by DAVID KAHN
601 Americans learn from Japanese newscast: Field, 1112; The New York Times Index (1943, 1944, 1945).
601 citizen telephones Marshall, his attempts to suppress talk: 3:1157, 1208-9.
602 not to field commands: 2:800. 602 “We have told them”: 29:2404.
602 “No action,” convoys, coastwatchers: 29:2403.
603 Chicago Tribune case: The New York Times, 1942, (August 8), 4:4, (August 9), 26:1, (August 11), 17:1, (August 12), 22:1, (August 14), 7:1, (August 18), 18:7, (August 19), 7:7, (August 20), 28:5-6.
603 switch to JN25d: Safford says, 8:3738, that this switch was due to the Johnston story. But the insistence in Operational History, 90-91, on the inpregnability of their codes, the absence of any reference to the matter in their discussion of routine post-Midway code change at 76-77, and the absence of any reference to the Johnston story in any Japanese postwar discussions of American cryptanalysis, militate against this view.
604 Holland: Congressional Record, LXXXVIII (August 31, 1942), 7011-2; “McCormick’s Paper Accused of Tip to Japan,” New York Herald Tribune (September 1, 1942).
604 Dewey and Pearl Harbor charges: John Chamberlain, “Pearl Harbor,” Life, IX (September 24, 1945), 110-114, 116, 119-120.
604 charges in politics: The New York Times Index (1944).
604 Harness: Congressional Record, XC (September 11, 1944), 7649.
604 Bissell, Marshall, Clarke: 3:1129-37. Letter at 3:1132-3.
607 not same code, Bell, two days: Letter of Dewey, November 1, 1945, to William D. Mitchell, Box 5, Records of the Joint Congressional Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, NA, RG 128; “Dewey Is Silent on Japanese Code,” The New York Times (September 22, 1945), 4:1.
608 “no further reference”: 3:1136. My examination of The New York Times Index (1944) confirms this: there was continued interest in the Army and Navy board investigations into Pearl Harbor, but no further Republican charges about suppression of the truth or demands for inquiries, as earlier in the year.
608 Task Force 34 incident: Nimitz, 389-390; Halsey, 220-221; Morison, 466-468.
609 Indianapolis: Richard F. Newcomb, Abandon Ship: Death of the U.S.S. Indianapolis (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1958), 19, 271, 178-179.
610 Togo-Sato intercepts: The [James] Forrestal Diaries, ed. Walter Millis (New York: Viking Press, 1951), 74-77, 82-83, 84.
610 President sees: Herbert Feis, Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of The War in the Pacific (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961), 57-58, 98.
610 “Probably as a result”: My supposition, concurred in by Robert J. C. Butow, letter, July 2, 1964. His statement in Japan’s Decision to Surrender (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1954), 130, that this intelligence was not turned to good account, is based on other considerations. He emphasizes the limitation of unconditional surrender to the armed forces at 133.
610 B-29s: Takagi, “Nippon No Black Chamber,” §7; USSBS (284), 3; Fletcher and Knebel, No High Ground, 15-16.
610 “swallowing our tears”: Watanabe, 56.
611 occupation: 3:1137, 1157-8.
611 400: a rough total from 72 in G.2 A.6 (Moore, 8), 200 in MI-8 (Yardley, 204), my estimate of half a dozen in the Code Compiling Section, a dozen in the Navy, and 100 intercept operators in the Signal Corps Radio Section, divided into World Almanac figure of 4,355,000 as peak U.S. armed forces strength in World War I for one in 10,000.
611 16,000: 3:1147; divided into World Almanac figure of 12,300,000 as peak U.S. armed forces strength in World War II, for one in 800.
611 M-209 keys and machine: Martin Joos, interview, summer 1964.
613 shortened war by a year: “Germans Tapped Atlantic Phones,” The New York Times (December 9, 1945), 32:5. The official is not named, but the reporter was the late Anthony Leviero, who won a Pulitzer Prize in 1952. I tried but failed to get estimates of the value of cryptology to the Allies in the prosecution of the war from Churchill, Eisenhower, and MacArthur.
