Hiroyuki, Kato 112
Hirsch, Maurice von 295
Hirschman, Albert, The Passion and the Interests 227–8
history
and nation-building 248–9
and nationalism 12, 15–17, 21
and state borders 13–15
Hobsbawm, Eric 169, 409
Hobson, J. A. 263, 299, 429
anti-colonialism 452, 453, 462, 488
Hofstadter, Richard 225
Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince 425
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr 160
Hong Kong 423, 526
Hong Xiuquan 104
Hope & Co, bank 299
horses, for transport 69
Houplines, France 48
housing
household expenditure on 56, 57
Italian peasants 40, 41
London 48–9
New York 69
overcrowding 60, 359
reforms (Britain) 359–60
urban poor 51–2, 69
Howell, George, MP 371
Hughes, Hugh Price, Methodist Times 390
Hughes, Thomas 398
Hugo, Victor 243, 373, 454
human rights
and colonialism 472
concept of universal 8
Hume, David 107, 142
anti-colonialism 452
on consumption 338
on inequality 261
and suffrage 313
Hungary
anti-Semitism 295–6
and Austro-Hungarian Empire 26
bureaucracy 154
ethnic composition 296
industrialization 187–8
Society for the Social Sciences 148
wheat exports 123, 124, 188
Huret, Jules 59, 372, 378, 379
hygiene, and disease 58, 69
Ibsen, Henrik 227
Iceland, independence 21, 27
identity, politics of 294
immigrants and immigration
and assimilation 47–8, 288
Chinese in US 301–3
and industrialization 307–8
United States 47, 219, 221, 241, 266, 304, 309
immigration controls 308
imperialism, and capitalism 190
income
per capita, Europe 79, 80
rise during Long Depression 478, 480
United States 239–40, 340, 341
income inequality
and democratic capitalism 261, 342
and industrial capitalism 44–5
and life expectancy 70–71, 73
middle classes and 65, 261
see also inequality
India 70, 467
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 517–18
British in 416–18, 434, 468
cotton production 416–17
exports 128
famines 417–18
free market ideology 517–18
infant mortality 73
manufacturing 91
Mughal empire 28, 434
Nehru–Gandhi Congress Party 517
Indian Mutiny (1857) 416, 445, 467–8
indigenous 77–8
individualism, and capitalism 138–9
Indochina, French colony 426, 448, 473
Indonesia 426, 446–7
industrial capitalism
diversity 132
and income differentials 44–5
Industrial Revolution xvii–xviii
social changes xxviii
industrialization 118–32, 133
and agriculture 79
and bourgeois democracy 173–4, 189
and de-industrialization of colonies 416
and economic growth 84–5
environmental effects of 60–61, 529–30
and inequalities 82–3
laggard countries 173–80
and Long Depression 479, 480
and migration 307–8
and modern de-industrialization 526
pathbreaking countries 169–73
pig-iron production as measure of xx–xxi, 169
politics and 189–90
and popular support 190
and poverty 61–2
and urbanization xvii–xviii, xxi–xxii, 45–6
industry 78–86
American view of 228
and colonial expansion 423–4
employment in xxi
and Long Depression 489
move away from manufacturing 517
and wealth 127–8
inequality xxiv–xxvii
capitalism and 82–3
and democracy 524
and fairness 261
and industrialization 82–3
and nation-building 261–6
and philanthropy 266
and progress 85–6
United States 83, 233, 265–6
see also income inequality
infant mortality 68, 72, 73–4
infrastructure xxxi–xxxii, 37, 135
innovation see technological innovation
insurance
accident 350, 354–5, 369
private 354
unemployment 360
international, use of term 7
international agreements 7, 486, 519
International Conference of Socialist Women (1907) 315
International Harvester 242
International Labour Organization 147
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 136, 519, 524
international organizations 7–8
and economic control 154
and globalization 134
International Telegraph Union (1865) 7
International Women’s Day 344
International Workingmen’s Association 374
‘Internationale’, socialist hymn 258
internationalism, opposition to 8–9
Investment Bankers’ Association of America 482
Iorga, Nicolae 125
Iran
constitutional revolution (1906) 91, 267, 270–71, 509
Islamic Revolution 120
modernization 270–72
Ireland
anti-Semitism (Limerick) 295
Land Acts (1881) 216
migrants from 50, 308–9
nationalism 278
Ireland, Republic of 21
Irish Famine (1845–51) 74
Irish Free State 13
Irish National League 310
Irish Parliamentary Party 360
Isandlwana, Battle of (1879) 431
