A People's Art History of the United States: 250 Years of Activist Art and Artists Working in Social Justice
Page 43
art, Japanese American. See Japanese American art and artists
art, Mexican. See Mexican art and artists
art, Puerto Rican. See Puerto Rican art and artists
Art Against AIDS on the Road, 260
Art Caravan, 151–52, 152
art centers, community. See community art centers
art collectives. See collectives
art exhibitions. See exhibitions
Art for the Millions (O’Connor), 326
Art Front, 156, 160, 160, 162, 164, 165
art galleries. See galleries
art installations. See installations
art institutions. See feminist art institutions; galleries; museums
art interventions. See public interventions
artisans, 15–16, 17
Artists and Writers Ambulance Corps, 163
Artists’ Committee of Action, 161
artists’ rights, 215, 218, 336n24
Artists’ Union. See New York Artists’ Union
art manifestos. See manifestos
art museums. See museums
arts, Native American. See Native American arts
art schools, 79, 79, 224–29, 231, 232, 233
Art Strike, 1970, 217–18
art therapy, 293–95
Art Workers’ Coalition (AWC), 215–23, 336n24, 336n30
Asco (collective), 242–51, 338n7, 338n14
assimilation of immigrants, 64–65, 66, 67, 68
assimilation of Native Americans, 57, 315n28
Atlanta, 190, 196
Atlanta Race Riot of 1906, 122
atrocities. See lynching; My Lai massacre
Attucks, Crispus, 11–12, 14, 129
Avedon, Richard, 198
Avenia, Rachel, 265, 267
Avrich, Paul, 315n2
AWC. See Art Workers’ Coalition (AWC)
AZT (AIDS drug), 254
Baca, Judith F.: Danzas Indigenas, 278, 279–85
Baigell, Matthew, 328n2
Baldwin Park, California, 278, 279–85
Balls Across America, 301–3
Balog, Lester, 138, 141–42, 144
ballot referenda, 264
Banks, Nathaniel P., 312n3
banners, 141, 142, 160, 165, 240
suffragist, 111, 114, 115–16, 117, 119–20, 119
Baraka, Amiri, 201
Baron, Herman, 174, 329n18
Barrett, Richard, 76
Basch, Stephanie, 266
bathrooms in art, 227
BBC, 296–99
beads and beadwork, Native American, xx, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7
Beam, George L., 53
Bearden, Romare, 133, 133, 134
beauty pageants, mock. See mock beauty pageants
beef blood, 212, 214, 235
Bell, Josephine, 105
Benavidez, Max, 251
Benetton, 259–60, 341n24
Berek, Diana, 84–85
Berkman, Alexander, 105
Bhopal disaster, 296–98
Bichlbaum, Andy, 296, 297, 297, 299, 302
Biddle, Francis, 178
Biddle, George, 170, 174
billboards, 234, 261, 299
The Birth of a Nation (Griffith), 131
black Americans. See African Americans
Black and Tan Dive (Riis et al.), 65
Black and White Mural, 250, 338n7
black art and artists. See African American art and artists
black legislators. See African American legislators
blacklisting, 90, 141, 153
Black Panther Community News Service, 201–2, 204, 208–9, 210
Black Panther Party, 133, 199–210, 334n24
black press. See African American press
black soldiers. See African American soldiers
Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 114, 115
Blight, David W., 42
Block, Paul, 159, 163
blood in performance art and interventions, 212, 214, 235
Bogad, Larry, 79
Bohemian Cigarmakers at Work in Their Tenement (Riis), 67
Boissevain, Inez Milholland. See Milholland, Inez
Bolshevik Revolution. See Russian Revolution (1917)
Bonanno, Mike, 296, 297, 297, 303
Bond, Julian, 190
Bordowitz, Gregg, 254
Born Free and Equal (Adams), 330n8
Boston
Black Panthers in 204
in eighteenth century, 15–19, 20, 21, 24, 41
film banned in, 131
Henry “Box’ Brown in, 35
school desegregation, 31
Veterans for Peace convention in, 290
See also Liberty Tree, Boston; Shaw Memorial
