The Anxious Triumph

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The Anxious Triumph Page 110

by Donald Sassoon


  Social Democratic Federation (UK) 310

  social legislation 147

  Britain 362–3, 374–6

  Italy 383–4

  see also welfare

  socialism

  and capitalist modernity xxxiv–xxxvi

  and planned economies 511

  as political project 506

  and state welfare 352

  see also labour movements; socialist movement

  socialist movement xxii–xxiii, 148

  internationalist 258

  political parties 335, 487–8, 510–11

  and suffrage 331

  Socialist Party of America (SPA) 343–4

  software companies 526

  Sokolov, Nahum, Zionist leader 251

  Somalia, Italy and 439

  Sombart, Werner xxxv, 174–5, 231–2, 233, 526

  The Jews and Economic Life (1911) 298

  Why is there no Socialism in the United States 342

  Song Dynasty 91–2

  Sorge, Friedrich 342

  South Africa 34, 423, 518

  as state 36, 37

  South America, immigration 300

  South Korea 136, 526

  South Sea Company 528

  South Sudan 21

  sovereignty

  economic 487

  features of 12

  recognition of 17–18

  Soviet Union 158, 504

  borders 25–6

  collapse of 17, 28

  and consumption 523–4

  industrialization 136

  see also Russia

  Spa Fields Riots (1816) 325

  Spain 26, 131, 277, 434–5

  agricultural exports 131

  and Catalonia 17, 28, 277

  and democratic reforms 278

  and industrialization 131–2

  loss of colonies (1898) 277, 441

  minority languages 252

  and Philippines 431

  political parties 521

  political unrest 27

  protectionism 496

  state intervention 148

  Spanish Empire 30, 278

  Spence, Jonathan 168

  Spencer, Herbert 233, 466, 475

  on minimalist state 143–5

  The Man versus the State 144

  Spengler, Oswald, The Decline of the West 508

  Spiridonova, Maria 281

  Šrámek, Jan 400

  Staël, Germaine de 185

  Stalin, Josef 136

  Stamboliski, Alexander 399

  Standard Oil 230, 236, 237, 242

  Stanford, Leland 301–2

  state (government) xix, 134–57

  and capitalism xx–xxii, xxxi–xxxii, xxxviii, 82, 504–5

  definitions 11

  and economic development xix–xx, 11, 37, 134, 154

  and economic protection 486–7

  fiscal systems 161

  interventionism 148–55; liberal view of xxx–xxxi, xxxviii, 145–7

  and labour disputes 367

  and laissez-faire 138, 139, 142–3

  minimalist 143–5

  and regulation xix, xl–xli, 365, 367

  relationship with ‘people’ 155

  requisites for 135–6

  role in trade xvi–xviii, 140, 444

  and social legislation 147

  see also taxation

  state institutions 135

  state-building

  external 18–19

  see also nation-building

  states

  and borders 11–15

  creation of 12, 17

  and financial system 137

  formation by European settlers 28–34, 127, 422–3, 437

  and minorities 26

  numbers (1900) xxxix, 9, 10

  sovereign 17–18

  see also nationalism; sovereignty

  Stead, W. T., The Americanization of the World 220–21

  steam power xviii

  steel production

  Le Creusot 58–9, 378–9

  Sheffield xvii, 60–61, 172

  Stendhal, La Chartreuse de Parme 226

  Stiglitz, Joseph 519–20

  Stolypin, Pyotr 167, 210, 214, 216, 279

  assassination 282

  Strange, Susan 5, 527

  strikes 510

  Belgium 310–11, 406

  France 488

  Russia 283

  Struve, Peter 217

  Stumm, Carl Ferdinand 357, 380

  Sturdza, Dimitrie, Romanian Liberal 124

  Suez Canal 6–7, 273, 274, 419

  Suez Canal company xx, 419

  suffrage 310–36, 316–17

  and electoral participation 333

  exclusions 314–15

  and index of democratization 318–20

  property qualifications 321–2

  universal 312–13

  universal manhood 313, 314, 323–4

  women’s 314, 315, 325–6, 334

  see also democracy; political parties

  sugar

  Caribbean 128, 422

  consumption of 65

  European beet 422