613 Amè: interview.
613 “It won the war”: Anderson, telephone interview, January 8, 1965.
613 “I believe”: Congressional Record, XCI (October 25, 1945), 10053.
Chapter 18
Some of the full references for these notes will be found in the notes to earlier chapters dealing with the periods to which the notes refer. Thus a citation on a World War I episode will be found in full in the notes to one of the World War I chapters.
614 monks’ ciphers: M. N. Speransky, “Taynopis’ v Yugo-Slavyanskikh i Russikh Pamyatnikakh Pis’ma,” Entsiklopediya Slavanskoy Philologii (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademiya Nauk SSSR), IV, part 3 (1929), 56-161; “Kryptographiya,” Bolshaya Sovietskaya Entsiklopediya (1953), XXIII, 401, trans. Madeleine Albright; Boris Unbegaun, “Russkaya Taynopis’ XVII Vyeka,” Obshchestva Druzey Russkoi Knigi, IV (1938), 81-86; Akademiya Nauk SSSR Biblioteka, Istoricheskiy Ocherk I Obzor Fondov Rukopisnogo Otdela Biblioteka Akademiya Nauk (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 1956), II, 103, 120; David Diringer, The Alphabet, 2nd ed. (New York: Philosophical Library, [1949?]), 485.
614 first Russian solution: Add. Ms. 32,288, f. 1.
614 Swedish code of 1700: Chifferklaver XI:3, Riksarkiv, Stockholm. Henning Stålhane, En Misslyckad Kungamiddag (Stockholm: Hugo Gebers Förlag, 1937), gives additional details of 17th- and 18th-century Swedish diplomatic codes at 91-136, 273.
614 Russian ciphers and codes: Add. Ms. 32, 292, passim.
615 “many nulls,” superencipherment: Add. Ms. 32,292, ff. 45, 50.
616 January 22: Count Nikita Petroviya Panin, Material’ dlya Zhizneoisaniya, ed. A. Briknera (St. Petersburg: Typographiya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk), V (1891), 245-246.
616 Madrid discontinued: Add. Ms. 32,292, f. 82.
616 “Your confidential reports,” “Not having at hand”: Panin, 484, 362.
617 black chambers and Chétardie: Thompson and Padover, 142-144.
617 “we possess”: Panin, 284.
617 Napoleon: Bazeries, 152-184, 275-277; [Jacques Etienne J. A. Macdonald], Souvenirs du Maréchal Macdonald (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1892), 308-309. The great fire in Moscow burned many of Napoleon’s ciphers and he had to issue orders organizing his retreat in clear, many of which were seized by the Russians; “perhaps the fate of France and the face of Europe depended upon the desuetude of steganography,” says General Étienne A. Bardin, Dictionnaire de l’Armée de Terre (Paris: Corréard, 1851), “Chiffre stéganographique,” I, 1281-3, citing Spectateur militaire, IX (June, 1830), 302, 389.
618 black chambers: A. T. Vassilyev, The Okhrana: The Russian Secret Police, ed. René Fülöp-Miller (London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1930), 90-95; Richard W. Rowan, Spy and Counter-Spy (London: John Hamilton Ltd., [1929]), 188-193; S. Maiskii, “Chernyi Kabinet,” Byloe (January, 1918), 185-197; P. Zavarzine, Souvenirs d’un Chef de l’Okhrana (1900-1917), trans. J. Jeanson (Paris: Payot, 1930), 43-44.