Boston Massacre, 11–14, 13, 14, 16, 20
Bourke-White, Margaret, 167, 169, 170
boycotts, 115, 131, 255, 309n21, 332n4
of museums, 162, 213, 217
branding, 259–60
Brandon, Tom, 138, 144
Brandt, Peter, 222
broadsides and flyers, 18, 18, 25, 40–41, 41, 72, 309n21
American Artists’ Congress, 174
Black Panther Party, 204
Brody, Samuel, 135, 138, 139, 141, 144–45, 325n18, 325n27, 325n36
Brody, Sherry, 227
Brogger, Mary: Haymarket Monument (2004), 80, 81, 83, 84
Brookes (ship), 22, 25–26, 25
Brooks, Preston, 31–32, 32
Brown, David, 21
Brown, Eddie, 191, 192
Brown, Elaine, 208, 209
Brown, Henry “Box,” 34–38
Brown, Hubert “Rap,” 333
Brown, John, 40
Brown, William Wells, 37
Bruce, Edward, 147
Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, 313n11
Bryan-Wilson, Julia, 217
Buckley, William F., Jr., 252
Bufano, Beniamino, 148, 148
Bufford, J.H., 31
burial items, Native American, 2
Burlington, Vermont, 293
Burn, Harry, 119
Burns, Lucy, 112, 114, 116, 118, 118
Burroughs Wellcome, 254, 255
bus ads, 259–61
Butler, Andrew P., 31
Cahill, Holger, 149–50, 150, 153, 154, 326nn9–10
Calder, Alexander, 222
California Institute of the Arts (CalArts), 227–29, 233
Cameron, Drew, 293, 293, 294, 295
campaign pins, 100
campaign posters, 209, 209
Campbell, Russell, 137
Card, Laura, 182
Carey, Mathew, 25
Carmichael, Stokely, 198
Carney, William H., 46
Carter, Bunchy, 206
cartoons, political. See political cartoons
Caskey, Kristin, 271, 271
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 115, 116, 321n5
censorship, 100, 103, 105, 106, 116, 139
of ads, 260–61
of Du Bois, 133
of films, 131, 141
See also self-censorship
Century of Progress, 142
Chaney, James, 197, 197, 198
Chaplin, Ralph, 89, 101
Charles H. Kerr & Co., 101
Chavoya, C. Ondine, 247
cheerleaders, feminist, 226, 226
Cheney, Dick, 267
Chengdu, China, 269–77
Cheyenne Animal Dance (Throssel), 55
Chicago, 206, 214, 260–61, 317n17, 318n29, 323n25, 334n24. See also Haymarket Affair; police: Chicago
Chicago, Judy, 224–25, 227, 227, 229, 229, 232, 235–36, 236
Chicago Public Art Program, 80, 82, 84
Chicana/o art and artists, 242–51, 278, 279–85, 338n7, 338n10, 338n14, 339n21, 339n23, 339n29
Chicana/o movement, 243–44, 245, 251, 338n7
children in the civil rights movement, 188–89, 189, 192, 192
China, 269–77
Chinese immigrants, 65, 66
Chisholm, Shirley, 209, 334–35n26
>
Choate, Zach, 295
Cinqué (Joseph Cinquez). See Pieh, Sengbe
Citizen 13660 (Okubo), 178–80, 181, 187, 330n9, 331n14, 331n24
civil disobedience, 112, 264, 302, 303
civil rights movement, 188–98, 200, 201, 332nn3–4, 332–33n22, 333nn33–34
Civil War, 39–47, 312n1, 312n3, 313n4, 313n11, 313n12
The Clansman (Dixon), 131
Clarkson, Thomas, 24–26, 27
class struggle, 97, 98, 138, 319n23, 319n25
Cleaver, Eldridge, 201, 204, 206, 208
Cleaver, Kathleen, 208, 334n7
climate change, 300, 301, 302, 345n18
clubs. See John Reed Clubs; Union League Club of Chicago; Workers Camera Club
Coalition for a Nuclear-Free Harbor, 263
Coffee-Pepper Bill, 1938, 154
COFO. See Council of Federated Organizations (COFO)
collectives, 253, 255–62, 340n12, 340n21
Chicano, 242–51, 338n7, 338n14
feminist, 225, 226, 229, 231–32, 233
colleges. See universities and colleges
Colombia, 317n25
color symbolism, Native American, 7
Combat Paper Project, 293–95
Committee for Finnish Relief. See Hoover Committee for Finnish Relief
Communist International, 135, 144, 169
Communist Party USA (CP USA), 135, 140, 142, 144, 174, 175, 324n2
American Artists’ Congress relations, 328n4
