The Story of Greece and Rome

by Tony Spawforth

Mesopotamia and (i)

  Odyssey (i), (ii)

  Virgil and (i)

  homoerotic graffiti (i)

  homosexuality

  Athenian comedy and (i)

  Justinian penalises (i)

  Macedonian (i)

  late Roman (i)

  Plato and (i)

  Romans and (i), (ii)

  Spartan (i)

  see also bisexuality; males; symposium

  honey (i)

  Horace, Roman poet (i)

  horses, horse-breeding (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) see also Caligula; cavalry

  houses

  Greek (i)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  Soluntum (i)

  human-centred culture, humanity, Greek (i)

  Hungary (i)

  Huni, Huns (i), (ii), (iii)

  hunt, hunters, hunting (i), (ii)

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i)

  staged, Roman (i)

  hunter-gatherers (i)

  Hyblon, Sicilian ruler (i)

  hybridity, cultural (i), (ii), (iii) see also Ai-Khanoum

  Iliad see Homer

  imperial cult, Roman see worship of rulers

  imperialism, imperialists (i)

  Macedonian (i), (ii)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  see also civilization; colonisation; empire; peace; tax

  ‘imperium’, Roman idea of (i)

  Inca emperor (i)

  incense (i), (ii)

  incest (i), (ii)

  Ptolemaic (i)

  India, ancient (i)

  Indus, River (i)

  infantry

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman (i)

  see also armies

  inscriptions

  Ai-Khanoum (i)

  Athenian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  ‘epigraphic habit’ (i)

  Etruscan (i)

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii)

  Latin (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)

  Persian (i), (ii)

  Phoenician (i)

  see also Epigraphical Museum; graffiti; Res gestae

  Ionia, Ionian Greeks (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Ionian Revolt (i)

  Iraq (i)

  Iran (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  shah (i)

  iron, ironworking (i), (ii)

  roasting spits (i)

  Iron Age (i), (ii), (iii)

  irrigation (i)

  Isca (i)

  Islam (i), (ii), (iii) see also caliph; Muhammad, prophet; Muslim; Topkapi Palace

  Israel (i), (ii), (iii)

  Issus, battle of (333 BC) (i)

  Istanbul see Haghia Sophia; Constantinople; obelisk; Topkapi Palace

  Isthmus of Corinth (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Italians, revolt against Rome (91 BC) (i)

  Italic peoples see Latini, Latins; Oscan dialect; Sabini, Sabines; Samnites; Volsci

  Italy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Justinian’s reconquest (i), (ii)

  support for Octavian (i)

  ivory (i), (ii)

  James, William, philosopher (i)

  Japan, (i), (ii)

  Jerusalem (i), (ii), (iii)

  Jesus (i), (ii) see also Christ; Christianity

  Jews, ancient (i)

  John the Evangelist see Patmos

  jokes, Roman (i)

  Jordan (i)

  Judaea, Roman province (i) see also Hadrian; Jerusalem; Jews

  Julia Domna, Roman empress (i)

  Julian, Roman emperor (i), (ii)

  Julius see Caesar, Julius

  Junius Brutus, Marcus, conspirator (i)

  Jupiter (i), (ii), (iii)

  Justinian, Roman emperor (i)

  Kalamata (i)

  kalos inscriptions see homoerotic graffiti

  Kashmir (i)

  kings, kingship

  Greek ideas about (i)

  Hellenistic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Macedonian (i), (ii), (iii)

  Pergamene (i)

  Persian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  Spartan (i)

  see also courts; monarchy; worship of rulers

  Knossos, Crete (i)

  Knights, comedy by Aristophanes (i)

  Kommos, Crete (i)

  Kos, ancient Cos (i)

  Kopanaki (i)

  Lagerfeld, Karl (i)

  Lampedusa, Giuseppe di, Sicilian writer (i)

  land hunger (i), (ii), (iii)

  land reform, Roman (i), (ii)

  land tenure

  Macedonian (i)

  Roman (i)

  Vandal (i)

  landowners, landownership (i), (ii), (iii)