Isern, Damían, Del desastre nacional y sus causas 277
Isfahan, population 46
Islam
and commerce 386
European view of 89
in Iran 271
and Jews 299–300
in Ottoman Empire 119
segregation of women 90
Zakat (compulsory charity) 346–7
see also Muslims
Ismail Pasha, khedive of Egypt 273, 419–20
Israel 17, 35–6
and capitalism 517
Italy 13, 21
bourgeoisie 149
Calabria 58, 61
colonialism 96, 425, 430, 431, 438–40
emigration from 41–2, 48, 439
Esposizione Industriale Nazionale (1881) 178
foreign capital in 130
health: disease 75–6; life expectancy 74; peasant diet 40–41
income inequality 263
and industrialization 129–30, 148–50, 177–8, 440
labour, casual 54
labour movement 381–4
labour unrest 382, 384
meridionalisti (positivist intelligentsia) 148
and Ottoman Empire 270
political parties 515, 520–21
politics: anti-liberalism 397; church and politics 391, 397; Fasci siciliani movement 311–12; political left 144, 148; political right 149, 178
Public Health Act (1888) 363
state intervention 177, 178, 381–4
/>
suffrage 332
tariffs 502
taxation 166
Tientsin treaty port (China) 96
and Triple Alliance 503–4
unification 178, 249–50, 502
urbanization 130
welfare: social legislation 383–4; state 363
see also Naples
Italy, medieval
banking 386
trading cities xvii, 388–9
Iwagoro, Matsubara 59
Iwakura Tomomi, mission to Europe 109, 110–11
Jacini, Count Stefano 40, 439
Jackson, Andrew 223
Jaja of Opobo, ‘King’ in Nigeria 419
Jamaica, Eyre case (1865) 466
James, Henry 443
James, William 443
Japan 15, 108–17, 144
anti-colonialism 429
Banking Act (1872) 115
and Britain 111
capitalism 114, 115, 117; paternalistic 380–81, 518
and China 100, 111, 112, 116–17
colonies 422–3, 427–9
constitution (1889) 332–3
control over Taiwan and Korea 116
economy: competition in 114; development 114–15, 116; foreign direct investment 114, 483; stagnation 518
exports 127, 502
First World War 504
and France 110–11, 502
and Germany 111
industrialization xxiii, 111, 113–14, 173
infrastructure 109–10
invasions of China 35, 100, 105
labour movement 381; collective bargaining 376–7
Meiji Restoration (1868) 108–9, 115, 165
merchants 109, 115
and modernization xxxii, 91, 109–16
nationalism 108–9
peasantry 115
protectionism 491
railways 109, 113, 483
religion 389, 391
shipbuilding 113, 114
society: life expectancy 73; literacy 115; peerage system 111; social changes 115–16; social cohesion 112–13; social reform 265; Tokugawa feudal system 109; urban conditions 59, 115; warrior class 111, 115
state investment 113–15, 116, 117, 135
state structure 109
suffrage 332–3
taxation 165–6
and United States 111, 112
view of West 110, 111–12
war with China (1894–5) 97, 100, 113, 116, 427
war with Russia (1905) 102, 283, 428
xenophobic Sonnōjōi movement 110, 112
Jaurès, Jean 192, 298
and colonialism 471–2
and export of capital 500
Jay Cooke and Company, bank 483
Jefferson, Thomas 223, 227
Jerichau, Jens Adolf 64
Jerichau-Baumann, Elisabeth 64
Jesuits
anti-Semitism 297
in China 107
Jevons, William Stanley
The Coal Question 194
The State in Relations to Labour 353
Jewish nationalism 251
Jews 288–300
Algeria 469, 471
as bankers 299
capitalists 290, 292
France and 256–7
in London 50, 295
in Russian Empire 289–93
in Ukraine 257
in United States 56, 291, 304
see also anti-Semitism
Johnson and Johnson 242
Johnson, Lyndon B., US President 526
Johnson, Samuel 452
Johnston, Harry 460
journalists, and economic liberalism 152, 157
Judaism, view of usury 386–7
Juglar, Clément xxviii, 469, 485
Kalischer, Hirsch 35
Kang Youwei 101, 104
Kangxi, Chinese emperor 93
Kankrin, Georg 206
Kant, Immanuel 7, 13, 162, 191
on franchise 321
racism 306
Kanyhin, Yurii 16–17
Kaoru, Inoue 428
Katanga, secessionist movement 21
Katkov, Mikhail 205, 212, 289
Kay, Dr James Phillips 51–2
Kellogg, John Harvey 57
Kennedy, John F. 254
Kenya, Mau Mau rebellion (1952–60) 447
Ketteler, Bishop Wilhelm Emmanuel von 394
Kévorkian, Raymond 300
Keynes, John Maynard 82, 227
on Bastiat 150–51
on capitalism 507
on consumption 141, 337
and laissez-faire 153
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 120
Khomyakov, Aleksey 200
Khrushchev, Nikita 523–4
Kindleberger, Charles 182, 483
King, Martin Luther 408
Kingsley, Charles 398
Alton Locke 372
and Eyre case 466
Kipling, Rudyard 459, 461
‘The Islanders’ 360
