religion and 390–406
social Christian 335–6, 515, 516
social democratic 515
socialist 335, 487–8, 510–11
United States 334–5
see also Conservative Party (UK); Labour Party; Liberals
political reforms, as symptom of decline 119–20
political unrest
France 27, 435
pre-First World War 509
Spain 27
politics
mass 294
modern challenge to consensus 521
pollution
London 49–50
urban 69
Polyakov, Samuel 290
Poniatowski, Stanislaw, King of Poland 248
Poor Law Amendment Act (1834) 62, 347
Poor Laws (1601) 62, 347
poor relief 347–54
opposition to 347–9
see also welfare
population
and birth rates 78
China 46, 92
global growth 39
proportion of urban 46, 69
Russia 45, 197, 215
United States 219, 221, 242–3
Portales, Diego 274
Porter, Bernard 462
Portugal 26, 434–5
1910 revolution 267, 509
economy 81, 440
political instability 178–9
private trading companies 444
as republic 441
Portuguese Empire 27, 30, 476
Africa 440–41
and Macao 425
positivism 148
postal services, state monopoly xix
potatoes 5
Potemkin battleship, mutiny (1905) 283
Potter, David M. 340–41
Potter, Edmund 416
Pottier, Eugène, ‘Internationale’ 258
Pound, Ezra 227
poverty
absolute 84
British debates on 361–3
causes of 62–3
and life expectancy 70–71
and public assistance 62
relative 83–4
urban 48–56
in West xxvii
see also poor relief; welfare
press, and industrial society 152, 157
Primrose League, Salisbury’s speech 276
private initiative, in Europe 117
Procter and Gamble 57
production, units of, medieval Europe xvi
productivity 172
agriculture 47, 78, 191, 241, 484
progress
British belief in xviii
and inequality 85–6
stages of 180–81
and technological innovation 38–9
and tradition 136
property rights 135, 136–7
China 137
prostitutes 43, 51
protectionism 487, 491–505, 524
American capitalists and 236
and economic growth 503
globalization and 484, 503
and nationalism 499
United States 491–2, 500–501
see also tariffs
Protestantism 156
and socialism xxxvi–xxxvii
view of commerce 387–8
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 298
Prussia 252, 259
deportation of Poles 308
landowners (Junkers) 259–60, 492, 493
serfdom 130
Przeworski, Adam 136
public health 73–4
cities 49–50
and disease 58, 69, 74, 75–6
Public Health Act (1848) 70
Public Health Act (1875) 70, 73
public sector
Britain 171
employment in 154–5, 517
and union membership 517
public utilities xix–xx
Pullman, George 237, 379
Punch, and Indian Mutiny 467–8
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906 USA) 70, 346
Puritanism, and capitalism 388
Pushkin, Alexander 106, 141, 197
Puyi, last emperor of China 105
Qianlong, Chinese emperor 93–4
Qing Dynasty 93, 97–8, 102–3, 251, 387
collapse (1911) 105
Qiu Jin, poet 90
Quakers, and commerce 391
Quesnay, François, Tableau économique (1766) 158
Quilici, Nello 149
Raabe, Wilhelm, Pfisters Mühle 372
Raboisson, Abbé Pierre de 469
Racine, Jean 10
racism
and hierarchy of races 305–7
in labour movements 305–6
in United States 300–304, 305
see also anti-Semitism
Radical Imperialists, UK 456
radicalism
France 349–50
and role of state 146
Railway Acts (1842 and 1844) 375
railways
China 96, 98, 99
and freight costs 485
Japan 109, 113
Russia 209, 211, 213–14
United States 153, 219, 230, 232–3, 236–7
Ranavalona, Queen of Madagascar 473–4
Rand, Ayn, Atlas Shrugged 512
Rankin, Daniel 465
reactionaries
and religion xxxiv, 516
view of market capitalism xxxiii–xxxiv, xxxvi
Reagan, Ronald, US President 526
Rebérioux, Madeleine 349
Red Cross organization (1863) 7
Reeves, Maud Pember, Round About a Pound a Week 48–9
reform
and revolution xxxii–xxxiii
social welfare 265–6
and strengthening of state 171–2
Reform Act (1832) 171
Reform Bill (Act) (1867) xxxvi
Reform League 329
refrigeration 6
regional associations 7–8
regulation xiv, 365–6, 370–71, 528
of labour markets 145, 366, 369–70
of markets 140–41
role of state xix, xl–xli, 365, 367
Reinach, Baron Jacques de 299
religion
and abolitionism xxxvii
and capitalism 386–409
and creationism xxxvii
fundamentalist xxxvii, 233, 238, 516
global movement of 5
and modernity 205, 212, 389–90
and nation-building 252–5
and philanthropy 346–7
and politics 390–406
and reactionary conservatism xxxiv, 516
and social Christianity xxxvi–xxxvii, 397–400
state religions 254
see also Christianity; Islam; Roman Catholicism
Remmius Palaemon, Q. xiv–xv
