The Story of Greece and Rome

by Tony Spawforth

  Piraeus (i), (ii), (iii)

  Pisistratus, Athenian tyrant (i), (ii)

  Piso see Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Lucius; Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, Lucius

  Pithecusae, modern Ischia (i), (ii)

  Pizarro (i)

  plague see epidemic

  Plataea (i)

  battle of (479 BC) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Plato, Athenian philosopher (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Platonic love (i)

  plebeians, plebs, Roman see Romans

  Pliny the Elder (i)

  Pliny the Younger (i)

  plunder see booty

  Plutarch, Greek writer (i), (ii)

  Po, River (i), (ii)

  poems, poetry

  drama and (i)

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Roman (i)

  see also drama; Homer; Horace; Nestor, Nestor’s Cup; Ovid; Sophronius; Virgil

  Poeni (i) see also Carthage

  poison (i), (ii), (iii)

  polis see city-state

  Polybius, Greek historian (i)

  First Punic War and (i)

  Roman army and (i), (ii)

  Roman imperialism and (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman religion and (i)

  Roman republican constitution and (i)

  Polycrates, Samian tyrant (i)

  Pompadour, Madame de (i)

  Pompeii (i)

  Pompeius, Gnaeus, Pompey (i)

  descendants (i)

  pontifex maximus (i)

  pontiffs, Roman (i)

  Pontius Pilate (i)

  Pope Francis (i)

  population

  Archaic Greece (i)

  Athenian citizen body (i)

  Greek overseas settlements (i)

  Megara Hyblaea (i)

  Roman (i), (ii)

  Rome (city) (i)

  Spartan citizen body (i), (ii)

  Populonia (i)

  Pope, Alexander (i), (ii)

  Poppaea Sabina (i)

  porphyry (i), (ii)

  portraiture, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Poseidon (i), (ii)

  potters, pottery, pots, potsherds (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Athenian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  ‘Etruscan’ (i)

  Geometric (i), (ii)

  Phoenician (i)

  power, Greek ideas about (i)

  Praeneste, modern Palestrina (i), (ii)

  praetorians (i)

  Predjama, Slovenia (i)

  priest, priestess, pagan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) see also fetialis; pontiffs; Vera; Vestal Virgins

  princeps (i) see also Augustus; emperors; monarchy

  Priscus, Roman diplomat (i), (ii)

  Procopius, eastern Roman writer (i)

  prodigies, Roman (i)

  proscriptions, Roman (i), (ii)

  prostitutes, female (i), (ii), (iii) see also courtesans; women

  Proust, Marcel (i)

  provinces, Roman (i), (ii) see also Asia; Britain; Egypt; Gaul; Greece; Judaea; Lycia; Sardinia; Sicily; Syria

  provincial governors, Roman (i)

  provincials

  as local benefactors (i)

  Roman provincial ideology (i)

  Roman support for rich (i), (ii)

  Psammetichus, Egyptian pharoah (i)

  psyche see soul

  Ptolemies, Macedonian dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  as pharaohs (i), (ii)

  see also Arsinoe II; Cleopatra VII

  Ptolemy I (i), (ii)

  Ptolemy II (i)

  Ptolemy III (i)

  Punes (i) see also Carthage

  Punic Wars, First (264–241 BC) and Second (218–201 BC) (i)

  puns, in the New Testament (i)

  purple dye (i)

  Pygmalion, mythical Cypriot king (i)

  Pylos (i), (ii), (iii)

  Pyrrhus, Epirot king (i), (ii)

  queens, queenship

  Hellenistic (i), (ii)

  see also Arsinoe II; Cleopatra VII

  Quinctius Flamininus, Titus, Roman consul (198 BC) (i), (ii)

  Greek worship of (i)

  racism, ancient (i) see also barbarian, orientalism

  Ramesses II (i)

  rape (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Ravenna (i), (ii)

  Raqqa (i)

  recruitment see military

  refugees see exiles; migrants

  religion, ancient (i), (ii)

  Aristophanes and (i)

  Etruscan (i)

  Greek (i), (ii)

