20. K. S. Inglis, ‘English Nonconformity and Social Reform, 1880–1900’, Past & Present, no. 13, April 1958, pp. 74, 79.
21. Ibid, p. 83.
22. Ibid, p. 78.
23. Maruyama, Thought and Behaviour in Modern Japanese Politics, p. 4.
24. Augustin Berthe, Garcia Moreno, président de l’Équateur, vengeur et martyr du driot Chrétien (1821–1875), Retaux-Bray, Paris 1887, pp. 620–21; this is a deeply Catholic book celebrating Moreno’s achievements.
25. Charles A. Hale, ‘Political and Social Ideas in Latin America, 1870–1930’, in Bethell (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America, vol. IV, pp. 369, 377.
26. Gaillard, Jules Ferry, p. 182.
27. Chastenet, Histoire de la Troisième République, p. 223.
28. Le Républicain de la Loire et de la Haute Loire of 24 July 1876: http://www.memoireetactualite.org/presse/42LEREPUBLIC/PDF/1876/42LEREPUBLIC-18760724-P-0001.pdf
29. Marc Ferro, Pétain, Fayard, Paris 1987, pp. 255–6.
30. Maurice Agulhon, La République 1880–1932, vol. I, Hachette, Paris 1990, p. 25.
31. See text of Pius IX’s Quanta Cura and the Syllabus of Errors in: https://archive.org/stream/QuantaCuraTheSyllabusOfErrors_247/pius_ix_pope_quanta_cura_and_the_syllabus_of_errors_djvu.txt
32. Eugène Veuillot, Çà et là, vol. 2, Gaume frères et J. Duprey, Paris 1860, pp. 279, 296; see Jean-Marie Mayeur, ‘Catholicisme intransigeant, catholicisme social, démocratie chrétienne’, Annales, vol. 27, no. 2, March–April 1972, p. 486.
33. Saint-Bonnet, La Restauration française, pp. 6, 203, 265; pp. vi, 13, 15 (first published in 1851 by Hervé Éditeur).
34. Puissant, ‘1886, la contre-réforme sociale?’, p. 93.
35. (Cardinal) James Gibbons, A Retrospect of Fifty Years, 1916: http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook/A_Retrospect_of_Fifty_Years_v1_1000611995#229, p. 195.
36. Mayeur, ‘Catholicisme intransigeant, catholicisme social, démocratie chrétienne’, pp. 490–92.
37. Leo XIII, Libertas (paragraphs 10 and 14) in: http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_20061888_libertas.html
38. Leo XIII, Quod apostolici muneris (1878): http://wwwvatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_28121878_quod-apostolici-muneris_en.html
39. All quotes from the Vatican translation into English of the original Latin text: Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum, 15 May 1891: http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html
40. Ruggiero Bonghi, ‘Leone XIII e il socialismo’, Nuova Antologia, 1 June 1891: http://www.sintesidialettica.it/leggi_articolo.php?AUTH=207&ID=427&STYLE1=1
41. Jean-Dominique Durand, ‘La réception de Rerum Novarum par les évêques français’, in Rerum Novarum. Écriture, contenu et réception d’une encyclique, École Française de Rome, 1997, p. 295.
42. Ibid, p. 296.
43. On the socialist reactions see Peter Doyle, ‘“Nothing New and Nothing True”: Some Socialist Reactions to Rerum Novarum’, and Frédéric Cépède, ‘Les socialistes français et l’encyclique Rerum Novarum’, in Rerum Novarum. Écriture, contenu et réception d’une encyclique, École Française de Rome, 1997.
44. Lévêque, Histoire des forces politiques en France, p. 20.
45. Ibid, pp. 31–3.
46. Eugène Flornoy, La lutte par l’association. L’action libérale populaire, J. Gabalda et Cie, Paris 1907, p. 8.
47. Frédéric Le Play, La réforme sociale en France déduite de l’observation comparée des peuples européens, Mame, Tours 1874 (5th edition, revised), vol. 2 (first published 1864), pp. 107–13, esp. p. 110.
48. Le Play, La réforme sociale en France, pp. 7, 12–13.
49. Ibid, p. 36.
50. Dino Del Bo (ed.), I cattolici italiani di fronte al socialismo, Edizioni Cinque Lune, Rome 1956, pp. 64–5.
51. Giorgio Candeloro, Il movimento cattolico in Italia, Riuniti, Rome 1982, pp. 169–72.
52. Romolo Murri, Battaglie d’oggi, vol. 4, Società I.C. di Cultura, Rome 1904, p. 99.
53. Trencsényi et al., A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe, p. 415.
54. Charles Kingsley, His Letters and Memories of his Life, ed. his wife, vol. 1, Henry S. King & Co., London 1877, p. 313.