  Sumner, William Graham 233, 443

  What Social Classes Owe to Each Other xxxvii

  Sun Yat-sen 104, 105, 250–51

  Three Principles of the People 250

  Superman (film) 513

  supermarket trolley 339

  superstition 61

  Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Prince 282

  Sweden 26, 68, 173

  agriculture 174

  Church Law (1686) 174

  economic growth 132, 173–4

  move to political left 356

  private trading companies 444

  and urbanization 39

  welfare: maternity reforms 354; universal pension 355–6

  Switzerland 26, 27, 40

  Federal Factory Act (1877) 368

  languages 252

  working hours 367–8

  Syria, civil war 518

  Taft, William Howard, US President 345

  Taine, Hippolyte 50–51, 324

  Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) 97, 167

  Taiwan 35, 526

  China’s loss of 97, 100, 425

  economic growth 136

  Japan and 116, 422–3, 429

  Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice, Prince 424

  Tanzania (Tanganyika) 431, 464

  Taoism 99

  tariffs 487, 492

  call for 484, 491–2

  to raise revenue 501

  Tasca-Lanza, Giuseppe 363

  Tasmania 432

  Tawney, R. H. 388

  The Acquisitive Society 337

  taxation 17, 158–68

  ancient origins 158

  and coercion 163–4

  and compliance 160–63

  customs duties 167–8

  debates on 164–5

  for empire defence 458

  equity of 159

  on expenditure 162, 164

  to fund welfare 342, 524

  income 352; British 162–3

  indirect 165, 167

  land tax 166

  levels of 165, 168

  methods of collection 161

  and middle classes 159

  peasants and 158–9

  range of 160, 161, 166

  and relations of state and individual 159–60

  in weak states 166–7

  window taxes 160, 165

  Taylor, Harriet 315

  tea, consumption of 65, 69

  technological innovation xviii, 38–9

  agriculture 123, 241

  borrowed 191

  in Europe 91

  household 66–7

  Temer, Michel 518

  Tenniel, John xxvi, xxvi

  Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 466

  Tenochtitlán (Mexico City) 46

  terrorism 510

  Texas, annexation of 415

  Texas Nationalist Movement 29

  textiles 6

 
Japan 116

  silk 92, 107, 389

  see also cotton

  Thackeray, William, ‘The Caged Hawk’ 413–14

  Thailand 267, 426, 504

  Thatcher, Margaret 514, 517, 526

  Thessaloniki 269, 270

  Thiers, Adolphe 164–5

  Thiesse, Anne-Marie 248–9

  Third World

  and colonialism 418–19

  and under-development 181

  Thomson, James, ‘Rule Britannia’ 170, 481

  Thorne, Will 371

  Thornwell, James Henry 408

  Thurmond, Strom 301

  Tibet 130

  British invasion (1903) 427

  Tientsin, Treaty of (1858) 96

  time-keeping, international conventions 7

  The Times 361, 467

  Timur (Tamerlane) 17

  Tipu Sultan 431

  Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von 436

  tobacco 6

  Tocqueville, Alexis de xxxiii, 61, 322–3

  on America 221, 226, 228

  on French occupation of Algeria 414

  on welfare 349

  Togliatti, Palmiro 383

  Tokyo (Edo), Japan 59, 60, 115

  Tolstoy, Count Dmitry 205

  Tolstoy, Leo 198

  Tolstoy, Sofia Andreevna 208

  Tomorrow Never Dies (film) 513

  Tongzhi, emperor of China 98

  Toqué-Gaud affair, French Congo 455

  Total Recall (film) 513

  Toussaint Louverture, in Haiti 431

  Toynbee, Arnold, A Study of History 508

  trade

  capitalism and 156–7

  Carolingian Europe xv

  and colonialism 425

  and economic growth 503

  and globalization 5–7

  regional associations 7–8

  role of state xvi–xviii

  and settlement 4

  see also exports; free trade

  Trade Board Act (1909) 360–61

  Trade Union Act (1871) 375

  Trade Union Congress (UK) 371, 375

  trade unions

  Belgium 368

  Britain xxxv–xxxvi, 371, 517

  and capitalist relations 384–5

  and Catholicism 395

  collective bargaining 366–7, 376–7, 516