  Greek Sicily (i)

  manipulation of (i), (ii)

  nature of (i)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Socrates and (i)

  see also Christianity; ghosts; haruspices; magic; miracles; omens; oracles; paganism, late Roman; priest, priestess; sacrifice; soul; temples; worship of rulers

  religion, Jewish (i), (ii)

  Renaissance (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Remus see Romulus

  republic, Roman see Romans

  Res gestae, political testament of Augustus (i), (ii)

  rhetoric (i), (ii)

  Aristotle and (i)

  Demosthenes and (i)

  Greek teachers of (i), (ii)

  Rome and (i), (ii)

  see also orators

  Rhine, River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Rhodes (i)

  Rhodopis, Greek courtesan (i)

  roads, road-building, Roman (i), (ii)

  Romania (i)

  Romanovs (i)

  Romans

  constitution, republican (i)

  dictatorship (i), (ii)

  electioneering, elections (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  good faith and (i)

  Greece, attitudes to (i), (ii), (iii)

  Greek civilisation and (i), (ii)

  Greeks view as barbarians (i)

  imperial-period identity as (i), (ii), (iii)

  knights (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  morality, morals (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  ‘new man’ (i)

  patricians (i), (ii)

  plebs (i), (ii), (iii)

  racism and (i)

  republic (i), (ii)

  revolts against see Boudicca; Jews

  Senate (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  tribunes of the people (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  triumph (i), (ii)

  Trojan ancestry (i), (ii)

  unconditional surrender and (i)

  see also Aeneas; aristocracy; armies; assemblies; booty; citizens, citizenship; consulate; divination; emperors; Punic Wars, First; imperialism; law, Roman; nobiles; patronage; provinces; religion, Roman; Romulus and Remus; slavery; wolf

  Rome (ancient city) (i)

  Alaric’s sack (i)

  Augustan building programme (i)

  cattle market (i), (ii)

  Column of Marcus Aurelius (i)

  foundation (i), (ii)

  Forum Augustum (i)

  Forum Romanum (i)

  Greek culture, capital of (i)

  Hercules, temple of (i), (ii)

  ‘hut of Romulus’ (i)

  Palatine Hill (i), (ii)

  population (i)

  St Peter’s basilica (i)

  Senate house (i)

  stadium (i)

  theatres (i)

  via Appia (i)

  Rome (modern)

  Centrale Montemartini museum (i)

  Palazzo dei Conservatori (i)

  Piazza Navona (i)

  Roman National Museum (i)

  Romulus Augustulus, Roman emperor (i)

  Romulus and Remus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Rowling, J. K., writer (i)

  Roxane, marriage to Alexander III of Macedon (i)

  Russell, Bertram (i)

  Russia (i)


  Sabini, Sabines (i), (ii)

  sacrifice, animal

  Etruscan (i)

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii)

  Jewish (i)

  late Roman (i), (ii)

  Roman (i)

  sacrifice, human (i)

  child (i)

  sailing (i), (ii)

  Salaambô, novel (i)

  Salamis (i)

  battle of (480 BC) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Samnites (i), (ii)

  Samos, East Aegean island (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  San Giovanni di Ruoti, Italy (i)

  sanitation (i)

  Santorini, Cycladic island (i), (ii)

  Sappho, Greek poet (i), (ii)

  Sardinia (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman province (i)

  Sardis, Lydian capital (i)

  Sarmatians (i)

  Sasanian Persians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Satyricon, Roman novel (i)

  Saxons, Saxon (i), (ii), (iii)

  Scandinavia (i)

  Schliemann, Heinrich (i), (ii)

  science, ancient (i) see also Aristotle; astronomy; botany; medical research; zoology

  Scipio family (i) see also Cornelius Scipio Africanus, Publius; Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, Lucius

  Scotland (i)

  sculptors, Greek (i)

  sculpture

  Athenian (i) see also Pheidias

  booty (i), (ii), (iii)

  Egyptian influence on (i)

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii)

  late Roman (i)

  Pergamene (i)

  Persian (i), (ii)

  Ptolemaic (i), (ii)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Roman Sparta (i)

  see also Cyclades; Delphic Charioteer; Neolithic; portraiture

  seafaring, ancient

  Archaic Greece (i), (ii)

  capes and (i)