Renan, Ernest 92–3, 248–9, 306
Renard, Captain, French Congo 454
Reuin, Taoka 265
Reutern, Mikhail von 205–6
revolution
and reform xxxii–xxxiii
see also China; French; Iran; Russian; Turkey
Rhodes, Cecil 444, 455–6
Ricardo, David 8, 138, 139, 142
and banking 527
on poor relief 347
Ricci, Matteo, in China 107
rice cultivation, globalization 5
Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich 43
Riesman, David 523
Riesman, David, Nathan Glazer and Reuel Denney, The Lonely Crowd 337
Righteous Harmony Militia, Chinese nationalist movement 101
Riis, Jacob A. 56, 303
Ritchie, David George 144
Rittikh, Alexander 212
Rivett-Carnac, Harry 417
Roberts, David 106–7
Robertson, Edward, The State and the Slums 359
Robinson, Joan 506
Rockefeller, John D. 234, 235–6, 385
Rodo, José Enrique, Ariel 129
Rogge, Christian 43
Roman Cath
olicism
and charity 351
Czech 400
and politics 391–7
and reactionary conservatism xxxiv, xxxvi
and religious revivals 390
and secular liberalism 391
and social Catholicism 393–6, 406–7
Ultramontanisme 393
and usury 386
Romanenko, Gerasim Grigorevich 293
Romania 24, 79
agriculture 45, 122, 123, 188, 496
Constitution 296
economy 121, 124–5, 127, 489
education 122
expansion of public sector 122, 188
foreign capital 124, 450–51
foreign control of commerce 121–2
industrialization 121–7, 496–7
Jews in 296–7
landowners 121, 122–3
and modern challenges to 521–2
nationalism 125
Orthodox Church 497
peasant life 45, 122, 123, 130
peasant tax revolt (1907) 124, 297
political divisions 124, 127
Popular Banks law (1903) 125
and protectionism 496–7
socialist group 148
taxation 166
theatre 125
urbanization in Wallachia 125
working conditions 264–5
Romanticism 200
Rome, ancient xiv–xv, 46
Roosevelt, Franklin, New Deal 345, 514
Roosevelt, Theodore, US President xxxii, 69, 70, 236, 237
and corporations 346
and industrial accident insurance 354–5
and Native Americans 443
and Philippines 442–3
and Progressive Party 344–5, 345
and trade unions 239
Rosas, Juan Manuel de 274
Rosebery, Lord 331
Rosen, Baron G. V. 210
Rossi, Adolfo 311
Rossi, Alessandro 177
Rostrow, Walt, The Stages of Economic Growth 180
Rothbard, Murray 151, 512
Rothschild banking family 234, 299
Rothschild, Baron Alphonse 379–80
Rothschild, Lionel de, MP 319
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 42, 159, 200
Rousseff, Dilma 518
Rowntree, Seebohm 62–3, 264
Roy, William G. 153, 224
Royal Dutch Shell 237
Royal Navy 480–81
rural life
compared with city life 42–4
peasant diet 38, 40–41
and welfare state 355
rural world 38, 39–45
rural industry 47
Ruskin, John 326, 398, 466
Russell, William Howard 467–8
Russia 13, 15, 197–218
1905 revolution 214, 267, 509
agrarian violence 207–8
agriculture 130, 207, 210, 215, 495
backwardness 197–8, 210–11, 215
and China 425
and collectivism 207
defence spending 215
democracy 321; attempts at democratic reforms 278–81, 285–7
Emancipation Decree (1861) 204, 207
famine 74
and foreign investment 206, 213–14, 495
franchise 285, 286
and Germany 495
GNP 81
industrial development 130, 179, 206, 209, 210–11, 215; without capitalist accumulation 198, 199, 201, 202–3, 213–15, 366
intelligentsia 198–9, 206–7, 216, 217–18, 279, 281; intellectual miserabilism 206–7
and Iran 270, 272
judiciary independence 281
Kadets 284, 285–6
land reforms 207–8, 210–11, 212, 214–15
Marxism in 213
modernity: problems of modernization xxxii, 216–18; reactionary resistance to 199–200
and myth of America 219–20
Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will) group 205, 279, 285, 293
Narodniks (Populist party) 199
nationalism 120–21
nationalist parties 283
nihilists 279
obshchina village commune 199, 200, 202–4, 207, 212–13, 214
Octobrists 284
Peasant Land Bank 211
pogroms 290–91
political reforms 278–87; new Duma 285–6; post-Emancipation Decree reforms 205, 207; and power of finance ministers 205–10
population 197, 215
Progressists 284
protectionism 494–6
railways 209, 211, 213–14
serfdom 130, 204–5, 278
Slavophile–Westernizer debate 199–200, 204, 278
Social Democrats 283, 286
Socialist Revolutionary Party 285–6
society: kulaks 212; life expectancy 74; negative image of bourgeoisie 204, 208; nobility 189, 198, 208–9; romantic view of peasant life 200, 202
state interventionism 153, 211, 213–14
tax 164, 167; income 167; reforms 211