55. Ibid, p. 314.
56. For Engels’s characterization of William Morris see Friedrich Engels, ‘Letter to Friedrich Sorge’, 29 April 1886: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1886/letters/86_04_29.htm
57. William Morris, Preface to Signs of Change (written March 1888), in The Collected Works of William Morris, vol. 23, Cambridge University Press 2012, p. 1.
58. Frederick B. Chary, ‘Agrarians, Radicals, Socialists, and the Bulgarian Peasantry: 1899–1905’, in Ivan Volgyes (ed.), The Peasantry of Eastern Europe, vol. 1: Roots of Rural Transformation, Pergamon Press, New York 1979, pp. 37–8, 44.
59. John D. Bell, Peasants in Power: Alexander Stamboliski and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union, 1899–1923, Princeton University Press 1977, pp. 81–2.
60. Ibid, pp. 64–6.
61. Hugh Agnew, The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Hoover Press, Stanford, CA 2013, p. 151; A. Paul Kubricht, ‘The National-Economic Implications of the Formation of the Czech Agrarian Party (1899)’, in Volgyes (ed.), The Peasantry of Eastern Europe, vol. 1, pp. 19–25.
62. Catherine Albrecht, ‘Rural Banks and Czech Nationalism in Bohemia, 1848–1914’, Agricultural History, vol. 78, no. 3, Summer, 2004, p. 319.
63. Agnew, The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, p. 151; Rick Fawn and Jiří Hochman, Historical Dictionary of the Czech State, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD 2010, p. 37.
64. Janos, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, pp. 146–7.
65. Craig, Germany 1866–1945, pp. 72–4.
66. Heinrich August Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West, 1789–1933, Oxford University Press 2006, p. 201.
67. Blackbourn, ‘The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie’, p. 262.
68. Anderson, ‘The Limits of Secularization’, pp. 647, 667, 669.
69. Ronald J. Ross, ‘Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian State and the Limits of Coercion in Imperial Germany’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 56, no. 3, September 1984, pp. 437ff, 468, 472.
70. Ibid, p. 480.
71. Anderson, Practicing Democracy, p. 118.
72. Jonathan Sperber, The Kaiser’s Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany, Cambridge University Press 1997, p. 208.
73. Gall, Bismarck, p. 207.
74. John W. Boyer, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement, 1848–1897, University of Chicago Press, p. 410.
75. Richard Geehr, Karl Lueger: Mayor of Fin de Siècle Vienna, Wayne State University Press 1990, pp. 91–9.
76. Boyer, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna, pp. 185, 212.
77. Ibid, pp. 216– 19.
78. Ibid, p. 409.
79. Geehr, Karl Lueger, p. 152.
80. Boyer, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna, pp. 419–20.
81. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Hutchinson, London 1969, p. 51.
82. Geehr, Karl Lueger, p. 144.
83. John W. Boyer, ‘The End of an Old Regime: Visions of Political Reform in Late Imperial Austria’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 58, no. 1, March 1986, pp. 165–9.
84. Boyer, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna, pp. 216–19; Boyer, ‘The End of an Old Regime’, p. 165.
85. Puissant, ‘1886, la contre-réforme sociale?’, p. 73.
86. Bruno Debaenst, ‘Belgian Social Law and its Journals: A Reflected History’, in C@hiers du CRHIDI, vol. 37, 2015: http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1370-2262/index.php?id=183
87. Strikwerda, A House Divided, p. 241.
88. The texts can be found on the following websites: John F. Kennedy, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Quotation
s/Inaugural-Address.aspx; Jimmy Carter, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=6575; Ronald Reagan, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=43130; Barack Obama, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2009/01/21/president-barack-obamas-inaugural-address; Donald Trump, https://www.whitehouse.gov/inaugural-address
89. Nat Turner, The Confessions of Nat Turner … As fully and voluntarily made to Thomas R. Gray: http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/turner/turner.html
90. Eugene D. Genovese, ‘James Henley Thornwell’, in Eugen D. Genovese, The Southern Front, University of Missouri Press 1995, pp. 38–9; this essay is a spirited defence of Thornwell.
91. Abraham Lincoln, ‘Second Inaugural Address’, 4 March 1865: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln2.asp
92. Eric Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movements in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Norton, New York 1959, Chapter 4.