  Macedonian (i)

  Spartan (i)

  see also agriculture; estates; farmers

  language see Greek, Ancient, language; Latin language

  Latin language (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  spread of (i)

  see also inscriptions; literature

  Latini, Latins (i), (ii), (iii)

  Lavrion, ancient Laurium (i)

  law courts, Athenian (i), (ii), (iii)

  trial of Socrates (i)

  law courts, Roman (i), (ii)

  Law of Hieron (i)

  law, Roman

  Justinian’s codification (i)

  provinces and (i)

  schools (i)

  Twelve Tables (i), (ii)

  laws, Greek (i), (ii)

  Spartan (i)

  see also Lycurgus

  lead (i), (ii)

  Lebanon (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Lefkandi, archaeological site on Euboea (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Leigh Fermor, Patrick, writer (i)

  Lelantine plain, Euboea (i)

  Leonidas, Spartan king (i), (ii)

  Lesbos, modern Lesvos, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Aristotle and (i)

  letters, letter-writing (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  liberty, Roman ideal of (i) see also freedom

  libraries

  Alexandria (i)

  Athens (i)

  Ephesus (i)

  Herculaneum (i)

  Pergamum (i)

  see also bibliography; books and booksellers; papyrus

  Libya, modern state (i), (ii), (iii)

  Licinii Crassi, Roman noble family (i)

  Licinius Crassus, Marcus, Roman consul 70 BC (i)

  lighthouses, ancient (i), (ii)

  Linear A, Minoan script (i), (ii)

  Linear B, Mycenaean script (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  lions (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) see also hunt

  literature, ancient see biography; drama; history-writing; letters; novel; poems; Procopius; puns

  Livia Drusilla, second wife of Augustus (i), (ii)

  Livy, Roman historian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  personal religiosity (i)

  Lombardi, (i)

  London, Great Fire of (i)

  lottery (i), (ii)

  Luceria, battle of (315/314 BC) (i)

  Ludwig II, king of Bavaria (i)

  Luxor (i) see also Thebes

  Lycia, region and Roman province (i) see also Nereid Monument; Patara; Vilia Procla

  Lycurgus, Spartan lawgiver (i)

  Lydia, Lydians

  coinage and (i)

  ‘customs’ (i)

  Lyon, ancient Lugdunum (i)

  Macedon, Macedonians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Antigonids and (i)

  Asian women and (i)

  Rome and (i), (ii)

  see also Alexander III of Macedon; Philip II; Ptolemies; Seleucid dynasty

  Madonna, weeping, Syracuse (i)

  Madrid (i)

  magic, magicians (i), (ii), (iii)

  M
agna Graecia (i)

  maiestas (i), (ii)

  majlis, audience (i)

  Malea, Cape, Peloponnese (i)

  males, manliness, masculinity (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  see also beards; nudity; war; women

  Ma’mūn, caliph (i)

  manpower, Roman (i), (ii) see also population

  Mao, Chairman (i)

  Marathon (i)

  battle (490 BC) (i), (ii), (iii)

  marathon race (i)

  marble (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii)

  Mardonius (i), (ii), (iii)

  Marius, Gaius, Roman consul (107 BC) (i), (ii), (iii)

  Marshall Plan (i)

  Mark Antony see Antonius, Marcus

  marriage

  Etruscan (i)

  forced (i)

  Macedonians with Persians (i)

  mixed (i)

  Roman (i)

  wife-sharing (i)

  martyrs (i)

  mask, ancestral (i)

  mask, theatrical

  Ai-Khanoum (i), (ii)

  Athens (i)

  Nero and (i)

  Sparta (i)

  Maxim’s, Paris restaurant (i)

  Maximinus, Roman emperor (i)

  Maximus, late Roman philosopher (i)

  Medea (i)

  Medes (i), (ii)

  medical research, Greek (i) see also Asclepius; vivisection

  medical students, modern, and Alexander III of Macedon (i)

  Medina (i)

  Mediterranean Sea, mare nostrum (i)

  Megara Hyblaea, Sicilian Greek settlement (i)