618 Zybine: Zavarzine, 45-48; Vassilyev, 93-94.
619 fraction system as standard: The cipher is also described in V. Bakharev, O Shifrah (“On Ciphers”) (Geneva: Tipografiya Soyuza, 1902), 3-5. This 24-page booklet, dated at Tyurvma in 1902, and Pavel I. Rosental: (pseud. A. Bundevets), Shifrovannoe Pis’mo: Kritika upotreblyaemykh u nas sistem shifra (“Cipher Writing: A Critique of the Cipher Systems Used by Us”) (Geneva: Imprimerie israelite, 1904), 113 pages, are the only Russian works on cryptology known to me. Both simply discuss diflferent types of ciphers and do not discuss cryptanalysis. Both appeared in Switzerland while Lenin was there; this may be significant, but neither author is listed even in the first (pre-purge) edition of the Bolshaya Sovietskaya Entsiklopediya, nor in biographies of Lenin, nor in the New York Public Library Card Catalog. Columbia University catalog gives “Bundovets’ ” real name but no other information.
620 checkerboard: George Kennan, “Russian Provincial Prisons,” The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, XXXV (January, 1888), 397-406 at 403-405; and “A Russia
n Political Prison: The Fortress of Petropavlosk,” Ibid. (February, 1888), 521-530 at 528; Bakharev, 19. 620 handwritten concealment: Kennan, 406.
620 Nihilist substitution: Kennan, 404-405; Schooling, IV, 614-618. For methods of solution: Gaines, 164-167; Wolfe, II, ch. 8; Mauborgne and Friedman, Articles, 227-240, 245-249, on their separate solutions of Schooling’s 20-letter challenge cryptogram. The Nihilists also used a transposition cipher: Kerckhoffs, 12-14; Gaines, 17-25 for solution.
621 Foreign Ministry: Vladimir de Korostovetz, “The Black Cabinet,” The Contemporary Review, No. 951 (March, 1945), 162-165; Gyldén. Savinsky, in his Recollections of a Russian Diplomat (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1927), says only (p. 5): “I was guardian of the most secret Ministerial archives.”
621 Cartier: “Souvenirs,” II, 23-29.
622 Andreiev’s fear: Arthur Scheutz [pseud. Tristan Busch], Secret Service Unmasked, trans. Anthony V. Ireland (London: Hutchinson & Co., [1948]), 58.
622 Tannenberg: general military details from Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1962), 290-309.
622 wire and radios: Lieutenant General Nicholas N. Golovine, The Russian Campaign of 1914, trans, by Captain A. G. S. Muntz (Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Command and General Staff Press, 1933), 171-172; Major H. C. Ingles, “Tannenberg-A Study in Faulty Signal Communication,” Articles, 41-54 at 50 (July-August, 1929).
622 no key for XIII Corps, messages in clear: Golovine, 172; Germany, Reichsarchiv, Der Weltkrieg: 1914 bis 1918 (Berlin: Mittler & Sohn), II (1925), 351.
623 Hoffman proposal: Major General Max Hoffman, War Diaries and Other Papers, trans. Eric Sutton (London: Martin Seeker, 1929), II, 249, 330.
623 motorcyclist, initiative, intercept texts, Königsberg: Wilhelm F. Flicke, War Secrets in the Ether, trans. Ray Pettengill (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency, 1953), 12, 9, 5; Hoffman, II, 332.
623 messages compared with directive: Golovine, 209-211.
626 “Rennenkampfs formidable host”: Erich Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1919), I, 57-58.
626 intercept at headquarters on 25th: Der Weltkrieg, II, 136; Hoffman, II, 265.
626 text of Rennenkampf radiogram: Flicke, 6.
626 intercept at Montovo, cars: Hoffman, II, 267.
626 text of Samsonov radiogram: Flicke, 7; Der Weltkrieg, II, 136-137.
627 “one of the great victories”: quoted in Tuchman, 306.
627 importance of Tannenberg: Tuchman, 306-309; John Buchan, A History of the Great War (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922), I, 188.
627 “We had an ally,” “The Russians sent”: Hoffman, I, 41, 18.
