The Story of Greece and Rome

by Tony Spawforth

  Sophronius and the caliph: see Phil Booth, Crisis of Empire. Doctrine and Dissent at the End of Late Antiquity (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 2011), pp. 234–5.

  ‘Thrice-blessed rock’: Alan Cameron, Classical Quarterly 33 (1983), pp. 284–92 (translation and commentary).

  Epilogue

  Earliest English dictionary: for traces of Virgil in the so-called Épinal glossary see Michael Lapidge in Malcolm Godden and others, eds, Anglo-Saxon England (Cambridge, 2007), p. 44.

  ‘Intellectually, men of the seventeenth century’: Henri Lamonnier, L’art français au temps de Louis XIV (Paris, 1911), p. 226, cited by Jean Cordey, Vaux-le-Vicomte (Paris 1924), pp. 48–9.

  Medea, Written in Rage, by Jean-René Lemoine, translated, adapted and directed by Neil Bartlett, starring the performer, dancer and vocalist François Testory, opened in London at The Place on 5 October 2017, which is when I saw it.

  FURTHER READING

  Many of the renditions into English from ancient writers, unless otherwise stated, are based on the Loeb Classical Library. This is an invaluable and ongoing series of ancient writers in translation, the English and the Greek or Latin set out side by side, which Harvard University Press has been publishing since 1912. It now available digitally as well: http://www.hup.harvard.edu/collection.php?cpk=1031.

  The reader who wants to find out more about ancient Greek and Roman individuals, places and themes and so on mentioned in this book might find of use this reference work, which I helped to edit: Simon Hornblower, Esther Eidinow and Antony Spawforth, eds, The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2014). This illustrated volume is the slimmed-down child of a much more comprehensive parent: Simon Hornblower, Esther Eidinow and Antony Spawforth, eds, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th edn (Oxford, 2012), which has well over six thousand entries aiming to cover all aspects of the ancient Greek and Roman world, with bibliographies. It can also be consulted for further information about individual ancient authors and editions and English translations of their writings.

  In addition, the following is a short and (therefore) highly selective list of suggestions for further reading on particular topics:

  Austin, M. M., and P. Vidal-Naquet, Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece: An Introduction (London, 1977)

  Beard, M., J. North and S. Price, Religions of Rome (Cambridge, 1995)

  Boardman, J., Oxford History of Classical Art (Oxford, 1993)

  Briant, P., Alexander the Great and His Empire: A Short Introduction (Princeton, NJ, 2010)

  Cornell, T., The Beginnings of Rome (Abingdon and New York, 1995)

  Dickinson, O., The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age (London and New York, 2006)

  Garnsey, P., and R. Saller, The Roman Empire, Economy, Society and Culture, 2nd edn (Oakland, CA, 2015)

  Goodman, M., The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180, 2nd edn (Abingdon and New York, 2011)

  Heather, P., The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (New York, 2006)

  Hornblower, S., The Greek World 479 BC–323 BC, 4th edn (Abingdon and New York, 2011)

  Howatson, M. C., The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, 3rd edn (Oxford, 2011)

  Lane Fox, R., Pagans and Christians (1986, reissued London, 2006)

  Mattingly, D., An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, 54 BC–AD 409 (London, 2006)

  Ogden, D., A Companion to Greek Religion (Chichester, 2007)

  Osborne, R., Greece in the Making 1200–479 BC, 2nd edn (Abingdon and New York, 2009)

  Sabin, P., H. van Wees and M. Whitby, eds, The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare (Cambridge, 2007)

  Talbert, R. J. A., Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (Princeton, NJ, 2000)

  INDEX

  300, film (i)

  Abraham (i)

  Abū Bakr, first caliph (i), (ii)

  Abu Simbel (i)

  Academy see Athens

  Achaemenids (i), (ii)

  Macedonian intermarriages (i), (ii)

  see also Artaxerxes II; Cambyses; Cyrus the Great; Darius I; Darius II; Darius III; Xerxes I

  Achilles, Greek hero (i), (ii)

  Acilius Glabrio, Manius, Roman consul (191 BC) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Acilius Glabrio Sibidius, Roman senator (i)

  his great-grandsons (i)