  Megara, mainland Greece (i)

  Meiji, Japanese emperor (i), (ii)

  Meilichius, cultic name (i)

  Melos, Cycladic island (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  memory, social (i)

  men see males; women

  Menelaus, wife of Helen (i), (ii)

  mercenaries

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii)

  Italian (i)

  merchants

  Greek (i), (ii)

  Phoenician (i)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  see also businessmen; trade

  Mercury, Roman god (i)

  merit, meritocracy (i), (ii), (iii)

  Mesopotamia, Mesopotamians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Parthians and (i)

  Seleucids and (i), (ii)

  see also Sasanian Persians

  Messenia, Messenians (i), (ii)

  metallurgy (i) see also bronze; copper; gold; iron; lead; mines; silver; tin; zinc

  Metelli see Caecilii Metelli

  metics (foreign residents in Greek cities) (i), (ii)

  Metropolitan Museum, New York (i), (ii)

  Michelangelo (i)

  migrants, migration (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  ‘chain’ migration (i)

  Germanic (i)

  Hellenistic (i), (ii)

  later Roman Empire and (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  see also colonisation; barbarian; diaspora; metics

  Miletus, Ionian Greek city (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  militarism, Roman (i)

  military recruitment, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  military training see discipline

  Miltiades (i)

  Minerva, Roman goddess (i)

  mines, mining, Athenian (i)

  Minoans, Minoan (i), (ii), (iii)

  Minos, mythical Cretan king (i), (ii)

  miracles, ancient (i), (ii)

  misogyny, ancient (i), (ii)

  Mitford, Nancy (i)

  Mithradates VI, king of Pontus (i), (ii), (iii)

  Mohammed see Muhammad, prophet

  Molek, Moloch (i)

  monarchy

  Macedonian (i), (ii)

  Minoan (i)

  modern (i)

  Mycenaean (i)

  Roman (i)

  Roman imperial (i), (ii)

  see also ‘bread and circuses’; courts; emperors; kings, kingship; worship of rulers

  monks (i), (ii)

  Monmouthshire (i)

  Morgantina (i), (ii)

  Morocco (i)

  mosaics (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Moses (i)

  Mosul (i), (ii)

  Motya (i), (ii)

  Muhammad, prophet (i), (ii)

  Museum, Alexandria (i)

  Muslim, Muslims (i), (ii)

  music

  Greek (i), (ii)

  Greek drama and (i)

  Nero and (i)

  Roman drama and (i)

  Mycenae (i), (ii)

  Mycenaeans, Mycenaean (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  mythology, myths, Greek (i) see also Danaus; drama; Medea; poems; Stesichorus; Trojan War; Vaux-le-Vicomte

  Naevius, Roman playwright (i)

  names, personal

  Greek (i)

  Celtic (i)

  Germanic (i)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  Naples (i)

  Archaeological Museum (i)

  Bay of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Naqš-i Rustam, Iran (i)

  National Archaeological Museum, Athens (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Naucratis (i), (ii), (iii)

  navy

  Athenian (i)

  Carthaginian (i)

  Spartan (i)

  see also galleys; triremes

  Nazis (i)

  Nefertiti, Egyptian queen (i)

  Neolithic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  ‘mind’ (i)

  Neolithic Revolution (i)

  Neptune (i)

  Nereid Monument (i)

  Nero, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii)

  Christians and (i)

  Neronian Games (i)

  Nestor, king of Pylos (i)

  ‘Nestor’s Cup’ (i)

  New Testament (i)

  Newcastle upon Tyne (i)

  Newcastle University, England (i)

  Nicaea, modern Iznik (i)

  Nicene Creed (i)

  Nicias, Athenian general (i)

  Nightingale, Florence (i)

  Nile, River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Nisibis, modern Nusaybin (i)

  nobiles (i), (ii), (iii) see also aristocracy, aristocrats

  nomads (i), (ii)

  novel, historical, modern see Vidal, Gore; Waugh, Evelyn

  novel, Roman (i)