628 September 14: Ronge, 67. All references are to French edition unless specified otherwise.
628 Russian Army cipher: Colonel Andreas Figl, Systeme des Chiffrierens (Graz: Verlag von Ulr. Mosers Buchhandlung, 1926), 84-85 and Appendix 19; Henning Stålhane, Hemlig Skrift (Stockholm: Lindfors Bokforlag, 1934), 65-69; W[illiam]. F. F[riedman]., “Note on the Russian Cipher System,” in Gyldén.
628 September 19: Ronge (German ed.), 116.
628 solutions of Novikov and Engalitschev: Ronge, 68-70.
629 first key change and solution: Ronge, 72.
629 Deubner: Gyldén, 60, 62; Der Weltkrieg, V (1929), 422.
629 “quite geniuses”: General [Max] von Hoffmann, The War of Lost Opportunities (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1924), 28. Subsequent Hoffmann references are to this book.
629 Ludendorff: Flicke, 18-19; General Dupont, “Le Haut Commandement Allemand en 1914,” Revue Militaire Française, XCI (new series) (July 1, 1921), 9-38, at 14-15.
629 telegraph connections: Flicke, 18.
629 good harvest: Ronge, 74.
630 not much different from Stavka: Ronge (German ed.), 127; Der Weltkrieg, VI (1929), 46.
630 military details of November 11-25: Buchan, I, 395-399.
630 message of 2:10 p.m. and Mackensen order: Der Weltkrieg, VI, 71-72;
630 Ronge, 75; Gyldén, 67.
November 15 messages: Der Weltkrieg, VI, 83.
630 Russian retreat order and countermand: Hoffman, 72; Ludendorff, I, 126.
631 Russians suspect German solution, change alphabets: Ronge, 76; Gyldén, 69.
631 Zemanek, von Marchesetti: Gyldén, 81; Ronge (German ed.), index, for first names.
631 Pokorny solves: Ronge, 76.
631 December 14 cipher change, solution, and abandonment: Gyldén, 71; Ronge, 77.
631 Caesar cipher: Gyldén, 57-58; Figl, 85.
631 RSK: Flicke, 18.
632 “most brilliant period”: Ronge, 94.
632 Russian mystification: Colonel A. M. Nikolaieff, “Secret Causes of German Successes on the Eastern Front,” Coast Artillery Journal (September-October, 1935), 373-377, reprinted Articles, 78-89, at 84, 85-86.
632 spy mania: Ronge, 95.
632 cipher change of May: Ronge, 100.
632 December 20: Ronge, 127.
632 300-group code: Ronge, 127. Figl, 187-190 and Appendix 38, gives a small code of 120 groups with Russian plaintext, but no date or place of usage, nor even any mention of Russian origin.
632 French tell Russians: Cartier, “Souvenirs,” II, 29.
632 Russian direction-finding, school: Ronge, 153.
632 old system continued, 8th Army, 70 dispatches: Ronge, 161.
633 German decryptments: Gyldén, 60.
633 Boldeskul, von Marchesetti, Lippmann: Ronge, 171 and (German ed.) 403.
633 cipher changes of November and December, 1916: Ronge, 172. Figl, 183-187 and Appendix 37, gives a Russian system in which three-digit groups replace digraphs. He cites no date or place of usage.
633 333 radiograms: Ronge (German ed.), 298.
633 “We were always,” “Only once”: Hoffmann, 132.
634 1919 transposition: Yardley, 242-247; Dr. Käljo Käärik [pseud, CLIFF], “The ‘Soviet Spies’ Cipher,” The Cryptogram, XXX (November-December, 1962), 32-34; W. M. Bowers [pseud, ZEMBIE], “The ‘Soviet Spies’ Cipher,” Ibid. (January-February, 1963), 58-61.
634 Morrow: Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism (New York: Viking Press, 1957), 366-367. Open codes at 339-340.
635 dubok, old practices used anew: David Dallin, Soviet Espionage (New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 1955), 1.
635 Amtorg, “the cipher used”: House of Representatives, Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities in the United States, Investigation of Communist Propaganda, Report No. 2290, 71:3 (January 17, 1931), 35.
