The Story of Greece and Rome

by Tony Spawforth

  charity and (i)

  Gospels (i)

  persecution of (i), (ii)

  see also paganism, late Roman

  churches (i) see also Haghia Sophia; Constantine I; Galla Placidia; Helena; Justinian; Ravenna; Rome (ancient city), St Peter’s basilica

  Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman politician, orator, intellectual and writer (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  on Sparta (i)

  Cimon son of Miltiades (i)

  circumcision (i)

  cities

  Alexander III and (i), (ii)

  Etruscan (i)

  Hellenistic (i)

  Philip II and (i)

  Roman provincial (i), (ii)

  Seleucids and (i)

  see also bathing, bath houses; drainage; fortifications; houses; sanitation; theatres

  city-state, Greek (polis) (i), (ii)

  Archaic Greek settlement overseas and (i)

  Aristotle and (i)

  civil strife and (i)

  local identity and (i)

  city-state, Rome as (i), (ii)

  citizens, citizenship

  Athenian (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Roman provincials and (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Spartan (i), (ii)

  civil strife (i)

  civil wars, Roman (i), (ii), (iii) see also proscriptions

  civilization (i), (ii)

  Alexander and Greek (i), (ii)

  Greek ideas about (i)

  Greek prehistory and (i)

  modern ideas about (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Roman ideas about (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Rome and Greek (i), (ii)

  see also barbarian; cities; Mycenae

  Classical, classical, definition (i)

  Claudii Marcelli, Roman noble family (i)

  Claudius, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Claudius Togidubnus, Tiberius, great king of Britain (i)

  Cleisthenes (i)

  Cleon, Athenian politician (i)

  Cleopatra VII, last Ptolemaic ruler (i), (ii), (iii)

  client rulers, Roman see Boudicca; Cleopatra VII; Claudius Togidubnus

  coinage, coins

  Carausius and (i)

  Cleopatra and (i)

  Greek (i)

  Hadrian and (i)

  Italian rebels and (i)

  Lydian invention (i)

  urbanisation and (i)

  Colchester (i)

  colonial attitudes, Greek (i)

  colonies, colonists, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  colonisation (i)

  Hellenistic (i)

  ‘libidinous’ (i)

  Macedonian (i)

  see also Greeks, ancient

  comedy, Greek (i)

  Athenian (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman adaptations (i)

  see also drama; music

  Commodus, Roman emperor (i)

  competition, competitiveness (i) see also athletes

  computer see Antikythera, mechanism

  Constantine I, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Constantinople, modern Istanbul (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi) see also Haghia Sophia; hippodrome; Topkapi Palace

  Constantius II, Roman emperor (i), (ii)

  constitution, Roman republican see Romans

  consulate, consuls, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Caligula and (i)

  religious duties (i)

  convivium, Roman drinking party (i)

  Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (i), (ii)

  copper (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Copts (i)

  Coressia (i)

  Corinth, Corinthians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  archaeological museum (i)

  Roman destruction (i), (ii)

  Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi (i), (ii)

  Cornelia, Paulla (i)

  Cornelii Scipiones, Roman patrician family (i), (ii), (iii)

  Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius, Roman consul (205 BC) (i)

  Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, Lucius, Roman consul (298 BC) (i)

  Cornelius Sulla, Lucius, Roman dictator (81 BC) (i)

  corruption (i), (ii) see also bribery

  Corsica (i), (ii)

  courts, courtiers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  late Roman (i), (ii)

  see also audience, rulers’; dress; eunuchs; flattery; palaces

  courtesans see Aspasia; Rhodopis

  Crassus see Licinius Crassus, Marcus

  Crete (i)

  Crimea (i)

  Croesus, Lydian king (i)

  Cronus, Greek god (i), (ii)

  cross-dressing (i)

  crucifixion (i), (ii) see also Jesus

  Cumae (i)

  Cyclades, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Cycladic figurines (i)