17. Europe Conquers All
1. Friedrich Engels, ‘Extraordinary Revelations. – Abd-el-Kader. – Guizot’s Foreign Policy’, The Northern Star, 22 January 1848, in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, vol. 6, p. 469.
2. William Thackeray, ‘Abd-el-Kader at Toulon or, the Caged Hawk’, in The Complete Poems of William Makepeace Thackeray, White, Stokes, and Allen, New York 1883, p. 25.
3. ‘Abd-El-Kader and the United States’, The New York Times, 20 October 1860: http://www.nytimes.com/1860/10/20/news/abd-el-kader-and-the-united-states.html
4. Henry D’Ideville, Le maréchal Bugeaud, d’après sa correspondance intime, et des documents inédits, 1784–1849, vol. 2, Firmin-Didot, Paris 1881, p. 486.
5. Alexis de Tocqueville, Travail sur l’Algérie, in Oeuvres complètes, Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, Paris 1991, pp. 704–5.
6. For the term ‘melancholic colonialism’ see Duncan Bell, ‘John Stuart Mill on Colonies’, Political Theory, vol. 38, no. 1, 2010, p. 37.
7. Joseph Chamberlain, Foreign and Colonial Speeches, Routledge and Sons, Manchester and London 1897, pp. 245, 242.
8. John O’Sullivan, ‘Annexation’, United States Magazine and Democratic Review, vol. 17, no. 1, July–August 1845.
9. Notable dependency theorists include the Argentinian Raúl Prebisch, the founding secretary-general of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Samir Amin’s L’impérialisme et le développement inégal (1976), A. G. Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (1967), and Immanuel Wallerstein’s multi-volume The Modern World-System.
10. Leys, The Rise and Fall of Development Theory, p. 49.
11. Paul Bairoch, ‘International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980’, Journal of European Economic History, vol. 11, no. 2, Fall 1982, p. 277.
12. Giorgio Riello, Cotton: The Fabric that Made the Modern World, Cambridge University Press 2013, pp. 214, 228.
13. Beckert, Empire of Cotton, p. 247.
14. Bairoch, Economics and World History, pp. 88–9.
15. Beckert, Empire of Cotton, pp. 324–5.
16. Ibid, pp. 329–30.
17. Stiglitz, ‘Is there a Post-Washington Consensus Consensus?’, p. 50.
18. Beckert, Empire of Cotton, p. 299.
19. Laxman D. Satya, Cotton and Famine in Berar, 1850–1900, Manohar, New Delhi 1997, p. 141.
20. Beckert, Empire of Cotton, p. 255.
21. Satya, Cotton and Famine in Berar, 1850–1900, pp. 279–81.
22. Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World, Verso Books, London 2001, pp. 26–7.
23. Ibid, p. 7; Beckert, Empire of Cotton, p. 337.
24. William Digby, ‘Prosperous’ British India: A Revelation from Official Records, T. Fisher Unwin, London 1901, pp. 118, 126–7: https://archive.org/details/ProsperousBritishIndiaARevelationWilliamDigby
25. Ibid, p. 24.
26. James Vernon, Hunger: A Modern History, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2007, p. 51.
27. Ibid, pp. 52–3.
28. Janam Mukherjee, Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire, Hurst & Co, London 2015, pp. 83, 251; Amartya Sen, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford University Press 1981, p. 52.
29. Mukherjee, Hungry Bengal, pp. 185–6; Wavell cited in Sen, Poverty and Famines, p. 79.
30. Churchill’s responsibility during the Bengal famine is not mentioned in Martin Gilbert’s multi-volume biography of Churchill. For a full account see Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill’s Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II, Basic Books, New York 2010; see also Arthur Herman, Gandhi and Churchill, Random House, London 2010, p. 513.
31. C. A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, Cambridge University Press 1988, p. 201.
32. Paul Kennedy, ‘Continuity and Discontinuity in British Imperialism, 1815–1914’, in C. C. Eldridge (ed.), British Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century, Macmillan, London 1984, p. 26.
33. Bairoch, ‘International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980’, p. 279.
34. Sylvanus Cookey, King Jaja of the Niger Delta: His Life and Times, 1821– 1891, NOK publishers, New York 1974, pp. 101–3.
35. Ibid, pp. 119, 127.
36. Ibid, p. 167.
37. Beckert, Empire of Cotton, p. 131.
38. P. J. Vatikiotis, The Modern History of Egypt, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1969, pp. 131, 137.