Artists’ Union relations, 158–59, 328n4
New Masses relations, 109, 174
press of, 138
See also International Labor Defense
community art centers, 150, 152, 161–62
Compromise of 1877, 322n3
The Comrade, 100–101
concentration camp publications, 178, 180
concentration camps, 252, 253, 330n6, 331n29. See also Japanese American internment
Congress. See U.S. Congress
Congressional Union, 112, 114–15
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 165
“Consciousness-Raising” (C-R), 224–25, 227
Constitution, U.S. See U.S. Constitution
Constitutional Convention, Philadelphia, 1787, 20–21
Continental Congress, 15
Copley, John Singleton, 15, 15
copyright, 55, 308n2
cotton, 23–24, 310n2
cotton pickers’ strikes, 141, 142
Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), 332–33n22
Craig, Steve, 84
Crane, Walter, 100, 100
Crazy Horse, 52
Creef, Elena Tajima, 181, 330n9
Crimp, Douglas, 255
The Crisis, 121, 123–24, 123, 124, 125, 126–28, 131, 132–34
illustrations in, 132, 133
“Criteria of Negro Art” (Du Bois), 132
Cronbach, Robert, 153
Cronkite, Walter, 214, 220
Crow Indians, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56–59, 56, 57, 58
Cuba, 205
culture jamming, 299. See also public interventions
Cumbia, Lauren, 79, 79
“CUNT Cheerleaders,” 226, 226
Curtis, Edward S., 49–52, 54, 55, 59
Dada, 245
daguerrotypes, 43
Daley, Richard J., 76–77, 82
Daley, Richard M., 82
Damon, Betsy, 269–77
Danzas Indigenas (Baca), 278, 279–85
Darts, David, 298
Daughters of the Confederacy. See United Daughters of the Confederacy
Davidson, Philip, 20
Davis, Stuart, 160–61, 167, 169–70, 169, 171, 174, 175
cover art by, 156
CP USA relations, 328
The Masses relations, 103
de Bretteville, Sheila, 229, 229, 230, 231, 233
Decoy Gang Victim (Asco), 249, 250
Debord, Guy, 299–300
Debs, Eugene V., 78, 79, 89, 99–100, 101
de la Loza, Sandra, 338n10
Delany, Martin, 38, 41
DeLeon, Daniel, 89
Dell, Floyd, 103, 105, 107, 108
Deloria, Vine, Jr., 51, 52
Democratic National Conventions, 214, 291
demonstrations. See protests and demonstrations
Depression. See Great Depression
destruction of artwork, monuments, etc. (as protest), 76, 77, 83, 112
destruction of murals, 161
detention camps. See concentration camps
Dewey, John, 326
DeWitt, John L., 177–78
didacticism, 100, 240–41, 248, 261
Dies, Martin, 154
Dinkin, Lillian, 142
Dinkins, David, 266
direct action, nonviolent. See nonviolent direct action
disease, 56, 57, 61–62, 306–7n19
disenfranchisement, 14–15, 42, 322n3
distribution of films, 137
distribution of newspapers and magazines, 29–30, 103, 204
distribution of posters, 221
Dixon, Thomas: The Clansman, 131
documentary photography, 48–69, 188–98, 244
Dodge, Mabel, 92, 95, 96
Donahue, Mark, 84, 318n29
Dortmund, Brian, 80
Dougherty, Frazer, 221
Douglas, Aaron, 170
Douglas, Emory, 199, 200, 201–10
Douglass, Frederick, 24, 27, 34–35, 34, 40–41, 42, 43, 43
women’s rights activism, 111
Dow Chemical, 296–99
Dows, Olin, 161
dramatic productions. See pageants; theater
Drexler, Arthur, 214, 221, 222
drug industry. See pharmaceutical industry
Druke, Mary A., 9
Du Bois, W.E.B., 45, 121, 122–24, 122, 123, 126–34, 324n34
Du Simitier, Pierre Eugene: Raising the Liberty Pole in New York City, 19
Dutch colonists, 2, 4, 5, 9
Dwight, Mabel, 158
Dyer Bill, 128
Dylan, Bob, 195, 195
Eastman, Crystal, 108
Eastman, Max, 101, 102, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 321n25
East Los Angeles, 242–51, 338n7
East St. Louis Race Riot of 1917, 129
editorial cartoons. See political cartoons
effigy hanging, burning, etc., 17, 17, 18, 254, 309n20