  Cynegirus son of Euphorion (i)

  Cynisca, Spartan princess (i)

  Cyprus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Cyrene (i)

  Cyrus the Great, Persian king (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Damascus (i), (ii)

  Danaus, mythical king (i)

  Danube, River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Dardanelles (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Darius I, Persian king (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Darius II, Persian king (i)

  Darius III, Persian king (i), (ii)

  Decius, Roman emperor (i), (ii)

  deification see Alexander III of Macedon; worship of rulers

  Delian League see Athens

  Delos (i), (ii)

  slave market (i)

  Delphi (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  inscribed maxims (i)

  Romans and (i)

  see also oracles

  Delphic Charioteer (i)

  Demeter, Greek goddess (i), (ii)

  democracies, western (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  democracy

  Greek see assemblies; Athens, Athenians; law courts, Athenian; lottery; merit, meritocracy

  Roman (i)

  Demosthenes (i), (ii), (iii)

  Dendera, Egypt (i)

  diaspora

  Jewish (i)

  Italian (i)

  Persian (i)

  dialectic (i) see Socrates

  dictator see Romans

  Dido, Carthaginian queen (i)

  Didyma (i), (ii)

  Diocletian, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  edict on prices (i)

  dining

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i)

  Athenian democracy and (i)

  Etruscan (i)

  Germanic (i)

  Greek (i)

  Near Eastern influence (i)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  see also symposium; convivium

  Diodorus Siculus, Greek historian (i), (ii)

  dioiketes, Ptolemaic finance minister (i)

  Dionysus, Greek god (i), (ii), (iii)

  Athenian festival of (i), (ii)

  diplomacy, diplomats (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  grain diplomacy (i)

  see also alliance, ally; treaty

  disease see epidemic; sanitation

  discipline, military

  Greek (i), (ii)

  Macedonian (i)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Spartan (i), (ii), (iii)

  divination

  Etruscan (i)

  Greek (i)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  Domitian, Roman emperor (i), (ii)

  Dorian, Dorian Greeks, Doric (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Dorchester (i)

  drainage (i) see bathrooms; sanitation

  drama

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i)

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii)

  ori
gins (i), (ii)

  Roman (i)

  women in the audience (i)

  see also actors; Aeschylus; Aristophanes; comedy; Epicharmus; Euripides; mask, theatrical; Medea; Sophocles; Stesichorus; theatres; tragedy

  Dreros, Crete (i), (ii)

  dress

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i)

  Aristotle and (i)

  Athenian democracy and (i), (ii)

  effeminacy and (i)

  Goths (i)

  Huns (i)

  late Roman emperors (i)

  Livia and (i)

  Lydian influence on Greek (i)

  philosophers and (i)

  Romans and Greek (i)

  see also cross-dressing; toga

  drought (i), (ii), (iii)

  dynastic principle, dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  earthquakes (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ecbatana (i)

  economics, household (i)

  economy

  farming (i)

  Hellenistic royal (i)

  and Linear B (i)

  see also agriculture; empire; farmers; imperialism; landowners; metallurgy; mines, mining; piracy; slavery; trade

  education

  Greek (i)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii)

  see also gymnasium; orators; philosophers; rhetoric

  Edward VII (i)

  Egesta see Segesta

  Egypt, Egyptians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i), (ii)

  Christianity and (i)

  Greek colonial attitudes and (i)

  Greek temple building and (i)

  Minoans and (i)

  Persians and (i), (ii)

  pharaohs (i)

  Ptolemies and (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman province (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  see also Alexandria; Apries; Aswan; Cleopatra VII; Dendera; obelisk; Oxyrhynchus; Psammetichus; Thebes, Egypt

  Elba, ancient Aethalia (i)

  electioneering, elections see lottery; Romans

  Elgin Marbles (i)

  Elizabeth II (i)