39. Cited in ibid, p. 141.
40. Ibid, pp. 141–4.
41. William L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902, vol. 1, Knopf, New York 1935, p. 103.
42. Juan R. I. Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social and Cultural Origins of the ‘Urabi Movement, American University in Cairo Press 1999, pp. 235–7.
43. See Gladstone’s cabinet note of 3 July 1882 in Gladstone Diaries, vol. X, p. 291, and his letter to Bright, p. 298; see the discussion in A. G. Hopkins, ‘The Victorians and Africa: A Reconsideration of the Occupation of Egypt, 1882’, Journal of African History, vol. 27, no. 2, 1986, esp. pp. 380–85.
44. Keith Robbins, John Bright, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1979, p. 246; for Gladstone’s urging him to reflect see his note to John Bright, in Gladstone Diaries, vol. X, p. 295.
45. Ahmed Kassab, Histoire de la Tunisie. L’époque contemporaine, Société tunisienne de diffusion, Tunis 1976, p. 8; Jean Ganiage, ‘North Africa’, in The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press 1985, p. 184.
46. Kassab, Histoire de la Tunisie, p. 13.
47. Jean-François Martin, Histoire de la Tunisie contemporaine. De Ferry à Bourguiba, 1881–1956, L’Harmattan, Paris 2003, p. 52.
48. Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World, Penguin, London 2004, pp. 365–6.
49. http://www.unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/UN_LDC_Factsheet_053112.pdf
50. Sabato, ‘Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 1850s–1880s’, pp. 140–41.
51. Bonham C. Richardson, The Caribbean in the Wider World, 1492–1992: A Regional Geography, Cambridge University Press 1992, pp. 60–62, 33.
52. Alice H. Amsden, Escape from Empire: The Developing World’s Journey through Heaven and Hell, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 2007, p. 11.
53. Jun Uchida, Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945, Harvard University Press 2011, pp. 10–11.
54. Jordan Sand, ‘Subaltern Imperialists: The New Historiography of the Japanese Empire’, Past & Present, no. 225, November 2014, pp. 277–8, 285.
55. Iriye, Pacific Estrangement, pp. 130–32.
56. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, p. 751.
57. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, Mémoires du prince de Talleyrand, vol. 1, Calmann Lévy, Paris 1891, p. 237.
58. Max Weber, General Economic History (1927), The Free Press, Glencoe, IL 1927, 1950, p. 298.
59. Montesquieu, De l’esprit des lois, vol. 2, livre XX, Chapter 1, pp. 609–10.
60
. J. Y. Wong, Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War (1856–60) in China, Cambridge University Press 1998, pp. 339–43.
61. Ibid, p. 350.
62. Ibid, p. 378.
63. Ibid, pp. 390 and 429.
64. The text can be read on: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob24.html
65. Rebecca E. Karl, ‘Creating Asia: China in the World at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century’, American Historical Review, vol. 103, no. 4, October 1998, p. 1,103.
66. Hsü, The Rise of Modern China, pp. 432–6.
67. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire, 1871–1918, Berg, Leamington Spa 1985, p. 174.
68. Woodruff D. Smith, ‘The Ideology of German Colonialism, 1840–1906’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 46, no. 4, December 1974, p. 648.
69. Osterhammel, The Transformation of the World, p. 419.
70. Anon., ‘England’s Outlook in East Africa’, Fortnightly Review, no. 281, May 1890, p. 770.
71. Joseph Chamberlain, Speech to the House of Commons, 20 March 1893, in Mr. Chamberlain’s Speeches, ed. Charles W. Boyd, vol. 1, Constable, London 1914.
72. There is a long and interesting debate on the concept of informal empire. See, among others, J. Gallagher and R. Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’, Economic History Review, 1953; Platt, Finance, Trade, and Politics in British Foreign Policy, 1815–1914; Andrew Thompson, ‘Informal Empire? An Exploration in the History of Anglo-Argentine Relations, 1810–1914’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 24, no. 2, 1992, pp. 419–36, and A. G. Hopkins, ‘Informal Empire in Argentina: An Alternative View’, Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 26, no. 2, May 1994, pp. 469–84.
73. See the account on the British invasion of Tibet in Charles Allen, Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa, John Murray, London 2004, esp. pp. 1–2, 29–31, 111–27; see also John Powers, History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People’s Republic of China, Oxford University Press 2004, p. 80; and, for an account more generous towards Curzon, see David Gilmour, Curzon: Imperial Statesman, 1859–1925, John Murray, London 2004, pp. 275–7.
74. Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA 2000, p. 432.
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