Eight-Hour Action Series, 79, 79, 80
Eisenberg, Ed, 263–64, 265, 268
election campaign pins and posters. See campaign pins; campaign posters
elitism, xii, 124, 149, 152, 211, 222
Emancipation Proclamation, 312n3
Emi, Frank, 183
Endo, Mitsuo, 331n15
England, 24, 36
entertainment, 35–38. See also pageants
environmental art, 269–77
environmental movement, 263, 300
escaped slaves, 34–38
Espionage Act of 1917, 99, 100, 105, 107, 319n24
Evergood, Philip, 159, 165, 174
Everywoman, 226
exhibitions, 171–72, 174, 329n13, 338n14
expulsions, leftist. See purges, leftist
ex-slaves. See former slaves
Exxon Mobil, 345n16
fakery. See hoaxes, pranks, etc.; mock beauty pageants
Falconbridge, Alexander, 25, 310n9
Faris, James C., 50
Farm Security Administration, 154–55, 197
Federal Art Project. See Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project (WPA-FAP)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 153, 206, 209, 214, 244, 281
Federal Theatre Project, 154
Federal Writers’ Project, 154
Federation of Modern Painters and Sculptors, 175
Feinstein, Diane, 256
Fekner, John, 265, 267
feminist art, 224–41
feminist art institutions, 224–34, 235
/> Feminist Studio Workshop, 229, 232, 233
Fielden, Samuel, 73, 82
54th Massachusetts Regiment, 39, 40–41, 44–47
55th Massachusetts Regiment, 45, 313n12
Film and Photo League. See Workers Film and Photo League (F&PL)
filmmaking, activist. See activist filmmaking
films, 135, 137–43, 324n2, 325n18, 330n8
of art exhibitions and performances, 172, 228
Asco take on, 339n21
racism in, 131
See also newsreels
Finkelstein, Avram, 255
firearms. See guns
First Supper (After a Major Riot) (Asco), 247, 247
Fisch, Audrey A., 312n13
Fitzgerald, Richard, 319n25
Flores, Francisca, 244
flyers. See broadsides and flyers
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 88, 90–91, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96–97, 319n24
grave, 74
on her freedom to speak freely, 318n5
Force, Juliana, 158
force feeding, 117–18
Forman, James, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197
former slaves, 11, 42, 150. See also Douglass, Frederick
Forscher, Marty, 198
Fortune, 138, 186
Fort Wagner, 41, 43, 44, 45, 313
Fossum, Magnus, 151
Fourteenth Amendment, 42
Freedmen’s Bureau, 42
Freeman, Elisabeth, 127
Fresno State University, 224–26, 235
Fryer, Heather, 183
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 35–36
fugitive slaves, 34–38, 311n1
fund-raising, 28, 35, 43, 75, 204, 265, 333n22
IWW pageant as, 192, 193, 199, 319n23
Fu-Nan River, 269–77
GAAG. See Guerrilla Art Action Group (GAAG)
Gage, Patrick, 257
Gage, Thomas, 309n21
galleries, xi–xii, 28, 147, 149, 158, 299, 305n1
Art Strike and, 217
feminist, 225, 231
Herman Baron’s, 174, 329n18
New York City–funded, 161
Gamboa, Harry, Jr., 242–45, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 339n29
Gang Victim Decoy (Asco). See Decoy Gang Victim (Asco)
Garcia, Adrian, 214
gardens, water. See water gardens
Garmey, Stephen, 223
Garrison, William Lloyd, 24, 27, 30, 38, 46
Garvey, Bill, 81
gates and arches. See arches and gates
Gauldin, Anne, 232
Gaulke, Cheri, 231–32, 234
gay-bashing. See homophobia
gay men, 252, 253, 257, 263
Gay Pride Parade, New York City, 255
Gelert, Johannes: Police Monument (Chicago), 74–76, 75, 76
Gellert, Hugo, 167, 170, 174
gender equality, 216, 336n18
gender inequality. See sexism
general strikes, 89, 142
German immigrants, 73
Germany, 137, 143, 167, 174
Gerry, Elbridge, 16
Ghent, W.J., 102
Gildersleeve, F.A., 127, 128