635 “Not one expert”: Congressional Record, LXXVII (April 3, 1933), 1152. Yardley, 325, refers to this failure; he also depicts, opposite p. 237, a Russian codebook, though he does not specify its provenance.
635 Copenhagen: Gyldén interviews, April-May, 1962.
635 Argentis: Meister, Päpstlichen, 156.
636 Meurling system: Per Meurling, Spionage och Sabotage i Sverige (Stockholm: Lindfors Bokförlag AB, 1952), 425, is merely illustrative. The actual key M DEL VAYO comes from minutes of his trial for espionage in Sxweden examined by Dr. Käljo Käärik of Enskede, Sweden; the multiplication feature comes from Meurling himself by a telephone call from Käärik (Käärik, letters of August 20, 1962, and October 10, 1964). General Walter G. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service: An Exposé of Russia’s Secret Policies by the Former Chief of the Soviet Intelligence in Western Europe (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939), states at 99-100 that Russian agents in Spain radioed vital information daily.
637 AFNO: “Red Pair Arrested for Theft of Codes,” The New York Times (November 25, 1926), 28:7-8.
637 Persian spies, Dachnaks: George Agabekov, OGPU: The Russian Secret Terror, trans. Henry W. Bunn (New York: Brentano’s, 1941), 103, 109, 99.
637 Rumanian: “Says Moscow Got Code,” The New York Times (May 28, 1930), 11:3.
637 Shanghai: Vladimir Orloff, The Secret Dossier: My Memoirs of Russia’s Political Underworld, trans. Mona Heath (Lon
don: George G. Harrap & Co., 1932), 241.
637 Prague: “Stolen Soviet Codes Found,” New York Herald Tribune (November 29, 1935).
637 Japanese correspondence: Krivitsky, 15-20.
637 Russian-Spanish code: “Soviet Code Reported Stolen from Valencia,” New York Herald Tribune (August 4, 1937), 7:2.
637 Lyushov: Chalmers Johnson, An Instance of Treason: Ozaki Hotsumi and the Sorge Spy Ring (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1964), 148.
637 King: Isaac Don Levine, “Execution of Stalin’s Spy in the Tower of London: Inside Soviet Underworld, III,” Plain Talk, III (November, 1948), 21-25; Senate, Subcommittee on Internal Security, Internal Security Annual Report for 1956, Report No. 131, 85:1 (March 4, 1957) (GPO, 1957), 30; “British Tell of ’39 Spy,” The New York Times (June 8, 1956).
637 Azarov: United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Civil Division Case 614, Maria Azarov and Vladimir Azarov vs. Cunard White Star Limited, October 24, 1939, “Complaint.” The court papers do not record the amount of the settlement; plaintiff’s lawyers cannot find the file; defendants’ lawyers decline to reveal amount.
638 “pumpkin papers,” “decidedly yes”: House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government, 80:2 (GPO, 1948), II, 1387-8.
638 Communists read American codes: Ibid., II, 1405.
638 Currie: Ibid., I, 519, 553, 853; Senate, Subcommittee on Internal Security, Hearings on the Institute of Pacific Relations, 82:1 (GPO, 1951), II, 423.
639 Amerasia: Senate, Subcommittee on Internal Security, Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments, 83:1 (July 30, 1953) (GPO, 1953), 16.
639 secret police, military intelligence: Dallin, 2-5.
639 Cheka resumes: Vassilyev, 294.
639 2nd Special Directorate: Edward Spiro [pseud. E. H. Cookridge], The Net that Covers the World (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1955), 67; The Soviet Secret Police, eds. Simon Wolin and Robert M. Slusser, Studies of the Research Program of the U.S.S.R., No. 14 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger Inc., 1957), 108. A 2nd Special Division is said to have existed in the K.G.B. at an unspecified time doing the same kind of blackchamber work as the M.V.D.’s 2nd Special Directorate (Wolin and Slusser, 169).