  Acragas, modern Agrigento (i), (ii)

  Acropolis see Athens

  Actium, battle of (31 BC) (i)

  actors (i), (ii)

  Nero as (i)

  see also drama

  Acts of the Apostles (i)

  adoption (i), (ii)

  Adam, and Eve (i)

  Adrianople, modern Edirne (i)

  adultery (i), (ii)

  Aegates islands, modern Egadi islands (i)

  Aelia Capitolina see Jerusalem

  Aeneas of Troy (i), (ii), (iii)

  Aeneid see Virgil

  Aeschylus, Athenian playwright (i), (ii), (iii)

  Aetolia, Aetolians (i)

  Afghanistan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Africa, North (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) see also Carthage; Cyrene; Gaeseric; Libya; Septimius Severus; Vandals

  Agamemnon, mythical Greek king (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Agamemnon, play by Aeschylus (i)

  Agesilaus II, Spartan king (i)

  Agricola, Roman governor of Britain (AD 77–84) (i)

  agriculture (i), (ii)

  Aristotle on (i)

  Carthaginian manual on (i), (ii)

  Law of Hieron (i)

  Sparta disrupts Athenian (i), (ii)

  see also animal husbandry; bull-leaping; farmers; landowners; olive; trade

  Ai-Khanoum (i), (ii), (iii)

  Aidone, Sicilian town (i)

  Ajax (i)

  Alba Fucens (i)

  Alaric (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Alcibiades (i)

  Alexander III of Macedon (‘the Great’) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)

  deification and (i), (ii), (iii)

  economy and (i), (ii)

  Greek civilisation and (i)

  Persian customs and (i)

  Pompey and (i), (ii)

  see also hairstyles

  Alexander Severus, Roman emperor (i)

  Alexandria, Egypt (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  alliance, ally (i)

  Hieron II and Rome (i)

  Italians and Rome (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Macedonians and Greeks (i)

  Spartans and Peloponnesians (i), (ii)

  see also Athens, naval alliance

  Al-Mina (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  alphabet

  Etruscan (i)

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Phoenician (i), (ii)

  Alps (i), (ii)

  altars (i), (ii)

  Pergamum (i)

  Alyattes, Lydian king (i)

  Amazons (i)

  Amphidamas of Chalcis (i)

  Ammianus Marcellinus, historian (i)

  amphora

  Carthaginian (i)

  see storage jar; trade

  Anaximander, Greek philosopher (i), (ii)

  Andros, island (i)

  ancestor worship (i)

  animal husbandry see cattle; sheep and goats

  animals see bears; camels; hippopotamus; horses; lions; sacrifice, animal

  Ankara, ancient Ancyra (i)

  Antigonids, Macedonian dynasty (i), (ii) see also Perseus; Philip V

  Antigonus I, Macedonian king (i)

  Antikythera, Roman shipwreck (i)

  mechanism (i)

  Antinous (i), (ii)

  Antiocheia, Antioch, modern Antakya (i), (ii)

  Antiochus I, Seleucid king (i)

  Antiochus III, Seleucid king (i), (ii)

  Antonius, Marcus, Mark Antony (i)

  Antony and Cleopatra, Shakespeare play (i)
>
  Apollo (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Apollonius, Ptolemaic finance minister (i)

  Apology, Plato (i)

  Apries, Egyptian pharaoh (i)

  aqueducts see water supply

  Aquileia (i)

  Arabia, Arabs

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i)

  ancient (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  modern (i)

  Arabic language (i), (ii)

  Aramaic (i)

  ‘Archaic smile’ (i)

  architects, Greek (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  archery (i), (ii), (iii)

  Archimedes, Greek inventor (i), (ii)

  archons, Athenian (i)

  aristocracy, aristocrats

  Athenian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  French (i)

  Homeric (i)

  Persian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  see also dress; nobiles

  Aristophanes, Athenian comic playwright (i), (ii), (iii)

  Aristotle (i), (ii), (iii)

  barbarians and (i)

  drama and (i)