and Triple Entente 503–4
and urbanization 39
workers: labour market regulation 369–70; labour unrest (1884–5) 369; soviets 283, 285; strikes (1904–5) 283
working conditions 280–81, 366
working-class movement 283–5
Russian Empire 24, 25–6, 179, 210
expansion into Asia 427, 435
Jews in 289–93
minor nationalisms 289
and nation-building 257
population 45
religions 253, 258
Russian Federation 26
Russian Orthodox Church 200
anti-liberalism 387
Russian Revolution (1917) 504, 514
Russo-Japanese War (1905) 102, 283, 428
Rwanda, malnourishment 75
Ryukyu Islands 427
Safeway supermarkets 242
Sagasta, Práxedes Mateo 278
Said, Edward 107
St Petersburg, urban poor 55
Saint-Simon, Henri de 511
Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin de 231
Sainte-Bonnet, Antoine Blanc de 393
Restauration française (1851) 298
Salgari, Emilio 460
Salia, Kalistrat 16
Salisbury, Marquess of, Prime Minister xxxiv, 269–70, 419
and Egypt 273
and Empire 457, 464
and Persia 271
and Portugal 440
Primrose League speech 276
and suffrage 327–8
and welfare reforms 359–60
Samarin, Yuri 278
Samoa 442
San Marino 21
Sand, George 324
Sandon, Viscount 330
Sanitary Act (1866) 70
sanitation 58
Santa Anna, Antonio López de 274
São Tomé and Principe 441
Sargent, Aaron, US senator 326
Sarraut, Albert 475–6
Saudi Arabia, franchise 315
Saul, S. B. 478
Sauvy, Alfred 418
Savage, Richard 452
Say, Jean-Baptiste 140, 150, 160
Cour complet d’économie politique 348–9
Scandinavia
industrialization 173–4
and inequality 83
infant mortality 73
welfare state model 355
see also Denmark; Norway; Sweden
Schengen Agreement (1985) 12
Schleswig Holstein 27
Schmoller, Gustav von 147
Schneider, Eugène 172, 378
Schneider, Henri 378
Schönerer, Georg 251
Schopenhauer, Arthur 13
Schorske, Carl 251, 289, 297
Schulze-Gaevernitz, Gerhart von 185
Schumpeter, Joseph xxxv, 161, 526
Scitovsky, Tibor 341
Scotland 17, 63–4, 73
Sears, Roebuck & Co. 242, 339
secession
and creation of new states 12
and independence movements 16, 20–21
and separatist movements 277–8
Second International (1889) 315, 355, 472
and working hours 371
secularism, and religious revivals 390
Seeley, John 111, 460, 461
Sémérie, Eugène 323–4
Sen, Amartya, Poverty and Famines 495
Senior, Nassau W., Letters on the Factory Act 370
Serbia, independence 24, 25
serfdom 130
Russia 130, 204–5, 278
Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke 279
servants
numbers of 65–6
relations with employers 67–8
service sector, shift towards 526
settlement
and state formation 28–34
trade and 4
settler states 28–34, 127, 422–3, 437
sewerage 58–9, 70
Seymour, Sir Beauchamp 420
Shadwell, Arthur, Industrial Efficiency 175–6
Shaftesbury, Earl of 374
Shanghai 60
Shaw, Flora, and ‘Nigeria’ 19
Shaw, George Bernard 310
Sheffield, steel industry xvii, 60–61, 172
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
‘The Mask of Anarchy’ 325
‘Peter Bell the Third’ 48
Sherman, Senator John, antitrust Act 237
Shiel, M. P., The Yellow Danger 307
Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1910) 428
Shinsaku, Takasugi 112
shipbuilding, Japan 113, 114
shipping
improvements 484–5
reduced costs 498–9
Shiso, Hattori 114
Shuster, Morgan 91, 271, 272
Shusui, Kotoku 265
Sicily 61
Sidgwick, Henry 145, 353
Sierra Leone 20
Sièyes, Abbé Emmanuel 322
silk, China 92, 107, 389
Silk Road 4
Simmel, Georg 42, 123, 231
Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle 70, 264, 372
Singapore 423, 526
Singer sewing machine company 57, 230
Sinn Fein 319
Sino-Japanese War (1894–5) 97, 100, 113, 116, 427
Sipyagin, Dmitry 279
Sismondi, Jean-Charles de 228, 485
slave plantations, as capitalist economy 224
slave trade, profits of xviii
slavery, in America 221–3
Slovakia 28
Smet de Naeyer, Count Paul de 406
Smith, Adam 8, 85, 138–42
anti-colonialism 444, 445, 452
and banking 527
Chinese translation of The Wealth of Nations 103, 104
and relations between employers and workers 367
role for state 141–2
stages of progess 180
on taxation 164
The Wealth of Nations 139
view of China 140
Smith, Bruce, Liberty and Liberalism 144
Smith, Paul 327
Snow, Dr John 75
social changes
anxiety about xxviii–xxix, xxxiv, 312–13
and globalization 193
Japan 115–16
and reformers 264–5
social Darwinism, in United States xxxvii, 233
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