  Conciliation Act (1896) 360

  Conservative Party and 360

  declining density 516–17

  France 377–9

  growth of 374–9, 487–8

  Italy 382

  and labour markets 137

  legislation on 374–5

  United States 235, 371

  and working hours 374

  transport

  refrigerated 6

  shipping 484–5, 498–9

  travel

  limited 4

  maritime 4, 6–7

  Tredegar, South Wales 295

  Treitschke, Heinrich von 71, 298, 324, 436

  Trentman, Frank 457, 493–4

  Trepov, Colonel Fyodor 281

  Trikoupis, Charilaos 131

  Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) (1881) 503–4

  Triple Entente (Russia, France and Britain) (1907) 503–4

  Tristan, Flora, on Paris 59–60

  Trollope, Anthony 227

  Trotha, Lothar von 432

  Trotsky, Leon 285

  Trump, Donald 521

  Tubman, Harriet 408

  Tunisia 421, 476, 503

  Turati, Filippo 312

  Turgenev, Ivan

  Fathers and Sons 279

  Smoke (Dym) 201

  Turkey 25, 269

  and Armenian genocide 300

  Kemalist revolution (1923) 269

  popular authoritarianism 518

  Young Turks Revolution (1908) 267, 509

  Turner, Frederick Jackson 30, 228, 241

  Turner, Nat 408

  Twain, Mark, and Charles Dudley, The Gilded Age 232

  Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens) 443

  Uber taxi service 526

  Ukraine 15, 283

  industrialization (Donbass region) 58, 206, 215, 292

  nationalism 16–17, 257

  peasants 45

  Umberto I, King of Italy 312, 382

  unemployment 54–5

  and de-industrialization 526

  and poverty 52

  Ungaretti, Giuseppe, ‘Soldati’ 507

  Union Générale de France, bank 483

  United Kingdom see Great Britain

  United Nations

  designation of ‘least developed countries’ 181

  Universal Declaration of Human Rights 352

  United States of America 89, 219–43, 304, 518

  abolition of slavery 223

  agrarian reform 229

  agriculture: cotton production 219, 229, 501; productivity 47, 241, 484; wheat production 123–4, 188

  American dream myth 236, 342–3

  anti-capitalist populism 234–5, 241–2

  anti-Chinese racism 301–3

  anti-imperialism 441, 443–4

  anti-statism in 144

  army 225

  blacks 300–301, 334; liberated slaves 77, 223–4

  boundaries 15, 29–30; frontier 224, 241

  California 241

  capitalism: anxiety about 231–2; corporation cartels and monopolies 235–7; establishment of 230–40; paternalistic 379, 380

  Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 302, 428

  Civil Rights Act (1866) 334

  and Cold War 523–4

  colonies 277, 441–4

  Constitution 29, 253–4, 333–4

  consumption 337, 338–41, 527

  corruption 232–3

  democracy 223; suffrage 247, 314, 325–6, 333–5

  Dingley Tariffs 491

  Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 334

  economic organization 225–6

  economy: debt 481–2, 524; growth xvii, 193, 221; international firms 242; manufacturing growth xix, 173, 219, 502; ‘Panic of 1837’ 483; per capita GDP 80, 80, 81; small enterprises 228–9, 240; state-level market interference 238–9

  education 254

  exceptionalism 221

  exports 187, 500

  federal government: capital 153, 232, 235–6; role of 153, 225, 232–3, 237

  federal income tax 501

  and First World War 504

  food and diet 55–8; ready-prepared foods 57–8, 338; sugar consumption 65

  foreign investment 482

  ‘Gilded Age’ 232

  Glass-Steagall Act (1933) 528

  Great Merger Wave of 1898–1902 236

  Haymarket ‘Massacre’ (1886) 310, 344

  hegemony: and decline 242–3, 524–5; as the future 220–21

  Homestead Act (1862) 241

  immigration 47, 219, 221, 241, 266, 304, 309; Japanese 303; Jewish 56, 291, 304

  Indian Citizenship Act (1924) 334

  industrialization xxiii, 47, 169, 224, 230

  Interstate Commerce Act (1887) 237

  Japan and 111, 112

  labour movement 302, 343–4; disputes 237–9; Industrial Workers of the World 302, 343