  Elpinice (i)

  emperors, Roman, ideology and role (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) see also Augustus; courts; monarchy; princeps; Tetrarchy; worship of rulers

  empire, empires (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Alexander’s approach to (i)

  Athenian (i), (ii)

  Macedonian (i), (ii)

  Ptolemaic (i)

  Spartan (i), (ii)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  see also Alexander III of Macedon; Athens, naval alliance; Carthage; imperialism; land hunger; Lydia; Macedon; Persia; Rome; tribute

  engineers, engineering, Greek (i), (ii)

  England (i), (ii), (iii)

  English Channel (i), (ii), (iii)

  Ephesus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Ephippus, Greek writer (i)

  Epicharmus, Sicilian Greek poet (i)

  Epicurus, Greek philosopher (i)

  Epidaurus (i)

  epidemic, Athenian (i)

  Epigraphical Museum, Athens (i), (ii)

  eques, equestrian, equites see Romans, knights

  Erasistratus, Greek scholar and medical researcher (i)

  Eretria (i), (ii)

  erōs, Greek sexual love (i)

  estates, landed

  Hellenistic kingdoms as (i)

  Macedonian (i), (ii)

  Persian (i)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Spartan (i)

  Etna, Mt (i)

  Etruria, ancient Italy (i), (ii)

  Etruria, Staffordshire, England (i)

  Etruscan language (i)

  Etruscans, ancient (i)

  kings of Rome (i)

  Etruscomania (i)

  Euboea, Greek island, Euboean (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) see also Lefkandi

  Eumenes II, Pergamene king (i)

  eunuchs (i) see also castration

  Euphrates, River (i), (ii)

  Euripides, Athenian playwright (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Europe (i) see Asia

  Eurotas, River (i)

  Eurymedon, River (i)

  Eusebius, Christian writer (i), (ii), (iii)

  Evans, Sir Arthur (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Eve, and Adam (i)

  exchange

  Minoan (i)

  see also trade

  exiles, Greek (i)

  extispicy (i), (ii) see also divination

  fake news (i)

  farmers, farming, farmland, farm produce (i), (ii)

  Archaic Greece (i), (ii), (iii)

  Athenian (i)

  Bronze Age Greece (i)

  Carthage (i)

  Hellenistic (i)

  Macedonian (i), (ii)

  Megara Hyblaea (i)

  Neolithic Greece (i)

  Roman (i)

  see also agriculture; estates

  Fayum (i)

  feasting, feasts

  Etruscan (i)

  Lydian (i)

  Macedonian (i), (ii)

  Minoan (i)

  sacrificial, Greek (i), (ii)

  see also symposium

  fertility, female (i), (ii), (iii)

  fetialis (i)

  film (i) see also Ben Hur; Spartacus, film; 300

  fish (i)

  Fishbourne, Roman villa (i)

  Flamininus see Quinctius Flamininus, Titus

  flattery (i), (ii), (iii)

  Flaubert, Gustave (i)

  fortifications (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Justinian and (i)

  see also Hadrian’s Wall

  France (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) see also Gaul, Gauls

  Franchthi Cave (i)

  Franks (i), (ii)

  freedmen, freedwomen, Roman (i), (ii)

  freedom (i), (ii), (iii) see also liberty

  friendship (i)

  frontiers (i), (ii) see also Hadrian’s Wall

  Gaeseric, Vandal leader (i), (ii)

  Galba, Roman emperor (i)

  Galilee, Lake (i)

  Galla Placidia (i)

  Galla Placidia, ‘mausoleum of’ (i)

  galleys

  Greek (i), (ii)

  Persian (i)

  Roman (i)

  see also triremes

  Game of Thrones, TV series (i)

  Ganymede (i)

  gardens (i)

  Gaugamela, battle of (331 BC) (i)

  Gaul, Gauls (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Gela (i), (ii)