‘The White Man’s Burden’ 442
Kirchner, Néstor and Cristina 519
Kirdorf, Emil 380
Klee, Paul, Angelus Novus 125, 126
Koch, Robert 75, 76
Koestler, Arthur 291
Kokovtsov, Vladimir 167
Kongo (Bakingo) people 19
Königswarter, Baron Maximilien 299
Korea
China’s loss of 97, 100, 425
Japan and 116, 422–3, 427–9
see also South Korea
Kossuth, Lajos 295
Kōtoku Shūsui, Imperialism 429
Kraus, Karl 148
Kravchuk, Leonid 17
Kristol, Irving 223
Kronenberg, Leopold 290
Krugman, Paul 520
Krupp, Alfred 172
Krupp company 319
Kublai Khan 34, 92
Kugelmann, Ludwig 90
Kuliscioff, Anna 312
Kunitake, Kume 61–2
Kuomintang 105
Kyoto, Japan 46
La Follette, Robert M. 346
‘La ligue sociale d’acheteurs’ 338
labour
and capitalism 84
international division of 8, 422
and philanthropic paternalism 378–81
labour exchanges 360
labour markets
collective bargaining 366–7, 376–7
regulation of 145, 366, 369–70
in small countries 137
labour movements
effect of Long Depression on 487–8
racism of 305–6
and working conditions 371
see also socialism
Labour Party (UK) 335, 488
election of Corbyn 521
New Labour 517
and social reforms 360, 398–9
and trade union legislation 517
labour relations
Britain 517
state and 367
see also strikes; trade unions
Lafargue, Paul 323
Lagarde, Paul de 298
laïcité (secular French nationality) 253
laissez-faire 138, 139, 142–3, 172
France 150–51
liberals and 145–6
Southern plantation owners 222–3
Lammenais, Félicité Robert de 393
Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi di, Il Gattopardo xxxiii
Land Nationalization Society 360
Landes, David 478
landowners
and industrialization 505
and nation-building 259–60
Russian 207–9
wealth from agricultural exports 122–3, 127–9
see also aristocracy
Lang Son, Battle of (1885) 468
languages
and nation-building 252
and nationalism 16, 26, 31
native (subsumed) 31
Russian Federation 26
Lanjuinais, Comte Paul-Henri 351
Lansbury,
George 398–9
Larue, Martin, Bishop of Langres 395
Laspeyres, Etienne 147
Lassalle, Ferdinand 381, 394
Latin America xxxii, 127–9
Catholicism in 254, 391
dualism in 32–3
industrialization 33, 128, 129
inequality 83
life expectancy 74
Monroe Doctrine 426
and nationalism 32–3
nationalist revolutions 274, 276
neo-liberal free markets 518–19
political instability 31–3, 129
state formation 30–33, 247
suffrage 314
view of United States 129
see also Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Mexico
Latvia, industrialization 215
Lavisse, Ernest, Histoire de France … (textbook) 255
Lavollée, René 470
Lazzaretti, Davide 409
Le Bon, Gustave 475
Le Creusot steelworks, Burgundy 58–9, 378–9
Le Pen, Marine 521
Le Play, Frédéric 378
La réforme sociale … 396
League of Nations 294
Lecouturier, Henri, Paris incompatible … 59
legal systems, and industrialization 136
Lehman Brothers, collapse (2008) 137
Leibniz, Gottfried 106, 107
Lenin, V.I. 143, 212–13, 429
The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1896–9) 217–18
Leo XIII, Pope
and Bismarck 402
Rerum Novarum encyclical (1891) 384, 394–6
Leontiev, Konstantin 205
Leopold II, King of the Belgians 368, 432–3
Lermontov, Mikhail, ‘A Prophecy’ 197
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole 189, 207
Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul 84, 150, 242, 265
on Chinese 305
on colonialism 469, 475
on welfare 349, 352–3
Letourneau, Charles 231
Levi, Carlo, Christ Stopped at Eboli 41
Levitt, Theodore 4–5
Lewycka, Marina 140
Leygues, Georges 475
Leys, Colin 181
Liang Qichao, Chinese reformer 102, 424
Liberal Party (UK) 335, 488
and 1909 ‘people’s budget’ 362–3
and free trade 494
and social reform 360, 398
and welfare legislation 362–3
liberalism and liberals xxix
anti-welfare 349, 352–3
collective xxx–xxxi
economic 265
and expansion of suffrage 330–31
and free trade 145–6
and non-interventionist state 145–7
proponents of strong state xxxviii, 138–40, 146–7
religion and 387, 391, 397–8
see also neo-liberalism
Liberia 20, 36
Liberty and Property League 144, 359
Libya 25, 270
Italy and 439
Lichtenstein 21
life expectancy 68–74, 72, 73–4
and disease 76–7
urban 69
and wealth inequality 70–71, 73
Lille, France 48
Limited Liability Act (1855) xix
Lin Biao, Long Live the Victory of the People’s War! 522
Lin Zexu, letter to Queen Victoria 94–5
The Anxious Triumph Page 107