  Greek Bronze Age (i), (ii)

  Greek Stone Age (i)

  Hellenistic (i)

  Minoan (i)

  Phoenician (i)

  see also galleys; lighthouses; merchants; navy; sea-power; shipping; trade; triremes

  seals, Minoan (i)

  sea-power (i), (ii)

  Athenian (i)

  Etruscan (i)

  Persian (i)

  Spartan (i)

  Roman (i)

  see also empire; navy; seafaring

  Segesta (i), (ii)

  Seleucid dynasty (i), (ii) see also Antiochus I; Antiochus III

  Seleucus I, Macedonian king (i), (ii)

  Selinus (i), (ii), (iii)

  Sempronius Gracchus, Gaius (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberius, Roman consul 177 BC, husband of Cornelia (i)

  Sempronius Gracchus, Tiberius, brother of Gaius (i), (ii), (iii)

  Seneca, Nero’s tutor (i)

  Septimius Severus, Roman emperor (i)

  Serbia (i), (ii), (iii)

  serfs (i) see also Helots

  Sesklo, Neolithic site (i), (ii), (iii)

  sexual love, Greek see courtesans; erōs; homosexuality; marriage; prostitutes; rape

  Shakespeare, William (i), (ii)

  sheep and goats (i), (ii), (iii)

  shields

  Macedonian (i), (ii)

  Roman (i)

  shipping, ships (i), (ii)

  Isthmian haulage (i)

  Minoan (i)

  Phoenician (i)

  see also galleys; triremes

  Sicani (i)

  Sicels (i)

  Sicily, Sicilians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Archaic Greek settlements on (i)

  Athenian expedition against (i)

  Hellenistic (i)

  pupils of Plato (i)

  Roman province (i), (ii), (iii)

  see also Carthage; Romans

  Silchester, Roman (i)

  silver (i), (ii), (iii)

  coins (i), (ii)

  see also mines

  skyscraper envy (i)

  slavery, slaves (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  agricultural (i), (ii)

  Athenian democracy and (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  revolts (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  see also Helots; freedmen, freedwomen; mines, mining; piracy; serfs

  Socrates (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Aristophanes; Plato; Seneca

  Solon (i), (ii)

  Soluntum (i)

  Sophocles, Athenian playwright (i), (ii)

  Sophronius, bishop (i)

  soul, belief in (i)

  Spain, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Carthage and (i), (ii)

  Roman province (i)

  Sparta, Spartans (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)

  Athenians, contrasted with (i)

  ‘decline’ (i)

  Peloponnesian War and (i), (ii)

  Persian Wars and (i)

  Roman (i)

  Roman ideas about (i)

  Taras, overseas settlement (i)

  see also Caryae

  Spartacus, film (i)

  Spartacus, slave leader (i)

  Sparti, modern Sparta (i), (ii)

  speeches see Cicero; Demosthenes; Thucydides

  spices (i)

  sport see athletes; pankration; wrestling

  status anxiety, Roman (i)

  Stesichorus, Sicilian Greek poet (i)

  Stoa, Stoics, philosophical sect (i)

  Stone Age (i), (ii)

  see also Neolithic

  storage jars, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also amphora

  Successor wars (i)

  suicide (i), (ii)

  Sulla see Cornelius Sulla, Lucius

  Sunium (i), (ii)

  Susa (i)

  Swallow Islands (i)

  symposium, Greek drinking party (i), (ii), (iii)

  Athenian democracy and (i)

  convivium and (i)

  Symposium, Plato’s dialogue (i)

  Syracuse (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Apollo, temple of (i)

  Athenian expedition against (i), (ii)

  Euryalus (i)

  Hellenistic (i)

  Roman capture (i)

  theatre (i)

  Syria (i), (ii), (iii)

  Roman province (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Seleucids and (i), (ii)

  Syro-Canaanites (i)

  Tacitus, Roman historian (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Christians and (i)

  Tajikistan (i), (ii)

  Taras, Tarentum, modern Taranto (i), (ii)

  Tarquin the Proud, Roman king (i)

  Tarquinii (i), (ii), (iii)