  Sparta and (i), (ii)

  armies, Arab (i)

  armies, Macedonian (i), (ii)

  armies, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  ‘king makers’ (i), (ii)

  late Roman (i), (ii), (iii)

  protectors of civilization (i)

  see also armour; artillery; cavalry; discipline; infantry; militarism; military recruitment; Romans; shields; war; weaponry

  armillary sphere (i)

  armour

  Greek (i)

  late Roman (i), (ii)

  Macedonian (i)

  Persian (i)

  see also shields

  Arpinum, modern Arpino (i), (ii)

  Arsinoe, Egyptian petitioner (i)

  Arsinoe II, Ptolemaic queen (i)

  art market, Roman (i)

  Artaxerxes II, Persian king (i), (ii)

  Artemis, Greek goddess (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Artemisium (i)

  Arthur, King (i)

  artillery, Greek (i)

  Asclepius, Greek healing god (i)

  Ascra, Boeotian village (i)

  Asia see Alexander III of Macedon; Attici; Babylon; barbarian; Mesopotamia; orientalism; Parthian Empire; Persia; Pompeius; Sasanian Persians; Seleucid dynasty

  Asidates, Persian landowner (i)

  Aspasia (i)

  assemblies

  Athenian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Homeric (i)

  Lycian (i)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii)

  astrologers, astrology (i), (ii)

  astronomical instruments (i) see also Antikythera, mechanism

  astronomy (i), (ii), (iii)

  Aswan (i)

  Athena, Athana, Greek goddess (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Athens, Athenians (i), (ii)

  Academy (i)

  Acropolis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)

  agora (i), (ii)

  Apollo as ancestor (i)

  cultural achievements (i)

  cultural prestige (i)

  democracy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Hadrian and (i)

  Heruli and (i)

  Lysicrates Monument (i)

  Macedon and (i)

  naval alliance against Persia (i), (ii), (iii)

  Parthenon (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Persian Wars and (i)

  Pnyx (i), (ii)

  Roman attitudes to (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman provincial town (i)

  Stoa (i)

  Theatre of Dionysus (i), (ii), (iii)

  Tholos (i), (ii)

  women (i)

  see also Attalus II, Stoa of; Attici; Demosthenes; Epigraphical Museum; Goulandris Museum; law courts; Athenian; National Archaeological Museum; Pericles; Piraeus; potters

  athletes, athletic contests, Greek (i), (ii), (iii)

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i)

  Rome and (i)

  see also Olympia

  Attalidae, Attalids (i)

  Attalus I, Pergamene king (i)

  Attalus II, Stoa of (i)

  Attici, ‘Attics’, group of Roman orators (i), (ii)

  Attila, Hunnic leader (i), (ii), (iii)

  auctoritas (i)

  audiences, rulers’ (i), (ii)

  Augustine, churchman (i)

  Augustulus see Romulus

  Augustus, first Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  title (i)

  see also Livia Drusilla; Octavian; Virgil; worship of rulers

  Aurelian, Roman emperor (i)

  Axiothea (i)

  Babylon, Babylonians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Bactria (i)

  Baghdad (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Balkh, Afghanistan (i)

  Baltimore, USA (i)

  barbarian, barbarians

  Aristotle and (i)

  Germanic peoples as (i)

  Greek ideas of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Macedonians as (i)

  modern ideas (i)

  Pergamum and (i)

  Roman ideas of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  see also civilization; migrants, migration

  barter (i)

  bathing, bath houses, Roman (i), (ii)

  sanitation and (i)

  bathrooms, Greek (i)

  beards (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also hairstyles

  bears (i)

  Beijing Spring (i)

  ‘belief’ (i), (ii)

  Ben Hur, film (i)

  benefaction, benefactors, benefactresses (i)

  Benghazi (i)

  Berlin (i)

  Altes Museum (i), (ii), (iii)

  Bethar (i)

  Betjeman, John and Penelope (i)