  McKinley Tariff Act (1890) 491

  military intervention in Mexico 238

  modernity in 219

  Monroe Doctrine 426

  myth of ‘small government’ 224–5

  Native Americans 77, 303–4, 334, 432

  New Deal 345, 514

  origins of 224

  People’s Party 344

  political parties 334–5

  politics: conservatism 223; leaders’ religious profile 408

  population 219, 221, 242–3

  private security 225

  Progressive Party 344–5, 345

  Progressive Era (c. 1890–1920) 238–9, 346

  protectionism 491–2, 500–501; tariffs 242, 501

  railways 153, 219, 230, 232–3, 236–7, 482

  and Reconstruction Amendm
ents (post-Civil War) 334

  and religion 253–4, 407–8; fundamentalism xxxvii, 233, 238, 516; in presidential inaugural addresses 407; religiosity 407–8

  Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) 236, 237

  and social Darwinism 233

  socialist parties 343–6, 345

  society: alcohol prohibition 238; class in 342–3; demographic changes 29; ethnic rivalries 300, 304; lack of aristocracy 225–6; life expectancy 69, 73–4, 77; non-white racism 300–301

  the South 219, 221–3, 229–30, 500

  tax levels 165, 168

  urbanization 219, 223

  Voting Rights Act (1965) 326

  wealth and money 226–7; income and wages 239–40, 340, 341; and inequality 83, 233, 265–6

  welfare: public health interventions 70; and state welfare 346

  see also American Civil War

  Universal Postal Union (1874) 7

  Ur, Mesopotamia 46

  urban poor

  conditions 49–56, 58, 62, 69

  London 49–51, 52–4

  Naples 53

  St Petersburg 55

  urbanization

  Britain 170

  compared with rural life 42–4

  and France 39, 43, 51, 61

  and health 68–9

  and industry xvii–xviii, xxi–xxii, 45–6

  and percentage of population 46, 69

  United States 219, 223

  usury, religious views of 386–7

  Uzbekistan 17

  Vaccination Acts (from 1840 to 1907) 70

  Vanderbilt, Cornelius 234

  Vandervelde, Émile 433

  Vaugeois, Henri 257

  Veblen, Thorstein

  The Engineers and the Price System 511–12

  The Theory of the Leisure Class 338

  Vecchia, Giovanni Dalla 193

  vending machines 339

  Venezuela 308, 519

  Venice xvi–xvii, 26

  Vercingétorix 14, 255

  Verein für Sozialpolitik (Social Policy Association) 147

  Veuillot, Eugène, Çà et là 393

  Veuillot, Louis xxix

  Victoria League 467

  Victoria, Queen 329, 464

  Chinese letter to 94–5

  as ‘Empress of India’ 468

  Vienna, Congress of (1815) 27

  Vienna Stock Exchange, crash (1873) 483

  Vietnam, France and 448, 468, 473

  Vikings 3

  Villari, Pasquale 53, 148, 249–50, 311

  Villermé, Dr Louis René 51, 368

  Vivian, Herbert 476

  vodka, taxation on 167

  Voltaire 306, 486

  and China 106

  Histoire de Charles XII 89

  Histoire de l’Empire de Russie 89–90

  Vorontsov, Vasili, The Fate of Capitalism in Russia 217

  Vyshnegradsky, Ivan 167, 205, 206, 212

  labour market reforms 370

  and protectionism 494–5

  Wade, Sir Thomas 106

  wages see income

  Wagner, Adolf 147, 293–4, 373

  Wal-Mart 526

  Waldeck-Rousseau, Pierre, French prime minister 351, 377, 488

  Walkley, Mary Anne xxv–xxvi, xxvi

  Wall Street Crash (1929) 487, 514

  Wall Street Journal 136

 

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