  Tarsus (i)

  tattoos (i)

  tax, taxation (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) see also tribute

  Taygetus, Mt (i), (ii)

  temples, temple-building

  Greek (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x) see also Athens, Acropolis; Athens, Parthenon

  Roman (i)

  Tertullian, Christian writer (i)

  Tetrarchy (i), (ii)

  Thales, Greek philosopher (i), (ii)

  Thasos (i)

  Thatcher, Margaret (i), (ii)

  theatres

  Greek (i), (ii)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii)

  see also drama; Athens, Theatre of Dionysus

  Thebes, central Greece (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Boeotia

  Thebes, Egypt (i)

  Themistocles (i), (ii), (iii)

  Theodora, Roman empress (i)

  Theodosius I, Roman emperor (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Thera (i) see also Santorini

  Thermopylae (i)

  battle of (480 BC) (i)

  Thespiae, central Greece (i)

  Thessalonice, modern Thessaloniki (i), (ii)

  Thessaly (i)

  Thompson, Homer A., archaeologist (i)

  Thucydides, Athenian historian (i
), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)

  Peloponnesian War and (i)

  Tiber, River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Tiberius, Roman emperor (i)

  Tigris, River (i), (ii)

  tin (i), (ii)

  Tiryns, southern Greece (i)

  Titus, Roman emperor (i)

  toga, Roman (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Togidubnus see Claudius Togidubnus, Tiberius

  Tomis, modern Constantsa) (i)

  Topkapi Palace (i)

  town planning (i), (ii), (iii)

  trade, traders (i), (ii)

  Alexander III of Macedon and (i), (ii)

  Archaic Greece (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Archaic Sicily (i)

  Carthaginian (i)

  Etruscan (i)

  Phoenician (i), (ii)

  Roman (i), (ii), (iii)

  see also businessmen; merchants; Palmyra

  tragedy, Greek (i)

  Athenian (i)

  Trajan, Roman emperor (i)

  Christians and (i)

  translation, translators, post-antique (i) see also Pope, Alexander

  transvestism see cross-dressing

  treaty, treaties (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  tribute (i)

  late Roman (i)

  Persian (i)

  Roman (i)

  see also Athens, naval alliance; tax

  Trimalchio (i)

  tripods (i), (ii), (iii)

  Triptolemus, Greek demi-god (i)

  triremes, Athenian (i)

  triumph see Romans

  triumvirs (i)

  Trojan War (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Troy (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) see also Aeneas of Troy; Romans

  Trump, Donald (i), (ii)

  Tullius see Cicero, Marcus Tullius

  Tunis (i)

  Tunisia (i)

  Turin, Museo di Antichità (i)

  Turkmenistan (i)

  Tuscany (i)

  Tussaud, Madam (i)

  Tutankhamun (i), (ii)

  Twelve Tables see law, Roman

  tyrant, tyranny (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also Gelon; Phalaris; Pisistratus

  Uluburun, Cape, southern Turkey (i), (ii)

  urbanisation

  Hellenistic (i)

  see also cities; drainage; houses; town planning; Rome (ancient city); Patara; Pergamum

  utopia (i)

  Valens, Roman emperor (i)

  Valentinian III, Roman emperor (i)

  Vandals (i), (ii), (iii)

  Vaux-le-Vicomte, French château (i)

  Venice (i)

  Ventris, Michael, linguist (i), (ii)

  Venus, Roman goddess (i)

  Vera, priestess of Patmian Artemis (i), (ii)

  Verania, wife of Piso Licinianus (i)

  Veranius, Quintus, Roman governor (i)

  Vergina, Macedonia, ancient Aegae (i)

  Vestal Virgins (i)

  Vesuvius, Mt (i), (ii), (iii)

  Victoria, Roman goddess (i)

  Victorian, Victorians (i), (ii)

  Vidal, Gore (i)

  Vienna (i), (ii)

  Vilia Procla (i), (ii)

  Villa of the Papyri (i)

  villas, Roman (i), (ii)

  lifestyle (i)

  villa estates (i)

  see also Fishbourne; Piazza Armerina

  vines, vineyards (i) see wine