  Bible (i), (ii), (iii) see also Acts of the Apostles; Gospels; New Testament

  Bibulus see Calpurnius Bibulus, Marcus

  bibliography, ancient (i)

  bilingualism (i)

  biography, ancient (i) see also Alexander III of Macedon; Caesar, Julius; Augustus

  bisexuality (i)

  bishops see Augustine, churchman; Eusebius, Christian writer; Sophronius

  Black Sea (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Boeotia, region of central Greece, Boeotians (i), (ii) see also Ascra; Chaeronea; Thebes, central Greece; Thespiae

  Bon, Cape, Tunisia (i), (ii)

  books and booksellers, ancient (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also libraries; papyrus

  booty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Alaric and (i)

  Carausius and (i)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii)

  see also empire; war

  Bordeaux (i)

  Bosporus (i)

  botany, Greek (i)

  Boudicca (i)

  ‘bread and circuses’ (i)

  bribery (i), (ii), (iii) see also corruption

  Britain, Roman Britannia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Britanni (i)

  British Museum (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii)

  British School at Athens (i)

  ‘Brittunculi’, insulting Roman diminutive (i)

  bronze, bronze-making (i), (ii)

  Corinthian (i)

  inscriptions (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Bronze Age (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Brutus see Junius Brutus, Marcus

  Bulgaria (i), (ii), (iii)

  bull-leaping (i)

  Burgundi, Germanic people (i)

  businessmen (i), (ii)

  Butheric, Roman general (i)

  Byzantium (i), (ii)

  Cadiz, ancient Gadir (i), (ii)

  Caecilii Metelli, Roman
noble family (i), (ii)

  Caere, modern Cerveteri (i)

  Caesar, Julius (i), (ii), (iii)

  ancestry (i)

  author (i)

  portrait (i)

  Caesar, title (i)

  Caligula, the Roman emperor Gaius (i), (ii)

  caliph, caliphate, Muslim (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Abū Bakr, caliph; Ma’mūn, caliph

  Callimachus, Alexandrian scholar (i)

  Calpurnii Pisones, Roman noble family (i)

  Calpurnius Bibulus, Marcus, Roman consul (59 BC) (i), (ii)

  Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Lucius, Caesar’s father-in-law (i)

  Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, Lucius, imperial claimant (i), (ii) see also Verania

  Cambyses, Persian king (i)

  camels (i)

  Canaanites (i), (ii)

  cannibalism, ancient allegations of (i), (ii)

  Carausius, Roman imperial usurper (i), (ii)

  coinage and (i)

  Caria, Carians (i), (ii)

  Carthage, Carthaginians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Aeneid and (i)

  Hieron II and (i)

  Roman colony (i)

  Roman wars with (i), (ii)

  see also Punic Wars

  Caryae (i)

  Caryatids (i)

  Cassius Dio, Roman historian (i), (ii)

  Castelvetrano, Sicily (i), (ii)

  castration, of homosexuals (i) see also eunuchs

  Catania, Sicily (i)

  catapults (i)

  Cato the Elder, Roman statesman (i)

  cattle (i), (ii) see also animals; Rome (ancient city), cattle market; sheep and goats

  Caudine Forks (i)

  cauldrons (i), (ii)

  cavalry

  British (i)

  Macedonian (i), (ii)

  Persian (i)

  Roman (i)

  see also horse-breeding

  Cecrops, mythical king of Athens (i), (ii)

  centaur (i)

  Celtic (i)

  Celts (i) see also Gauls

  censor, Roman magistracy (i)

  Ceos, modern Kea, Aegean island (i)

  Chaeronea (i), (ii)

  battle of (338 BC) (i), (ii), (iii)

  battle of (81 BC) (i)

  Chalcis, Euboea, modern Chalkida (i)

  Champagne (i)

  chariots, chariot-racing, charioteers (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Chicago (i)

  Chichester, Roman Noviomagus (i)

  children (i), (ii)

  Delphi maxims and (i)

  enslavement (i)

  Plato’s utopia and (i)

  sacrifice of (i)

  Spartan (i)

  see also Medea

  China (i) see also Beijing Spring; Mao

  Chios, Greek island (i)

  wine (i)

  Christ, relics of (i), (ii), (iii) see also crucifixion; Jesus

  Christianity, Christians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi)