321–2, Morris 199, Dunbabin p. 232, Parsons Q&S pp. 161–2, 183, 192 Itinerary

  2. Flores iii 63, AM ii 402, Prestwich p. 323, Taylor p. 119

  3. Morris 202, Q&S 143 162, 165, 175, 187, 189, 193 Page History of the County of Sussex Vol 2 p. 94

  4. Howell 302, 304 Parsons Birth p. 264