  Gelon, Sicilian tyrant (i), (ii)

  genealogies (i), (ii)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  geographers, geography, Greek (i), (ii)

  Germania, Roman definition (i)

  Germani, ancient peoples known as (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  appearance (i)

  Tacitus’s book about (i)

  see also Burgundi; Butheric; Lombardi; San Giovanni di Ruoti; Saxons; Visigoths

  Germanic dialects (i)

  Germany (i)

  Geronthrae (i)

  Getty Museum, California (i), (ii), (iii)

  ghosts, Greek belief in (i), (ii)

  Gibbon, Edward, historian (i)

  Gilgamesh, Epic of (i)

  Glabrio see Acilius Glabrio, Manius

  gladiators (i), (ii)

  Golan Heights (i)

  gold (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  coins (i)

  Golgotha (i)

  Gospels (i)

  Gothi, Goths (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Ostrogoths; Visigoths

  Goulandris Museum, Athens (i)

  Gracchus, Sempronius see Sempronius Gracchus, Gaius; Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberias, brother of Gaius; Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberias, Roman consul

  graffiti (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also inscriptions

  grain (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  doles, Roman (i), (ii), (iii)

  granaries (i), (ii)

  ‘Gr
aecia’, ‘Graeci’ see Greeks

  ‘Graeco-Roman’, definition (i)

  Great North Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne (i)

  Greece, Roman

  conquest (i)

  ‘dark age’ (i)

  Justinian and (i)

  see also Athens; Hadrian; Heruli; Sparta

  Greek, Ancient, language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  ‘common language’ (koine) (i)

  see also inscriptions; literature; papyrus

  ‘Greekling’, Roman insult (i)

  Greekness, definition (i), (ii)

  Greeks, ancient (i)

  origin of name (i)

  identity (i), (ii)

  overseas settlements (i) see also Naucratis

  Rome, resistance to (i)

  see also civilization

  gymnasium

  aristocracy and (i)

  Athenian (i), (ii)

  gymnastic exercises (i) see also sport

  Hadrian, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Greek culture and (i), (ii), (iii)

  Jews and (i)

  military concerns and (i)

  provinces and (i)

  Hadrian’s Wall (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Haghia Sophia, Istanbul (i)

  hairstyles (i), (ii)

  Halicarnassus, modern Bodrum (i), (ii)

  Hannibal (i)

  haruspices (i) see also divination

  Hatshepsut, Egyptian pharaoh (i), (ii)

  Hattusa, Hittite capital (i)

  Helen ‘of Troy’ (i)

  Helena, Roman empress (i)

  Helicon, Mt (i)

  Hellas, Hellen, Hellenes (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Greek; Greeks

  ‘Hellas, Great’ see Magna Graecia

  Hellenistic, definition (i)

  Helots, Spartan (i), (ii), (iii)

  hēmerotēs see civilization, Greek ideas about

  Hera, Greek goddess (i)

  Heracles (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Herculaneum (i)

  Hercules (i), (ii)

  Herodotus, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Persian Wars and (i)

  truthfulness (i)

  Herophilus, Greek medical researcher (i)

  Hertfordshire, England (i)

  Heruli, migrating people (i)

  Hesiod, Greek poet (i), (ii)

  hieroglyphs, Egyptian (i), (ii), (iii)

  Hieron I, Sicilian tyrant (i)

  Hieron II, Sicilian king (i), (ii)

  Himera (i)

  battle (i), (ii), (iii)

  hippodrome see Constantinople; horses

  hippopotamus (i)

  history-writing, ancient (i)

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i), (ii)

  Greek (i)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  see also Ammianus Marcellinus; Cassius Dio; Diodorus Siculus; fake news; Herodotus; Livy; Polybius; Tacitus; Thucydides; Xenophon

  Hittite Empire (i)

  Hobbes, Thomas (i)

  Hollywood (i) see also film

  Homer (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i)

  Alexandria and (i)

  Iliad (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)