  Novi Sad, Serbia (i)

  nudity

  female (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Greek male (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  obelisk (i)

  obsidian (i)

  Octavian (i) see also Augustus

  Odoacer, king of Italy (i), (ii)

  Odysseus (i)

  Odyssey see Homer

  Oedipus, mythical Greek king (i)

  Old English (i)

  Old Testament (i)

  olive, olive oil, olive trees (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  trade (i), (ii), (iii)

  Olympia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Olympiads (i), (ii)

  Olympic games (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Olympus, Mt (i)

  Olynthus (i), (ii)

  omens (i), (ii) see divination; haruspices

  oracles, Greek (i), (ii)

  oral performance, orality (i), (ii), (iii)

  Oration, Funeral, of ‘Pericles’ (i)

  orators, oratory

  Greek (i), (ii)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  see also Attici; Demosthenes; rhetoric

  orientalism (i), (ii) see also Attici; Persia

  ‘orientalizing’ (i)

  Origen, Christian writer (i)

  Orthia, Spartan goddess (i)

  Oscan dialect (i)

  ostracism (i), (ii)

  Ostrogoths (i), (ii), (iii)

  Ovid (i), (ii)

  Oxyrhynchu
s, Egypt (i)

  Paestum (i)

  paganism, late Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Didyma; Julian; Maximus

  Pakistan (i), (ii), (iii)

  palaces

  Alexandria (i)

  Attila’s palace (i)

  Macedonian (i)

  Minoan (i)

  Mycenaean (i), (ii), (iii)

  Pergamum (i)

  Sasanian (i)

  Palermo (i), (ii)

  Palestine (i), (ii)

  Palmyra (i)

  pankration (i)

  Pantalica, Sicily (i)

  papyrus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Paris (i)

  Parry, Milman, American scholar (i)

  Parthenon see Athens

  Parthian Empire, Parthians (i), (ii)

  Parthian shot (i)

  Patara (i)

  Patmos (i)

  patricians see Romans

  Patroclus (i), (ii), (iii)

  patronage, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Paul of Tarsus (i)

  Pausanias, Spartan regent (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  pax Romana see peace

  peace, Roman imperial ideology and (i), (ii)

  peasants (i), (ii) see also farmers; serfs

  pederasty, boy love see homosexuality

  Peloponnese, Peloponnesians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Peloponnesian War (i), (ii), (iii)

  performance artists, erotic (i)

  Pergamum (i), (ii), (iii)

  Pericles (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  persecution, of Christians (i), (ii), (iii) see also homosexuality; paganism, late Roman

  Persepolis (i), (ii)

  Perseus, Macedonian king (i)

  Persia, Persians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  barter and (i)

  decadence, supposed (i)

  Greek stereotype of (i)

  Macedon and (i)

  Spartan alliance (i)

  see also Achaemenids; Sasanian Persians

  Persian language (Old Persian) (i), (ii)

  Persian Wars (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Pergamum and (i)

  Rome and (i), (ii)

  Persians, play by Aeschylus (i)

  Peter, apostle (i)

  Peter the Great (i)

  petitions (i)

  Phalaris, tyrant of Acragas (i)

  Pharsalus, battle of (48 BC) (i)

  Pheidias, Athenian artist (i), (ii)

  Philip II of Macedon (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) see also Alexander III of Macedon

  Philip V of Macedon (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Philip, Roman emperor (i)

  Philippopolis, modern Plovdiv (i)

  Philistis, Queen (i)

  Philodemus, Greek philosopher (i)

  philosophers, philosophy

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii)

  late Roman (i)

  Roman (i)

  see also Anaximander; Aristotle; Cicero; Delphi; dialectic; Epicurus; Maximus; Philodemus; Plato; Socrates; Stoa, Stoics

  Phoenicians, Phoenician (i), (ii), (iii)

  and Greek alphabet (i), (ii), (iii)

  Persian subjects (i), (ii)

  Sicily and (i)

  see also Carthage

  Piacenza, Italy (i)

  Piazza Armerina, villa (i)

  piracy, pirates (i), (ii)